Bhutan Financial Institutions Training Institute (FITI)
Public Disclosure AuthorizedBhutan Financial Institutions TrainingInstitute (FITI)Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedThe Role of FITIBhutan is a landlocked, mountainous country with a population of approximately 750,000.Its insurance industry is very small, consisting of one composite insurer (Royal InsuranceCorporation of Bhutan, RICBL), one non-life insurer (Bhutan Insurance Limited, BIL) and onereinsurer (GIC-Bhutan Reinsurance Limited, GBR). There is also one provident and pensionfund (National Pension and Provident Fund, NPPF) which purpose is to provide for theretirement of the civil service and army of Bhutan.FITI was established in 2011 by the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan for training,research, education and consultancy with the objective to train and build the humanresource capacity of the financial sector. FITI’s mission in short is “To train, research andcreate a pool of professionals in financial services”. FITI has a paid up capital of Ngultrum90 million (USD1.3 million) and include as its shareholders the banks and insurancecompanies in the country. The challenge it faces is to deliver on its Mission statementwithin the constrains placed on it by the small size of the financial sector in Bhutan.The purpose of this report is to map up a strategy for strengthening the training capacity ofFITI in insurance and pensions. For the insurance sector this report will consider how FITIcan help develop the skill sets of the insurance professionals in the country. Having welltrained insurance professionals will support the RMA work to ensure a secured and resilientinsurance sector along with sound legal, regulatory and supervisory frameworks foreffective supervision.1 Page
Training for the Insurance IndustryThe primary challenge of the insurance industry in Bhutan is the small pool of sufficientlytrained insurance professionals in the technical aspects of life and non-life insurance. It isnot possible for the RMA to efficiently supervise an industry that does not have well-trainedhuman capital as the regulators job will not only consist in regulating and supervising thesector but also to run the insurance business itself. Bhutan, like many rapidly developingcountries, is also losing many of its best and brightest talents to the more developed worldwhich provides more opportunities for them. It is therefore imperative that the countryreplaces such losses quickly with suitably trained new entrants. Much of the skill setsrequired in the insurance and pension industry is honed through “on the job” training.However, the basic knowledge for the work must be there. We therefore propose that inthis first phase of its development, FITI equips itself with the resources to provide this basicknowledge to as wide an audience as possible leaving to later phases the detailedknowledge required to specialize in a specific subject. We also propose that the training FITIprovides include training the distribution force (i.e. insurance agents) as RMA’s concern onconsumer protection requires to minimize mis-selling issues which results from untrained orunethical agents. As there are close to 2,000 agents in the life sector, this training wouldalso help in generating a dependable continuous revenue stream for FITI, as FITI needs to bea financially sustainable institution and be able to finance itself with minimal financialassistance from shareholders.Training requires accessibility to suitable reading material. It is not necessary to reinvent thewheel as there are already many courses available in similar insurance training instituteselsewhere. FITI’s faculty is small as is the insurance industry technical resources(see Appendix 2) and it is advisable to source trainers from those who have experience inthe industry. The Bhutan insurance industry has very limited supply of such individuals. It istherefore proposed that in the first instance FITI strikes up an alliance with a suitableinternational partner. Given that FITI is limited by budgetary constraints it is likely that initialcourses would be constrained through e-learning but it is appreciated that face to facetraining is is more effective as such training will allow for immediate feedback to create themotivation and to better understand the level of participants in the training courses.However, as there is only one life insurance and two general insurance operations in thecountry, getting sufficient numbers of participants will also be a challenge. Nonetheless FITIshould endeavor to secure the necessary funding to kick start its training program for theinsurance sector. Given the small insurance industry with limited experience, this wouldrequire flying in trainers on a periodic basis to support its training program.2 Page
