Introduction To Medical Terminology

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY5 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.TABLE 1.2Word Roots and Combining Forms Indicating Colorcyan/o means blueCyanosis (sigh-ah-NOH-sis) is blue discoloration of the skin caused by alack of adequate oxygen in the blood (cyan means blue, and -osis meansabnormal condition or disease).erythr/o means redAn erythrocyte (eh-RITH-roh-sight) is a mature red blood cell (erythr/omeans red, and -cyte means cell).leuk/o means whiteA leukocyte (LOO-koh-sight) is a white blood cell (leuk/o means white,and -cyte means cell).melan/o means blackMelanosis (mel-ah-NOH-sis) is any condition of unusual deposits of blackpigment in body tissues or organs (melan means black, and -osis meansabnormal condition or disease).poli/o means grayPoliomyelitis (poh-lee-oh-my-eh-LYE-tis) is a viral infection of the graymatter of the spinal cord (poli/o means gray, myel means spinal cord, and-itis means inflammation).Combining Forms VowelsA combining form includes the vowel that has beenadded to the end of a word root. For example, gastr/o isthe combining form of the word root for stomach. Theletter “o” is the most commonly used combining vowel,and under certain conditions, this is added to make theresulting medical term easier to pronounce. The rules forthe use of a combining vowel are:n When two word roots are joined, a combining vowel isalways added to the first word root. A combining vowelis used with the second word root only if the suffixbegins with a consonant.n For example, the term gastroenteritis combines twoword roots with a suffix: when gastr/o (stomach) isjoined with enter/o (small intestine), the combiningvowel is used with gastr/o.n The word root enter is joined to –itis without acombining vowel because this suffix begins with avowel. Gastroenteritis (gas-troh-en-ter-EYE-tis) is aninflammation of the stomach and small intestine.SUFFIXESA suffix is always added at the end of a word to complete thatterm. In medical terminology, suffixes usually, but not always,indicate a procedure, condition, disorder, or disease.A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins witha consonant. For example, when neur/o (nerve) is joinedwith the suffix -plasty (surgical repair) or -rrhaphy (surgical suturing), the combining vowel “o” is used because-plasty and -rrhaphy both begin with a consonant.n Neuroplasty (NEW-roh-plas-tee) is the surgical repairof a nerve.n Neurorrhaphy (new-ROR-ah-fee) is suturing togetherthe ends of a severed nerve.A combining vowel is not used when the suffix beginswith a consonant. For example, the word root tonsillmeans tonsils. The suffix that is added to complete theterm tells what is happening to the tonsils (Figure 1.3).n Tonsillitis (ton-sih-LYE-tis) is an inflammation of thetonsils (tonsill means tonsils, and -itis meansinflammation).n A tonsillectomy (ton-sih-LECK-toh-mee) is the surgicalremoval of the tonsils (tonsill means tonsils, and -ectomymeans surgical removal).Suffixes as Noun EndingsA noun is a word that is the name of a person, place, orthing. In medical terminology, some suffixes change theword root into a noun. For example, the cranium (KRAYnee-um) is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain(crani means skull, and -um is a noun ending). Othersuffixes complete the term by changing the word rootinto a noun. Suffixes that are commonly used as nounendings are shown in Table 1.3.

