Pearson Education Test Prep Series

Pearson EducationTest Prep SeriesForAP CHEMISTRYEDWARD L. WATERMANTo accompany:CHEMISTRY: THE CENTRAL SCIENCETHIRTEENTH EDITIONAP EDITIONBROWN LeMAY BURSTEN MURPHYWOODWARD STOLTZFUSBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal TorontoDelhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoA01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 111/26/13 4:10 PM

Editor in Chief: Adam JaworskiSenior Acquisitions Editor: Terry HaugenAcquisitions Editor: Chris Hess Ph.D.Senior Marketing Manager: Jonathan CottrellAssociate Team Lead, Program Management, Chemistry and Geosciences: Jessica MoroTeam Lead, Project Management, Chemistry and Geosciences: Gina M. CheselkaProject Manager: Erin KneuerEditorial Production Service: PreMediaGlobalOperations Specialist: Christy HallSupplement Cover Designer: Seventeenth Street StudiosCover Image Credit: Graphene by Dr. Jannik C. Meyer of the University of Ulm, Germany Creditsand acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbookappear on the appropriate page within the text.Copyright 2015, 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protectedby Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedreproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means: electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material fromthis work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1Lake Street, Department 1G, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Many of the designations used bymanufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where thosedesignations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware.Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products areclaimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher wasaware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.www.pearsonhighered.comAP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in theproduction of, and does not endorse, this product.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—EB—15 14 13 12 11PearsonSchool.com/AdvancedA01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 2ISBN-10: 0-13-359802-0ISBN-13: 978-0-13-359802-511/26/13 3:22 PM

EAbout the Authord Waterman is a writer, a public speaker, and a retired high school chemistry teacher. He taught chemistry and Advanced Placement Chemistry from1976 to 2007 at Rocky Mountain High School in Fort Collins, Colorado.From 1971 to 1976, he taught general, organic, and analytical chemistry at ColoradoState University.Mr. Waterman is the author or coauthor of five high school chemistry textbooks. His publications include Pearson Chemistry, a popular text for first-year highschool chemistry, and Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory, also published by Pearson.In addition, he has published numerous professional papers in peer-reviewed journals including the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the Journal of OrganicChemistry, and the Journal of Chemical Education.Mr. Waterman holds a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Montana State University and a Master of Science degree in synthetic organic chemistry from Colorado State University. In his free time, he enjoys exploring wildplaces by hiking, kayaking, and cross-country skiing in the Rocky Mountains and onthe Colorado Plateau. He also presents photo-essay lectures about the natural historyof molecules, engaging the general public in an appreciation for and an u nderstandingof chemistry.A01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 311/26/13 3:22 PM

This book is dedicated to all the hard-working teachers of Advanced PlacementChemistry across the United States and Canada. Your important contributions to chemicaleducation, your dedication to your students, and the significant and beneficial effects youcontinue to build into the fabric of our society can never be measured, only acknowledged.The students who take up the challenge of Advanced Placement Chemistry are indeed fortunate to have you as a teacher, a coach, and a mentor. I hope that you will continue to findonly the greatest satisfaction in helping young people reach for their dreams. Please acceptmy heartfelt thanks for your efforts and my best wishes for your continued success.Ed WatermanRocky Mountain High School (retired)Fort Collins, ColoradoA01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 411/26/13 3:22 PM

Table of ContentsIntroduction xiiiAdvanced Placement Chemistry and College Credit xiiiHow to Use This Book xivWhat to Do on Exam Day? xvCalculator Use xvThe Content and Nature of the AP Exam in Chemistry xviTips for Writing the Multiple Choice Section xviTips for Writing the Free Response Section xviiEquations and Constants xviiiPeriodic Table xxThe 6 Big Ideas and 117 Learning Objectives of the AP ChemistryCurriculum Framework xxiTopic1Introduction: Matter and MeasurementClassification of Matter 1Properties of Matter 1Units of Measurement 2Uncertainty in MeasurementDimensional Analysis 4213Atoms, Molecules, and Ions5The Atomic Theory of Matter 5The Modern View of Atomic Structure 8Mass Spectrometry 9The Periodic Table 12Molecules and Molecular Compounds 13Ions and Ionic Compounds 15Naming Inorganic Compounds 17Some Simple Organic Compounds 213 Stoichiometry: Calculations with ChemicalFormulas and Equations30Chemical Equations 30Simple Patterns of Reactivity 32Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 34Empirical Formulas from Analysis 36Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations 39Limiting Reactants 42Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 511/26/13 3:22 PM