Possible partners for FITI include the Insurance Institute of India (III), Malaysian InsuranceInstitute (MII) and the Australian and New Zealand Institute of Insurance and Finance(ANZIIF). These training institutes have the required course contents and infrastructure toquickly allow FITI to conduct suitable courses for the Bhutan insurance participants. Thisreport is providing information on possible partnership with MII and ANZIIF. MII is a leadinginsurance training institute for the ASEAN countries while ANZIIF is a 12- time winner of theAsia Insurance Education Provider of the Year Award. We understand that FITI already has aworking relationship with III.Baseline Competency AccreditationA Quality Excellence mantra is “if you do not measure it, you cannot improve it”. Thismantra applies to learning as well, in that in assessing workers competence, there needs tobe in place a system of measuring and documenting personnel competency. This is the basisupon which to identify problems with employee performance and to correct these issuesbefore they affect negatively other technical areas of work.In the insurance sector, a person is considered a qualified professional after passing througha rigorous process of study and assessment. The global flagship of professional attainment isthe Fellowship of the Chartered Insurance Institute (the CII, in the United Kingdom), whoseaim is to set standards of integrity, technical competence and business capability. There arealso other regional institutes with similar objectives and mandate which are affiliated to theCII, e.g. the ANZIIF and MII.ANZIIF offers professional qualification for a comprehensive range of competence in theinsurance industry including the basic general insurance and life insurance programsrequired by the Bhutan Insurance industry. The ANZIIF programs utilize the concept of SkillsUnit where the individual can tailor his or her education pathway to specific goals. Many ofits courses are delivered fully online thus making them suitable for distance learning fromBhutan. Assessment comprises of online multiple choice tests and an interactive scenariotesting. The courses start with a Foundation level, then proceeds with an Intermediate leveland finally the Specialized level. The qualification is in the form of a certification by theANZIIF. The challenge with utilizing the ANZIIF resources directly is the distance and thecosts involved. Fortunately the ANZIIF has a program to recognize certain regional trainingprograms which are more accessible and affordable to Bhutanese. The list of recognizedprograms by the ANZIIF is given in the Appendix 1 to this paper. Thus, subject to languageand cost barriers FITI can instead access one of the corresponding training programs in theAsian region which have been recognized by ANZIIF as having the equivalent qualification. Inthe following we give as an example the program provided by MII and how FITI can utilize itsresources and the associated costs involved.3 Page
Established in 1968, the MII is now a leading centre1 of learning and training in insurance,risk management and salesmanship in the ASEAN region. Its qualifications areinternationally recognized and receive professional recognition and examinationexemptions from both the CII and ANZIIF. Below is MII’s Education Path:The road to a professional academic qualification is long and the absence of technicallyqualified insurance subject matter experts in Bhutan makes it difficult to have continuousand sustained teaching and coaching. In Malaysia, a working adult takes an average of 5years to attain the professional qualification of the Associate of the Malaysian InsuranceInstitute, with class based support.This would be a long and costly route for Bhutan. As such, it is proposed to introduce a quickfix programme to provide baseline knowledge on face to face training blended with eLearning. This is proposed as Phase 1, to be completed over a 2-year period for all theexisting staff.Subsequently it is then proposed to include the option of a series of non-assessmentpodcasts consisting of 3 to 5 minute clips in Phase 2, beginning in Year 2 for those staff thathas completed Phase 1, and extending to Year 3. It is anticipated that there will be about1In 2007, MII won the Professional Service Provider of the Year, the most contested prestigiousinternational award. MII was the first winner from Asia. The award was not only limited to trainingproviders but to all service providers throughout the world.In 2012, MII was awarded the Educational Service Provider of the Year 2012, the highly sought afterinternational award by the Asian insurance fraternity.4 Page
150 clips to complete the whole series. Being electronic in nature the user can complete thecourse at his or her own pace.Following the completion of this phase, class-based technical short courses can beintroduced in Phase 3, i.e. from Year 3 onwards.Summary of the proposed training track: Phase 1 –Phase 2 Phase 3 Bhutan ore Learning modules for insurers staff and agentsPodcasts (available to all)Class-based technical and leadership subjects, for selected few, inor the location of the selected partnerFurther details of the contents of each Phase are as follows:Phase 1 – E-LearningThe MII’s E-Learning programs can be considered as FITI’s baseline competency benchmarkfor the insurance industry. The MII Online Learning Content (OLC), the E-Learning module, isbundled with Examination. It comes with free interactive e-Book for Computer and smartdevices. The e-Learning has comprehensive content approved by subject matter experts ofthe insurance industry. They are