CHAPTER 1TONSILL(tonsil, tonsils) -ITIS(inflammation)TONSILLITIS(inflammation of the tonsils) Delmar, Cengage Learning (2013)6(gastr means stomach, and -osis means abnormalcondition or disease). Commonly used suffixes meaning“abnormal condition or disease” are shown in Table 1.5.TABLE 1.3Suffixes as Noun Endings-a-um-e-us-yTABLE 1.5Suffixes Meaning “Abnormal Condition”Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining To”An adjective is a word that defines or describes a thing. Inmedical terminology, many suffixes meaning “pertainingto” are used to change the meaning of the word root intoan adjective. For example, the term cardiac (KAR-dee-ack)is an adjective that means pertaining to the heart (cardimeans heart, and -ac means pertaining to). Commonlyused suffixes meaning “pertaining to” are shown inTable 1.4.TABLE 1.4Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining ary-ineSuffixes Meaning “AbnormalCondition”In medical terminology, many suffixes, such as -osis, mean“abnormal condition or disease.” For example, gastrosis(gas-TROH-sis) means any disease of the stomach-ago-iasis-esis-ion-ia-ism-osisSuffixes Related to PathologyPathology (pah-THOL-oh-jee) is the study of all aspectsof diseases (path means disease, and -ology means studyof). Suffixes related to pathology describe specific diseaseconditions.n -algia means pain and suffering. Gastralgia (gas-TRALjee-ah), also known as a stomachache, means painin the stomach (gastr means stomach, and -algiameans pain).n -dynia also means pain. Gastrodynia (gas-troh-DINee-ah) also means pain in the stomach (gastr/o meansstomach, and -dynia means pain). Although -dyniahas the same meaning as -algia, it is not used ascommonly. (Figure 1.4.)n -itis means inflammation. Gastritis (gas-TRY-tis) is aninflammation of the stomach (gastr means stomach,and -itis means inflammation).n -megaly means enlargement. Hepatomegaly (hep-ahtoh-MEG-ah-lee) is abnormal enlargement of the liver(hepat/o means liver, and -megaly means enlargement).n -malacia means abnormal softening. Arteriomalacia(ar-tee-ree-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah) is the abnormal Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.FIGURE 1.3 The term tonsillitis is created by adding the suffix -itis to the word root tonsill.

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY7n -graphy means the process of producing a picture orrecord. Angiography (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) is the process of producing a radiographic (x-ray) study of bloodvessels after the injection of a contrast medium tomake these blood vessels visible (angi/o means bloodvessel, and -graphy means the process of recording).n -gram means a picture or record. An angiogram(AN-jee-oh-gram) is the resulting film that is producedby angiography (angi/o means blood vessel, and-gram means a picture or record).n -plasty means surgical repair. Myoplasty (MY-ohplas-tee) is the surgical repair of a muscle (my/omeans muscle, and -plasty means surgical repair).iStockphoto/Catalin Petolea Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.n -centesis is a surgical puncture to remove fluid fordiagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid. Abdominocentesis (ab-dom-ih-noh-sen-TEE-sis) is thesurgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to removefluid (abdomin/o means abdomen, and -centesismeans a surgical puncture to remove fluid).FIGURE 1.4 Gastrodynia and gastralgia are both termsmeaning stomach pain.softening of the walls of an artery or arteries (arteri/omeans artery, and -malacia means abnormal softening). Notice that -malacia is the opposite of -sclerosis.n -necrosis means tissue death. Arterionecrosis (ar-teeree-oh-neh-KROH-sis) is the tissue death of an arteryor arteries (arteri/o means artery, and -necrosismeans tissue death).n -sclerosis means abnormal hardening. Arteriosclerosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis) is the abnormalhardening of the walls of an artery or arteries (arteri/omeans artery, and -sclerosis means abnormal hardening). Notice that -sclerosis is the opposite of-malacia.n -stenosis means abnormal narrowing. Arteriostenosis(ar-tee-ree-oh-steh-NOH-sis) is the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries (arteri/o means artery, and-stenosis means abnormal narrowing).Suffixes Related to ProceduresSome suffixes identify the procedure that is performed onthe body part identified by the word root.n -scopy means visual examination. Arthroscopy(ar-THROS-koh-pee) is the visual examination of theinternal structure of a joint (arthr/o means joint, and-scopy means visual examination).The “Double R” SuffixesSuffixes beginning with two rs, often referred to as the“double Rs,” can be particularly confusing. They aregrouped together here to help you understand the wordparts and to remember the differences.n -rrhage and -rrhagia mean bleeding; however, theyare most often used to describe sudden, severe bleeding. A hemorrhage (HEM-or-idj) is the loss of a largeamount of blood in a short time (hem/o means blood,and -rrhage means abnormal excessive fluiddischarge). This term also means to bleed.n -rrhaphy means surgical suturing to close a woundand includes the use of sutures, staples, or surgicalglue. Myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee) is the surgicalsuturing of a muscle wound (my/o means muscle, and-rrhaphy means surgical suturing).n -rrhea means flow or discharge and refers to the flowof most body fluids. Diarrhea (dye-ah-REE-ah) is thefrequent flow of loose or watery stools (dia- meansthrough, and -rrhea means flow or discharge).n -rrhexis means rupture. Myorrhexis (my-oh-RECKsis) is the rupture of a muscle (my/o means muscle,and -rrhexis means rupture).