vi4Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry50General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 50Precipitation Reactions 52Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions 55Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 58Concentrations of Solutions 61Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis 625ThermochemistryThe Nature of Energy 71The First Law of ThermodynamicsEnthalpy 75Enthalpies of Reaction 76Calorimetry 79Hess’s Law 81Enthalpies of Formation 8271726 Electronic Structure of Atoms94The Wave Nature of Light 94Quantized Energy and Photons 95Line Spectra and the Bohr Model 97The Wave Behavior of Matter 98Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals 98Representations of Orbitals 100Many-Electron Atoms 101Electron Configurations 102Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 114Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) 106Spectroscopy 1097Periodic Properties of the ElementsEffective Nuclear Charge 116Sizes of Atoms and Ions 118Ionization Energy 120Electron Affinity 120Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 123Coulombs Law 124Trends for Group 1A and Group 2A MetalsTrends for Selected Nonmetals 1278116125Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding136Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule 136Ionic Bonding 138Covalent Bonding 141Bond Polarity and Electronegativity 141Drawing Lewis Structures 143Resonance Structures 144Exceptions to the Octet Rule 147Strengths of Covalent Bonds 1489Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories157The VSEPR Model 157Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 611/26/13 3:22 PM

viiMolecular Shape and Molecular Polarity 162Hybrid Orbitals 163Multiple Bonds 165Molecular Orbitals 16610 Gases173The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases 173Pressure 174The Gas Laws 175The Ideal-Gas Equation 179Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation 180Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures 181Molecular Effusion and Diffusion 184Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior 18411Liquids and Intermolecular ForcesA Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and SolidsIntermolecular Forces 196Select Properties of Liquids 200Phase Changes 201Vapor Pressure 20219319312 Solids and Modern Materials211Classification of Solids 211Metallic Bonding 213Ionic Solids 215Molecular Solids 217Covalent-Network Solids 21813Properties of Solutions225The Solution Process 225Saturated Solutions and Solubility 229Factors Affecting Solubility 230Chromatography 23214Chemical Kinetics240Reaction Rates 241Factors That Affect Reaction Rate 242Concentration and Rate Laws 244The Change of Concentration with Time 248Temperature and Rate 251Reaction Mechanisms 254Catalysis 25615Chemical Equilibrium267The Concept of Equilibrium 267The Equilibrium Constant 269Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants 271Calculating Equilibrium Constants 273Applications of Equilibrium Constants 274Le Châtelier’s Principle 275Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 711/26/13 3:22 PM

viii16Acid–Base Equilibria289Acids and Bases: A Brief Review 289Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 290The Autoionization of Water 292The pH Scale 293Strong Acids and Bases 294Weak Acids and Weak Bases 296Relationship between Ka and Kb 299Calculations Involving Strong Acids and Strong Bases 301Calculations Involving Weak Acids 303Calculations Involving Weak Bases 304Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions 305Acid–Base Behavior and Chemical Structure 306Some Common Acid–Base Reactions 30717Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria318The Common-Ion Effect 319Buffered Solutions 320Acid–Base Titrations 327Solubility Equilibria 331Factors That Affect Solubility 33318Chemistry of the Environment 34519Chemical ThermodynamicsSpontaneous Processes 348Enthalpy 348Entropy and the Second Law of ThermodynamicsThe Molecular Interpretation of Entropy 350Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 352Gibbs Free Energy 352Free Energy and Temperature 353Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant 35534734920 Electrochemistry 365Oxidation States and Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 365Balancing Redox Equations 368Voltaic Cells 371Cell Potentials Under Standard Conditions 372Free Energy and Redox Reactions 375Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions 377Electrolysis 377Practice Test 1 Practice Test 2 390416Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 811/26/13 3:22 PM

To the TeacherThe Pearson Education Test Prep Workbook for AP Chemistry is designedespecially for student success on the Advanced Placement Chemistry examination. Thoroughly revised and redesigned, this Test Prep Workbook for AP Chemistry correlates to the new AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework(CF) launched in the 2013–2014 school year.The new Pearson Education AP Test Prep Series: Chemistry: Is designed to accompany the 13th edition of Pearson’s Chemistry:The Central Science by Brown & LeMay Concisely summarizes all the important content in the 6 Big Ideasand the 117 Learning Objectives of the new CF Clearly explains and provides questions and problems for new content including photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), mass spectrometry,chromatography, UV–VIS spectrophotometry, and Coulomb’s law Outlines the structure and content of the new AP Chemistry exam Offers many useful test-taking strategies for students to practicewhile they study AP chemistry throughout the year Includes hundreds of revised multiple choice and free response practice questions, formatted for the new curriculum and aligned to the117 Learning Objectives, with complete answers and explanations Contains many new and revised Your Turn conceptual questionsdesigned to allow students to connect to content, analyze data, andwrite clear, concise, focused answers in the way that the new AP Exam requires Identifies many common misconceptions and corrects them withclear and concise explanationsCopyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A01 BLBM8025 13 AP FM.indd 911/26/13 3:22 PM