interactive in nature and have been constructed usingsound instructional design. It has been described as being user-friendly and incorporatesattractive multimedia interface and animations. It includes self-assessment activities, it isSCORM-compliant2 and there are multiple choice questions (MCQ) at the end of eachchapter to test understanding.The MII had developed its online learning environment to launch the Malaysian insuranceindustry’s e-pedagogy initiative. Teaching and learning industry-related courses is now madeavailable without the constraints of time, space and location. Traditional contents areconverted into interactive, age-appropriate and self-paced modules. Computer basedexaminations can be held in Bhutan in compliant computer labs (see Appendix 3).2Scorm is an abbreviation and it stands for: Shareable Content Object Reference Model. Scorm defines aspecific way of constructing a learning management system and training and course content so it can beshared with other Scorm compliant systems.5 Page
It is proposed that Bhutan undertakes to ensure all, if not key, staff working in insurancecompanies to pursue the Certificate of The Malaysian Insurance Institute (CMII) course (orother similarly available courses elsewhere). In addition, all self-employed agents or staffworking in insurance intermediaries should consider taking the MII Pre ContractExamination for Insurance (PCEI) Agents course. All insurance agents in Malaysia arerequired to pass this exam before being registered as an insurance intermediary. A briefoutline of the course is shown in Appendix 4.MII also provides other e-Learning programs, examples of which are given in Appendix 5.MII has indicated the following costs associated with the above courses. These costs includea 15% mark-up for FITI. FITI may wish to include a further margin above this to factor in itsexpected administrative expenses: Certificate of The Malaysian Insurance Institute : USD 200 per candidate persubscription for the CMII E-Learning modulePre Contract Examination for Insurance Agents : USD 25 per candidate persubscription for the PCEI E-Learning moduleOther e-Learning short courses: USD 50 per person per subscriptionExpected Roll-out timelines:1.Insurance StaffStaff currently working in the industry can be given 18 months to sit and pass theCMII. New entrants to the industry should immediately be required to sit and pass theexamination. It is expected to be completed within 6 months of joining. Exemptionscan be given to a chosen specified few.2.Insurance intermediariesCurrently agents and brokers in Malaysia are given 18 months to sit and pass thePCEIA. Aspiring agents are required to first sit and pass the PCEIA before they areallowed to be registered with insurance companies. It is proposed that Bhutan alsofollows this timeline with perhaps RMA setting out such a requirement prior to beeligible for registration as an insurance agent.6 Page
Phase 2 – PodcastThe contents of the podcast would address the subject matter with more granularity. It isexpected that there will be a series of 4 modules with 150 clips. FITI will be given rights touse the clips for its future training purposes. The expected cost for FITI is USD 12,500 andFITI can develop its own charging structure to recover this cost.The course content and titles of the 150 clips are currently being drafted and will becompleted shortly. It is expected that the development will take 6 to 9 months. A briefOutline of the 4 modules is shown in Appendix 6.Phase 3 – Class-based LecturesThese are 2 and 3 day modules and costs vary from USD150 to USD250 per person if held inKuala Lumpur. Minimum class number is 12. Full board and visa costs for the trainers wouldbe added on if programs are to be held in Bhutan.Training for Pensions and Provident FundUnlike insurance there are no national training institutes that focus on providing trainingspecifically for individuals working in the field of pensions and provident fund. Pensionpolicy is determined at the National level as part of the country’s Social Security system. Thisis a very specialized field and is usually considered on a holistic basis taking into account thecountry’s demography, level of development and the economy’s affordability.At the population level there is a need for an understanding of retirement planning. Thismust take into account the country’s Social Security program as it affects the individual,membership of any employer’s private retirement program and the individual’s savingcapacity. Such education should form part of any National Financial literacy program. TheRMA National Financial Literacy Strategy 2018 – 2023 does not have a specific reference toproviding for a financially secure retirement. There are references to the need to budgetexpenditure and to save for long term needs but specific references to retirement needswas lacking.The civil servants and those in the armed forces are members of a pension scheme and theirretirement needs are somewhat already provided for but there is a large segment of thepopulation that do not have access to such formal retirement benefits. FITI can play a role inthe education of the general public as to the importance of savings for retirement. It istherefore proposed that instead of limiting training to the very specialized field of pensionmanagement that FITI instead focuses on a curriculum that can be applied to a wideraudience and where course contents are more generally available.7 Page