CHAPTER 1PRE(before) NAT(birth)AL(pertainingto) PRENATAL(the time and events before birth) Delmar, Cengage Learning (2013)8n Perinatal (pehr-ih-NAY-tal) refers to the time andevents surrounding birth (peri- means surrounding,nat means birth, and -al means pertaining to). This isthe time just before, during, and just after birth.n Postnatal (pohst-NAY-tal) refers to the time andevents after birth (post- means after, nat means birth,and -al means pertaining to).TABLE 1.6Prefixes Describing Direction, Quantity,Size, and Amountab- away from, negative, absentad- toward, to, inthe direction ofdextr/o right sidesinistr/o left sideex- out of, outside,away fromin- in, into, not,withoutmacro- large, abnormalsize, or longmicr/o, microsmallmega-, megal/o large,greatolig/o scanty, fewpre- beforepost- after, behindFIGURE 1.6 The prenatal development of a fetus(baby).Jozsef Szasz-Fabian/www.Shutterstock.comn Prenatal (pre-NAY-tal) means the time and eventsbefore birth (pre- means before, nat means birth, and-al means pertaining to).FIGURE 1.7 A perinatal event of the umbilical cord beingcut immediately after the baby is born. Delmar, Cengage Learning (2013)A prefix is added to the beginning of a word to influencethe meaning of that term. Prefixes usually, but not always,indicate location, time, or number. See Table 1.6 for a listof prefixes describing direction, quantity, size, andamount. The term natal (NAY-tal) means pertaining tobirth (nat means birth, and -al means pertaining to).The following examples show how prefixes change themeaning of this term (Figures 1.5–1.8).iStockphoto/Chris DowniePREFIXESFIGURE 1.8 A joyful postnatal moment as the parentsbond with their new baby. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.FIGURE 1.5 The term prenatal is created by joining the suffix -al to the word root nat and then adding the prefix pre-.