A possible FITI program could be “Introduction to Retirement Benefits and RetirementPlanning”. This course would introduce participants to various different types of retirementschemes. Currently there is a lack of understanding as to what is the difference betweenpension, annuities, provident fund and gratuity schemes. There is also a lack of informationon how much should one save for retirement. Does the individual know whether he issaving enough for his retirement?Course contents can be as follows:i) Definition of retirement. There is no globally uniform definition of retirement. It canbe viewed as the age of receipt of retirement benefits, leaving a long-term job,leaving full-time employment or total exit from the labour force. Retirementtoday often includes some work, usually on a reduced basis.ii) What are the risks the individual would face from a financial perspective as he ages.This would include health, disability, unemployment and retirement. How tomanaging these risks on a holistic basis.iii) The types of retirement programs available in Bhutan. How these programs differ interms of managing risks. This includes inflation risk, investment risk and longevityrisks. These risks are not static but changes over time and varies as we age. Howto manage these risks as we grow closer to retirement.iv) What are the financial tools that can be used for retirement planning? How do wecalculate how much saving is enough for retirement?The advantage of keeping the contents as wide as possible is it allows for a greater possibleintake for FITI and through that would generate recurring revenue. As a start the financialsector in Bhutan (including banks, insurance and securities companies) have nearly 3,000employees all of which would benefit from attending such a course in FITI. The proposedcontents can be researched by existing FITI Faculty members from many publicly availableresources and be subjected to proper peer review.In order to ensure the success of the program it is necessary for RMA to set a requirementfor Continuous Professional Development (CPD) requirement for those employed in thefinancial sector. Such programs would ensure the financial feasibility of the program to FITIas it would generate revenue from those required to complete their yearly CPDrequirements. The CPD qualified courses would include the core courses related toenhancing work related skill sets (in insurance, banking and pension) in addition to financialand retirement planning.Notwithstanding the needs to ensure the continuing financial viability of the FITI bybroadening its offering to a bigger audience (which should result in a steady income tofinance its operations) FITI should not deviate from its core purpose to provide pensioneducation to the population. FITI would need to establish a budgeting process where firstly8 Page
the courses it needs to run to satisfy its training obligations is established and costed andthe revenue stream required to support these courses are determined. Any shortfall inrevenue would then have to be financed from the revenue generated from the broadertraining programs and supplemented by funding assistance from either the government ofBhutan or from supranational development institutions.FITI already offers a course on Pension Investment Strategy. However, pension investment isvery technical in nature and considering the small capital market in Bhutan, the practicalapplication of this course in Bhutan would be questionable. We also understand that FITIhad commissioned a consultant to recommend the contents of a possible retirement relatedcourse. This course would have been very broad base and would have included topics suchas:i) Basic Principles of Social Security and Social Protectionii) Social Protection Systems and their Economic Environmentiii) Principles of Financing and Financial Systemsiv) Actuarial and Statistical methodsv) Investment of Social security Fundsvi) Innovations of Pension Fund Managementvii) Pension and Insurance Regulatory and Supervisionviii) Principles of Pension and Insurance ReformAll the above topics are very relevant to the management of a retirement system. Theemployees of provider of pensions (currently the NPPF and insurance companies) should berequired to attend this program as part of their CPD requirement mentioned earlier. It isrecognized that the potential attendees for this program is rather limited given the smallnumber of institutions involved in the pension industry and the frequency of such courseswould need to factor in this limitation. Possibly the course can be marketed to those in theneighboring countries that are also associated with the pension industry in their country.Other related topics that can be considered, once perhaps FITI can be established as aregional centre of excellence for pension management, could be Legislation and Governanceof Retirement Benefit Schemes, The Economics and Finance of Retirement Schemes andRisk Management for Retirement Schemes.9 Page
ConclusionAny training institution needs to be financially viable. This paper does not go into thespecific of the cost of financing FITI. Such costs would include the cost of trainers and thecost of training materials. FITI is currently running on a one time endowment whichaccording to its CEO is not sufficient to fund for its ambitious training programs. The paperproposed broadening the scope of available courses so as to enlarge the potential marketfor the training programs FITI currently offers and plans to offer in the future. Ourdiscussions with the insurance companies would indicate a preference for on the jobtraining rather than to spend money on external training programs as it is more job specific.It is therefore necessary for RMA to decide the extent to which RMA should assist in thedevelopment of FITI through requiring the industry to support FITI financially. This could bedone by requiring for example, that each institution under its purview to establish an annualcompulsory training budget set as a fixed percentage of the institution’s turnover say, whichwould be forfeited to an industry training fund if not used for RMA approved trainingprograms for the institution’s employees.The recommendations made in this paper provides an alternative option for FITI toconsider, for insurance a partnership with a foreign training counterpart and for pension amore generic training program which can be easily developed in-house without significantinvestment. The intention is to quickly produce income for FITI while at the same timesecure some funding to deliver on its potential as the Training Institute for professionals inthe Insurance sector in Bhutan.June 30, 201910 P a g e
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Appendix 2aFITI Current manpowerAdministrative Staff:6Faculty Members:6Details of Faculty MembersExperience in theInsurance IndustrySummary of Experience inTrainingMaster of InformationTechnology (MIT) –University of Canberra(UC), Canberra,AustraliaNilLecturer – Management &Information Technology/System, Department ofICT, RIMMaster of BusinessAdministration (MBA)Nil AML/CFT Know Your Money –Ngultrum Customer Service Financial literacy &Entrepreneurship Data Analytics forAuditors Descriptive Analysiswith Excel Developing Researchand ConsultingProposal Consulting Process Qualitative MarketResearch Research Methodsand Data Analysis Essential Tools ofBusiness Analytics Introduction toNameQualificationKuenga JurmiDeki ChodenChanga DorjiPost GraduateCertificate inDevelopmentManagementNil13 P a g e
Booking andAccounting: Conceptand practicesSonam PhuntshoM.A (Economics)Yeshey LhamoRohit GazmerNilYesDegree - BCANil Exploring SPSS usingGraphical UserInterface Sampling in SocialScience and DesigningInstruments Curriculumdevelopment Teaching at highersecondary level Counselling Financial literacy &Entrepreneurship Customer Service Office Management Insurance Advance / Basic OfficeManagement Leadership – Desungmilitary program. Customer Care /Client Care ICT and OfficeManagement Web Development Occupational Health& Safety Frontline Staff &Receptionists14 P a g e
Smart “PersonalAssistant” Food HandlersTraining BasicEntrepreneurshipCourse AdvanceEntrepreneurshipCourse Digital RecordKeeping and filing G-Suit MS office Packages Communication skills Financial literacy &Entrepreneurship15 P a g e
Appendix 2bBhutan Insurance Limited Current manpowerSL #JobNos ofyear withcompanyTotalnumber ofyears ting1General1036B.A and AIII2General77MBA- Insurance& Banking3General936Class 104General1035Royal TechnicalInstitute5General1025Royal TechnicalInstitute6General99B.com7General99B.A MassCommunication& Journalism10General99Class 1211General88BA Eco(Hons)Reinsurance PracticeUN Conference on Trade andDevelopment, BCCI, ThimphuStudy tour to South Korea andSingaporeInternational Reinsurance Seminar,BangkokProgramme on Re-insuranceFundamentals, Practices & trends,MumbaiSouth Asia Insurance Conference,NepalProduct Innovation Excellence,MalaysiaIn-house Reinsurance TrainingManagement Executive Support &Strategic HRMPower Of SellingInsurance Management System ,Paibare PhillppinesInternational Re-insurance, MumbaiPower of selling, BangkokModule for Excellence in Insurance ,MumbaiProgramme on Frontline MarketingStrategies (Non Life )Insurance Management SystemComprehensive Insurance Programmein tech Insurance , Paibare PhillppinesInsurance Management , PuneBehavior & soft Skill trainingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaBasic level accounts of generalinsuranceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, Indiapower of sellingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India16 P a g e