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY9 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.TABLE 1.7Contrasting Prefixesab- means away from.Abnormal means not normal or away from normal.ad- means toward or in the direction of.Addiction means drawn toward or a strongdependence on a drug or substance.dys- means bad, difficult, or painful.Dysfunctional means an organ or body part that is notworking properly.eu- means good, normal, well, or easy.Eupnea means easy or normal breathing.hyper- means excessive or increased.Hypertension is higher-than-normal blood pressure.hypo- means deficient or decreased.Hypotension is lower-than-normal bloodpressure.inter- means between or among.Interstitial means between, but not within, the partsof a tissue.intra- means within or inside.Intramuscular means within the muscle.sub- means under, less, or below.Subcostal means below a rib or ribs.super-, supra- mean above or excessive.Supracostal means above or outside the ribs.Contrasting and Confusing PrefixesSome prefixes are confusing because they are similar inspelling, but opposite in meaning. The more commonprefixes of this type are summarized in Table 1.7.Watch an animation on How Word PartsWork Together in the StudyWARE .n As you separate the word parts, identify the meaningof each. Identifying the meaning of each part shouldgive you a definition of the term.n Because some word parts have more than onemeaning, it also is necessary to determine the contextin which the term is being used. As used here,context means to determine which body system thisterm is referring to.n If you have any doubt, use your medical dictionary todouble-check your definition.n Be aware that not all medical terms are made up ofword parts.DETERMINING MEANINGS ONTHE BASIS OF WORD PARTSKnowing the meaning of the word parts often makes itpossible to figure out the definition of an unfamiliar medical term.Taking Terms ApartTo determine a word’s meaning by looking at the component pieces, you must first separate it into wordparts.n Always start at the end of the word, with the suffix, andwork toward the beginning.An Example to Take ApartLook at the term otorhinolaryngology (oh-toh-rye-nohlar-in-GOL-oh-jee) as shown in Figure 1.9. It is made upof two combining forms, a word root, and a suffix. This ishow it looks when the word parts have been separated byworking from the end to the beginning.n The suffix -ology means the study of.n The word root laryng means larynx or throat. Thecombining vowel is not used here, because the wordroot is joining a suffix that begins with a vowel.n The combining form rhin/o means nose. The combining vowel is used here because the word root rhinis joining another word root.

CHAPTER 1OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY(study of the ears,nose, and throat) OT/O(ear) RHIN/O(nose) LARYNG(throat) -OLOGY(study of) Delmar, Cengage Learning (2013)10FIGURE 1.9 To determine the meaning of a medical term, the word parts are separated working from the end of the wordtoward the beginning.n Together they form otorhinolaryngology, which is thestudy of the ears, nose, and throat (ot/o means ear,rhin/o means nose, laryng means throat, and -ologymeans study of). Note: Laryng/o also means larynxand is discussed in Chapter 7.n Because this is such a long term, this specialty isfrequently referred to as ENT (ears, nose, and throat).n A shortened version of this term is otolaryngology(oh-toh-lar-in-GOL-oh-jee), which is the study of theears and larynx or throat (ot/o means ears, laryngmeans larynx, and -ology means study of).preferred position for lithotomy surgery. This term isdiscussed further in Chapter 15.n This type of possible confusion is one of the manyreasons why a medical dictionary is an importantmedical terminology tool.MEDICAL DICTIONARY USELearning to use a medical dictionary and other resourcesto find the definition of a term is an important part ofmastering the correct use of medical terms. The followingtips for dictionary use apply whether you are workingwith a traditional book-form dictionary or with electronicdictionary software, websites, or applications on yourcomputer or handheld device.If You Know How to Spell the WordWatch the Combining Word Roots animationin the StudyWARE .Guessing at MeaningsWhen you are able to guess at the meaning of a term onthe basis of its word parts, you must always double-checkfor accuracy because some terms have more than onemeaning. For example, look at the term lithotomy (lihTHOT-oh-mee):n On the basis of word parts, a lithotomy is a surgicalincision for the removal of a stone (lith means stone,and -otomy means a surgical incision). This meaningis discussed further in Chapter 9.n However, lithotomy is also the name of anexamination position in which the patient is lyingon her back with her feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups. The term is used to describe thisposition because in the early days, this was theWhen starting to work with an unfamiliar print dictionary,spend a few minutes reviewing its user guide, table ofcontents, and appendices. The time you spend reviewingnow will be saved later when you are looking up unfamiliar terms.n On the basis of the first letter of the word, start in theappropriate section of the dictionary. Look at the topof the page for clues. The top left word is the first termon the page. The top right word is the last term on thatpage.n Next, look alphabetically for words that start with thefirst and second letters of the word you are researching. Continue looking through each letter until youfind the term you are looking for.n When you think you have found it, check the spellingvery carefully, letter by letter, working from left toright. Terms with similar spellings have very differentmeanings.n When you find the term, carefully check all of thedefinitions. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.n The combining form ot/o means ear. The combiningvowel is used here because the word root ot is joininganother word root.

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYIf You Do Not Know How toSpell the WordListen carefully to the term, and write it down. If you cannot find the word on the basis of your spelling, start looking for alternative spellings based on the beginning soundas shown in Table 1.8. Note: All of these examples are inthis textbook. However, you could practice looking themup in the dictionary! Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.Look Under CategoriesMost print dictionaries use categories such as Diseasesand Syndromes to group disorders with these terms intheir titles. For example:n Venereal disease would be found under Disease, venereal.n Fetal alcohol syndrome would be found under Syndrome, fetal alcohol.n When you come across such a term and cannot find itlisted by the first word, the next step is to look underthe appropriate category.Multiple-Word TermsWhen you are looking for a term that includes morethan one word, begin your search with the last term.If you do not find it there, move forward to the nextword.n For example, congestive heart failure is sometimeslisted under heart failure, congestive. This term is discussed in Chapter 5.Searching for Definitions on theInternetInternet search engines are valuable resources in findingdefinitions and details about medical conditions andterms; however, it is important that you rely on a site,such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) website(http://www.nih.gov), which is known to be a reputableinformation source.n For better results, an Internet search should includevisits to at least two reputable sites. If there is a majordifference in the definitions, go on to a third site.Sometimes a search engine will recommend a site that isnot appropriate but appears because it paid to be listed.n Beware of suggested search terms. If you do not spell aterm correctly, a website may guess what you weresearching for. Make sure to double-check that the termyou are defining is the intended term.The same caution applies to medical dictionaryapplications on handheld devices. Make sure that theapplication comes from a reputable source, and alwaysdouble-check that this definition is for the term that youintended to look up.TABLE 1.8Guidelines to Looking Up the Spelling of Unfamiliar TermsIf it sounds likeIt may begin withExampleFFflatus (FLAY-tus) [see Chapter 8]PHphlegm (FLEM) [see Chapter 7]JKSZ11Ggingivitis (jin-jih-VYE-tis) [see Chapter 8]Jjaundice (JAWN-dis) [see Chapter 8]Ccrepitus (KREP-ih-tus) [see Chapter 3]CHcholera (KOL-er-ah) [see Chapter 8]Kkyphosis (kye-FOH-sis) [see Chapter 3]QUquadriplegia (kwad-rih-PLEE-jee-ah) [see Chapter 4]Ccytology (sigh-TOL-oh-jee) [see Chapter 2]PSpsychologist (sigh-KOL-oh-jist) [see Chapter 10]Sserum (SEER-um) [see Chapter 5]Xxeroderma (zee-roh-DER-mah) [see Chapter 12]Zzygote (ZYE-goht) [see Chapter 14]

CHAPTER 1PRONUNCIATIONA medical term is easier to understand and rememberwhen you know how to pronounce it properly. To helpyou master the pronunciation of new terms, a commonlyaccepted pronunciation of that word appears in parentheses next to the term. Audio for the terms on the vocabulary list is available in the student StudyWARETM.The sounds-like pronunciation system is used inthis textbook. Here the word is respelled using normalEnglish letters to create sounds that are familiar. To pronounce a new word, just say it as it is spelled in theparentheses.n The part of the word that receives the primary (most)emphasis when you say it is shown in uppercaseboldface letters. For example, edema (eh-DEE-mah) isswelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluidin cells, tissues, or cavities of the body.n A part of the word that receives secondary (less) emphasiswhen you say it is shown in boldface lowercase letters. Forexample, appendicitis (ah-pen-dih-SIGH-tis) means aninflammation of the appendix (appendic means appendix, and -itis means inflammation).A Word of CautionFrequently, there is more than one correct way to

& -ostomy the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface & -otomy cutting, surgical incision & -plasty surgical repair & -rrhage bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge & -rrhaphy surgical suturing & -rrhea flow or discharge & -rrhexis rupture & -sclerosis abnormal hardening Med