12General88Class 12Comprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India13General77Class xiiComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India14General77Class XIIcommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India15General66Class XIIcommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India16General66Class XIIRigzhungComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, Indiapower of selling17General66Class XIIcommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India18General66Class XIICommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India19General55BA Eco/SocialComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India20General55Class XIICommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India21General5512 Commercewith ITComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India22General55Class XIICommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India23General55CLASS XII ARTSComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India24General5512 CommerceComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India25General44Diploma CivilGeneralComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India26General44Diploma in CivilGeneralComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India27General44BBMComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India28Reinsurance44Diploma in CivilGeneralComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India29General33Diploma in CivilGeneralComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India30General33Diploma in CivilGeneral31General33Class XIICommerce32General3333General2234General22XII CommerceDiploma in CivilEngineerBA Eng & DzoComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaIn-house Reinsurance TrainingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaProcurement TrainingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India17 P a g e
Diploma in CivilEnggB.A Lanuage andLiteratureClass GeneralGeneralGeneral22222212 passed12 passed12 passed41Reinsurance22B.ComComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaPower Of SellingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaPower of sellingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaIn-house Reinsurance 11Diploma in CivilEngineerDiploma in CivilEngineerB ComB Com General46General11B Com4748GeneralGeneral1111XII SciXII Sci49General11Class XIICommerce50General11 monthsB.Com515253GeneralGeneralGeneral4 months4 months4 monthsDiplomaDiplomaDiploma11months4 months4 months4 monthsComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India18 P a g e
Claims1General36362General773General99MBA- Insurance& BankingB.A.Eng(Hons)Comprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaInsurance Management SyetemsComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India4General88BA.Eco (Hons)5General88BBA6General77Class 12 Arts7General77Class 12 comDiploma inAutomobileGeneral8General669General1 year 10Months1 year 10Months10General1111General4 months4 monthsDiploma inMechanicalEngineeringDiploma in CivilEngineerDiplomaInsurance Management SystemLiability insurancePower of sellingExcellence in Insurance -TechnicalComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaPower of sellingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaPower of sellingComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, IndiaCoustmor care TraningComprehensive Techinical Programmein General Insurance, Pune, India19 P a g e
Legal1GeneralGF & PF1PPF and GF210227PGDNL (LLB)Royal TechnicalInstitutePSL TrainingProgramme on front li
FITI was established in 2011 by the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan for training, research, education and consultancy with the objective to train and build the human resource capacity of the financial sector. FITI’s mission in short is “To train, research a
GLACIERS OF BHUTAN—An Overview By Shuji Iwata1 Introduction . Glacier Distribution and Types of Glaciers Glacier distribution in a region, including exact numbers and areas of glaciers, is shown by a glacier inventory. The first glacier inventory in Bhutan was compiled in 1996 by the Geological Survey of Bhutan (Division .
firms adopted new technologies Demand-driven training with the clear goal of increasing productivity Notes: a Jones et al. (forthcoming). b Lee 2009. c World Bank 2016b. 2.3 5.1 18.3 1.2 3.2 1.2 10.8 0.4 0.7 0 5 10 Median value added (in US 1,000) per worker 15 20 Use 2010 prices Bhutan 2009 Costanca 2010 Mauritius 2009 Bhutan 2015 India 2014 .
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Bhutan is a Sovereign Kingdom and the Sovereign power belongs to the people of Bhutan. Type of government envisioned 2. The form of Government shall be that of a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy. 3. . All rights and privileges including
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Food & Dietary Guidelines for School-Aged Children in Bhutan 3 Six food groups for Bhutan Food Group Examples of foods Main Nutrients Rice, bread, Noodle and Starchy vegetables Rice, buckwheat, Kharang, Kabche, Nabche oats, cereal, potatoes, sweet potatoes, starchy root vegetables like yam and tapioca etc. These foods supply most of the
measuring change in capacity of institutions. The framework can be applied equally to a variety of institutions: national and sub-national institutions; state and non-state institutions; partner institutions as well as those within the UN development system. Institutions can encompass organizations as well as the enabling environ-
iv KATA PENGANTAR ميحرلا نمحرلا الله مسب Dengan rahmat dan inayah Allah swt., tesis yang berjudul ‚Pengobatan dalam Islam‛ ini dapat dirampungkan dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat
