THERMAL THERMO ANALYSIS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
T H E R M A LA N A L Y S I STHERMAL THERMOANALYSIS PHYSICALPROPERTIES1
Introduction . 3DSC Differential Scanning Calorimeter . 4HDSC / DTA High Temperature DSC/DTA . 6TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analysis .8STA Simultaneous Thermal Analysis . 10STA PT 1000 . 11STA PT 1600 . 12STA PT 1600 High Speed . 13High Pressure STA . 14MSB Magnetic Suspension Balance . 15DIL Dilatometry . 16DIL L 76 PT Horizontal. 17DIL L 75 PT Horizontal/Vertical . 17L 78 RITA Quenching/Deformation Dilatometer . 18DIL L 74 Optical Dilatometer .20L 75 Laser Dilatometer . 21Helium-Cryo-Dilatometer . 21TMA Thermo mechanical Analysis . 22EGA Gas Analysis/Couplings . 24Thermal Diffusivity/Thermal Conductivity . 26LFA Laser Flash . 27TF-LFA Thin Film Laser Flash . 28TFA Thin Film Analyzer .29HFM Heat Flow Meter . 30THB Transient Hot Bridge . 31LSR-4 ZT-Meter .32LZT-Meter . 33Hall-Effect . 34Calvet Calorimeter . 352
IntroductionSince 1957 LINSEIS has been delivering outstanding service, know howand leading innovative products in the field of thermal analysis andthermo physical properties.Customer satisfaction, innovation, flexibility and high quality are whatLINSEIS represents. Thanks to these fundamentals our company enjoysan exceptional reputation among the leading scientific and industrialorganizations. LINSEIS has been offering highly innovative benchmarkproducts for many years.The LINSEIS business unit of thermal analysis is involved in the complete range of thermo analytical equipment for R&D as well as qualitycontrol. We support applications in sectors such as polymers, chemicalindustry, inorganic building materials and environmental analytics. Inaddition, thermo physical properties of solids, liquids and melts can beanalyzed.“LINSEIS provides technological leadership.”We develop and manufacture thermo analytic and thermo physical testing equipment to the highest standards and precision. Due to our innovative drive and precision, we are a leading manufacturer of thermalanalysis equipment.The development of thermo analytical testing machines requires significant research and a high degree of precision. LINSEIS invests in thisresearch to the benefit of our customers.Claus LinseisManaging Director3
DSCDifferential ScanningCalorimeterDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is the mostpopular thermal analysis technique. It measures endothermic and exothermic transitions as a functionof temperature.The instrument is used to characterize polymers,pharmaceuticals, foods/biologicals, organic chemicals and inorganics. Transitions measured includeTg, melting, crystallization, polymorphism, curingand cure kinetics, onset of oxidation and heat capacity.4
DSCChip-DSCThe heart of the chip DSC is a metal / ceramic composite sensor, whichprovides highest sensitivity and resolution at the same time, allowingthe instrument to handle applications in the temperature range from-150 to 600 C. In addition, the DSC stands out to an extremely stablebaseline and high reproducibility.The design allows both: manual and automatic measurements. Additionally the measuring cell is designed to the highest level of mechanicaland chemical resistance.Chip-DSC 10Chip-DSC 100highest resolutionunsurpassed sensitivityuser exchangeable sensorup to 1000 C/minChip-DSC 100Chip-DSC 10Temperature rangeRT up to 600 C0 up to 600 C (Peltier-cooling)-100 up to 600 C (Intracooler)-150 up to 600 C (LN2-cooling)RT up to 600 C-150 up to 600 C (LN2-“Quench“-cooling)Heating and cooling rates0.001 up to 1000 C/min0.001 up to 300 C/minTemperature accuracy /- 0.2K /- 0.2KTemperature precision /- 0.02K /- 0.02KResolution0.03 µW0.03 µWAtmospheresinert, oxidizing (static, dynamic)inert, oxidizing (static, dynamic)Measuring range /-2.5 up to /-250mW /-2.5 up to /-250mWCalibration materialsincludedincludedCalibrationrecommended 6-month intervalrecommended 6-month interval5
HDSC/DTAHigh Temperature DSC/DTAHigh Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry(HDSC) expands the temperature range of DSC upto 1750 C. It is the most popular thermal analysistechnique that measures endothermic and exothermic transitions as a function of temperature.LINSEIS offers a unique line of high temperature DTAand DSC systems.6
High Temperature DSC/DTAHigh Temperature DSC/DTA PT 1600This is the most common thermal analysis method due to its wide rangeof information provided. The LINSEIS high temperature DTA/DSC is designed to deliver highest calorimetric sensitivity, short time constants anda condensation free sample chamber. These features guarantee superior resolution and baseline stability over the entire instrument lifetime.This provides an indispensable tool for material development, R&D andquality control.The modular concept of the DSC and DTA systems allows the use ofdifferent furnaces with a temperature range from -150 up to 2400 C.DSC / DSC CpDTA3D-Calvet-DSC sensorThe system has different measuring systems for DSC and DTA andmany different crucibles. The vacuum tight design enables quantitative enthalpy and Cp (Specific Heat) determination under the cleanestatmospheres and under vacuum up to 10 -5mbar. The systems can alsobe coupled to a MS or FTIR.sample robotDTA, DSC, DSC-CpDSC PT 1600Temperature range-150 up to 2400 CDSC PT 1600DTA PT 1600-150 up to 500/1000 C-150 up to 500/1000 CRT up to 1400 / 1500 / 1600 / 1650 / 1750 CRT up to 1400 / 1500 / 1600 / 1650 / 1750 / 2000/ 2400 CSensorsDSC-Cp, DSCDTAVacuum10-5 mbar10-5 mbarAtmospheresinert, oxid., red., vac.inert, oxid., red., vac.Temperature modulationoptional—Sample robot42 positions42 positions7
TGAThermo GravimetricAnalysisThermogravimetry is a technique in which the massof the sample is monitored against time or temperature while the temperature of the sample is programmed in a specified atmosphere.8
TGATGA 1000The LINSEIS TGA can be used to determine mass changes (TG) of aof this instrument are unsurpassed precision, resolution and long term0drift stability. The high speed ceramic furnace enables highest heating-10low thermal mass of the furnace there is no temperature overshootingwhen changing heating or cooling rates.Pyrolysis of polyethylenes (DTG)0First step: Pyrolysis of polymers-0.20Mass change-38.72%-20dM-rel [%]and cooling rates with extremely fast temperature changes. Due to the0.20Pyrolysis of polyethylenes-0.40792.4 C-30-0.60dM-rel [%/ C]sample from room temperature to 1100 C. The unique characteristics-40tional automatic gas control and automatic evacuating system enables-0.80-50-60long term unattended operation.The LINSEIS Thermo Balance (TGA) operates in accordance with natio-Mass change-23.14%The optional 42/84 position sample robot in combination with the op-Second step: DecarboxylationSample weight: 39.50 mgMaterial: chalk-filled PEHeating rate: 10K/minAtmosphere: N2 2l/h0100-1.00461.8 C200300400500600Temperature [ C]-1.207008009001000nal and international standards such as: ASTM D3850, E 1131, E 1868,Determination of quantity of chalk of a PE-foilDIN 51006, ISO 7111, ISO11358.The pyrolisis starts at approx. 400 C under conditions almost freeof oxygen. The chalk which is added as fill stuff splits off at a temperature of approximately 600 C. You can determine the quantityof chalk from the loss of weight. In this case the content of purechalk was 61.86%.unsurpassed sensitivitybenchmark resolutionTGA 100042/84 position auto-samplerTGA 1000Temperature rangeRT up to 1100 CHeating and cooling rates0.01 to 300 C/minSample mass1 / 5gResolution0.025 or 0.1µgVacuumyes (optional)Sample carriersTGASample robot42/84 positions9
STASimultaneous ThermalAnalysisSimultaneous TGA-DTA/DSC measures both, heatflow and weight change of a sample as a function oftemperature or time under controlled atmosphere.Simultaneous measurement of these two materialproperties not only improves productivity but alsosimplifies interpretation of the results. The complimentary information obtained allows differentiationbetween endothermic and exothermic events whichhave no associated weight change (e.g., melting andcrystallization) and those which involve a weightchange (e.g., degradation).10
STA PT 1000STA PT 1000The LINSEIS STA PT 1000 is a top loading thermo balance, which offersApplicationsa highly user-friendly design. Even at a sample weight of up to 10 g oxidative/thermal stability studiesthe Tare is done electronically. The specially designed furnaces allow composition of multi-component systemsfast heating and cooling rates as well as a highly precise temperature estimated lifetime of productscontrol. Exchanging the different TGA, DTA or DSC measuring systems decomposition kinetics of materialsis only a question of minutes. the effect of reactive atmospheres on materialsThe STA PT 1000 combines both, the sensitivity of a thermo balance moisture and volatiles content of materialsand true Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Several different TGA, TGA- transition temperaturesDTA and TGA-DSC sample holders can be used to determine different heats of fusion and reactionsreactions, transition temperatures, enthalpies and specific heat. Static melting and boiling pointsand dynamic atmospheres are possible due to the vacuum tight designof the instrument. Optionally a gas control box and a vacuum pump canFeaturesbe connected. As a result, the system can be adjusted for nearly any highest precision TGA/DTA/DSCtype of application. highest resolution drift stability exchangeable measuring systems TGA-DTA/DSC different sensor Types E/K/S/B for highest precisionmeasurements at any temperature evolved gas analysis (MS/FTIR) possible true DSC sensor for enthalpy & specific heat user friendly softwarecombined TGA-DSCSTA PT 1000ultra-high sensitivitySTA PT 1000Temperature rangeRT up to 1000 CSample massup to 5 gResolution0.1µgMeasuring systemE/K/SVacuum10-2 mbarSample carriersTG – DTA/DSCDSC measuring systemE/K/S11
STA PT 1600STA PT 1600The STA PT1600 is the high end simultaneous thermo balance fromThe STA PT 1600 combines both, the sensitivity of a thermo balanceLINSEIS. The system offers unparalleled TGA and DSC resolution in com-and a true Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Several different TGA, TGA-bination with the highest vacuum capabilities and TGA drift stability. TheDTA and TGA-DSC sample holders can be used to determine differentsystem is modular with many exchangeable furnaces, different measu-reaction and transition temperatures, enthalpies and specific heat. As aring systems and crucibles. The coupling ability and many optional ac-result, the system can be perfectly adjusted for any type of application.cessories guarantee the perfect setup for every application.Due to the vacuum tight design of the instrument, static and dynamicatmospheres are possible even at temperatures up to 2400 C. Optionally a gas control box and a vacuum pump are available, as well as anautosampling unit for up to 42 sample positions.The evolving gases can be analyzed with our integrated QMS, FTIR orGCMS or even in-Situ EGA coupling options. Read more on page 25.sample robotsimultaneous TGA-DSCSTA PT 1600optional pressureSTA PT 1600/1STA PT 1600/2STA PT 1600/3Temperature range-150 up to 2400 C-150 up to 2400 C-150 up to 2400 CVacuum10-5 mbar10-5 mbar10-5 mbarPressureup to 5 bar (optional)up to 5 bar (optional)up to 5 bar (optional)Heating rate0.01 up to 100 C/min (depends on furnace) 0.01 up to 100 C/min (depends on furnace) 0.01 up to 100 C/min (depends on furnace)Temperature precision 0.01 C0.01 C0.01 CSample robot42 (optional)42 (optional)42 (optional)Resolution0.025µg0.1µg0.1µgSample weight5g25g35 / 50 / 100gMeasuring range 25 / 2500mg 25 / 2500mg 17500 / solution0,3 / 0,4 / 1 / 1,2µg0,3 / 0,4 / 1 / 1,2µg0,3 / 0,4 / 1 / 1,2µgCalorimetrysensistivityDTAapprox. 4 / 6 / 17,6 / 22,5µWapprox. 4 / 6 / 17,6 / 22,5µWapprox. 4 / 6 / 17,6 / vity1.5µV/mW1.5µV/mW1.5µV/mWDTA-Measuring range250 / 2500µV250 / 2500µV250 / 2500µVTGADSC12
SensorsOur STA can be equipped with an unmatched amount of different userhighest sensitivty for your desired temperature range.exchangeable TGA-DSC, TGA-DTA or TGA sensors.Each sensor is available with different thermocouples to provide theTGA-DSCAl2O3PlatinumAluminaothersDSC Heat flux3D-Calvet-DSC sensorDifferent crucibles available / broad g- down wire0.14 mlMesh5.0 ml12.0 mlElectromotive force / TemperatureThermoelectric Voltage [mV]80Type KTGA-sample holders for many different applicationsType C40Type SType B200-20-5000.12 mlHighest sensitivity foryour applicationType E603.0/0.3 mlcustom volumeAll sensors available with the thermocouples illustrated. LINSEIS Senosor combinationscover the broadest temeprature range in the market (-180 up to 2400 C).05001000Temperature [ C]15002000250013
High Pressure STAHigh Pressure STAThis system provides informations about the material composition un-perties not only improves productivity but also simplifies interpretationder the influence of temperature and very high pressure.of the results. The information obtained allows differentiation betweenIt simultaneous measures both, the heat flow (DSC) and weight changesendothermic and exothermic events which have no associated weight(TGA) in a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlledchange (e.g. phase transition) and those that involve a weight changeatmosphere. Simultaneous measurement of these two material pro-(e.g. degradation). One often used application is the examination of coalgasification processes under different atmospheres and pressures.The High Pressure LINSEIS STA (simultaneous thermal analysis) deliversunsurpassed performance. The system can be used to determine simultaneous changes of mass (TGA) and caloric reactions (HDSC) under defined atmosphere and pressure (up to 150 bar) in the temperature rangeRT.1800 C. This instrument is unique because it is the only availablepressure STA worldwide.The unique characteristics of this product are high precision, high resolution and long term drift stability. The STA Platinum Series was developed to meet the challenging demands of the high temperature and highpressure applications.up to 150 bar / up to 1800 CHP STAthe only high-pressure-hightemperature-STA worldwideSTA HP/1STA HP/2Temperature rangeRT up to 1000 C-125 up to 1200 C-170 up to 1400/1600/1800 CHeating elementKanthal, metalheaterSiC or GraphitePressure rangeup to 150barup to 100barVacuumup to 10-4 mbarup to 10-4 mbarTGA resolution0.1µg0.1/0.5µgmax. sample weight5/15g2/15/100gTG-DTA/DSC measuring systemsE/K/S/CE/K/S/CAtmosphereinert, oxid., red., vac.inert, oxid.*, red., vac.*not possible with graphite heater14
Magnetic Suspension Balance – MSBMagnetic Suspension Balance - MSBmagnet hanging on the balance. The position sensor delivers the ac-The LINSEIS Magnetic Suspension Balance provides gravimetric mea-tual position of the levitation magnet and the PID controller makes asurements in wide temperature and pressure ranges. Measurementsstable levitation position with the electromagnetic force as the actu-under aggressive media can be performed.ating variable. The micro balance can be set up at the environmentalThe contactless transmission of the sample weight is realized with acondition through the magnetic coupling. The balance, as a result, islevitation magnet and a holding magnet. The levitation magnet consistsprotected from high temperatures, pressure, and aggressive corrosiveof a permanent magnet and the holding magnet consists of an electro-compounds.MSBcorrosive atmospheresup to 150 barMetal versionGlass versionPressure rangeUHV to 150barvacuum to 1.3barTemperature range-196 up to 2400 Cup to 900 CSample weight10g (standard balance)*10g (standard balance)*Resolution1µg1µgEvolved Gas AnalysisMS/FTIR GC/MS optionalMS/FTIR GC/MS optionalsniffer coupling without transfer linesniffer coupling without transfer line*Special custom versions are available!15
DILDilatometryDilatometry (DIL) is a technique in which a dimension of a substance under negligible load is measuredas a function of temperature while the substance issubjected to a controlled temperature program in aspecified atmosphere.16
L 76 / L 75DIL L 76 PTThe LINSEIS Dilatometer series L 76 PT combines user friendliness andThe thermostatically controlled housing and perfect measuring designhigh modularity for different applications with outstanding performanceallow the highest precision and resolution measurements as well asin one system. The low cost dilatometer series is especially suitable forlong term drift stability.the ceramics and glass industry.DIL L 76 PTDIL L 75 PT Horizontal / VerticalThe high end vacuum tight pushrod dilatometer solves all measurementtasks when it comes to determining the thermal length change of solids,powders or pastes. The horizontal / vertical design of a single or diffe-DIL L 75 Verticalrential system provides the perfect solution for any type of expansioncoefficient and material characteristics measurement.1, 2, 4 or 8 samplesLVDT or Optical Encoderup to 3 furnacesDIL L 75 PT HorizontalL76L75 HorizontalL75 VerticalRT up to 1600 C-180 up to 2800 C-263 up to 2800 CDelta L resolution0.05 nm0.03 nm0.03 nmMeasuring range 2500 µm 2500 µm 2500 µmContact force—10 mN up to 1N10 mN up to 1NDelta L resolution1 nm0.1 nm0.1 nmMeasuring range 25000 µm 25000 µm 25000 µmAutomatic sample lenght detectionyesyesyesForce modulationnoyesyesContact force50mN up to 3 N10 mN up to 5 N10 mN up to 5 NMultiple furnace configurationoptionalup to 2 furnacesup to 3 furnacesTemperature rangeLVDTOptical encoder17
Quenching Dilatometer L78 RITA/Q DILQuenching Dilatometer L78 RITA/Q DILThe Quenching Dilatometer L78 RITA is especially suitable for the deter-and demanding applications are solved by the unique software packagemination of TTT, CHT and CCT diagrams. The special induction furnacethat comes with the instrument.allows heating and cooling at controlled speeds in excess of 4000 C/s.Export functions in ASCII-format as well as graphic output are available.The system complies with ASTM A1033.All critical parameters such as heat up and cool down speed, gascontrol and safety features are software controlled. The professionalLINSEIS TA-WIN software operates exclusively under the Microsoft operation system. All routine (creation of CHT-, CCT-, TTT-diagrams)Picture Dr. Sommer Werkstofftechnik GmbH, Issumheating- & cooling ratesup to 4000 C/sTTT-, CHT-, CCT-diagramsQuenching Dilatometer L78/Q DILQuenching Dilatometer L78 RITA/Q DIL18Temperature range-150 up to 1600 CSample geometrysolid hollow samplesSample diameterapprox. 5 mmSample lengthapprox. 10 mmHeating/cooling rates4000 / 2500 C/s
Quenching/Deformation Dilatometer L78Quenching/Deformation Dilatometer L78 RITA/Q/D/TL78 RITA/Q/D/TQuenching ModeTension / Deformation Modecially suitable for the determination of deformation parameters in stressTemperature range-150 up to 1600 C-100 up to 1600 Cand strain experiments as well as for TTT-, CHT- and CCT-diagrams. TheSample geometrysolid and hollowsolidspecial induction furnace allows very fast heating and cooling at cont-Sample diameterø 3 mmø 3 mmrolled speeds from 2500 up to 4000 C/s. All critical parameters such asSample length10 mm10 mmheat up and cool down speed, gas control and safety features are soft-Heating rateup to 4000 K/sup to 125K/sware controlled. As a special function, the L78 RITA Q/D/T can providecooling rateup to 2500 K/sup to 125K/salso various optical detection modes.Heating- and coolingrates (combined deformation)Tension/deformationforcemax. up to 100K/sDeformation rate0.01 up to 200mm/sThe Quenching and Deformation Dilatometer L78 RITA Q/D/T is espe-The used linear actor mechanical system can realize forces up to22/25 kN. This allows to achieve deformation rates from 0.01 up to200 mm/s in single or multiple hits.The professional software LINSEIS TA-WIN operates exclusively underthe Microsoft operation system. All demanding applications like TTT-,CHT- and CCT-diagrams are solved by this unique software packagethat comes with the instrument. Export functions in ASCII-format as wellas graphic output are available.TTT-, CHT-, CCT-diagramsup to 2500 / 4000 C/s22/25kNtrue strainLength changemeasurement0.02 to 1.2 1,3 mm (resolution 5 mm (resolution11nm/digit)45 nm/digit)Data sampling rateup to 1 kHz(temperature, length,force)minimum pause between two deformationsstepsup to 1 kHzAtmospheresprotective gases,vacuum down to10-5mbarMechanical controlmodesstroke, force, stress,strain (optional)60 msQuenching/Deformation Dilatometer L78 RITA/Q/D/T19
DIL L 74 – Optical DilatometerDIL L 74 – Optical DilatometerDSC - Option for Optical DilatometerThe Optical Research Dilatometer L 74 was developed to meet the demanding applications of the glass, ceramics, metal and energy industry.A high resolution CCD camera enables a visual real time analysis of thesample expansion, either as single frame or as video sequences.The big advantage of this method is that the sample is not burdenedwith any force. Contact pressure is not distorted for soft samples orsamples that melt during the measurement.Several correction and analysis features are incorporated into theLINSEIS Evaluation Software. The unique horizontal design enablesmost demanding applications. The special solid-liquid adapter allowsexpansion / volume measurements of solids, liquids and solid – liquidphase transitions. There is also a special sample holder for measuringrigid foils available, which avoids measurement errors due to pushrodDIL L 74DIL L 74DesignhorizontalTemperature range-100 up to 500 C,RT up to 500/1000/1500/2000 CMeasuring systemoptical, non-contactAccuracyup to 1μmAtmosphereoxidizing, (optional: reducing, inert,and vacuum)Vacuum10-5 mbar (optional)InterfaceUSBVacuumup to 10-5mbarforces like in a classical dilatometer.Application heating microscope optical fleximeter non-contact expansion measurement sessile drop contact angle solid-liquid expansion – (optional adapter)Industries glass metal enamel coatings ceramics energy20
L 75 –Laser DilatometerHelium-CryoDilatometerLaser DilatometerL75-Cryo-Dilatometer/TMAA Laser Dilatometer provides the highest possible accuracy in the mea-The L75-Cryo-Dilatometer offers unsurpassed performance for de-surement of thermal expansion. The Laser Dilatometer outperforms anymanding under very low temperatures. The analyzer is equipped with aconventional pushrod dilatometer by offering a 33 times higher resolu-closed loop helium cryostat, permitting expansion measurements fromtion. The measurement principle is based on a Michelson interferometer-263 C to 220 C in one measurement.which eliminates all mechanical errors.ApplicationsHighest precision expansion measurements of materials such ascarbon, graphite, composites materials, glass, alumina, fused silica,substrates, semiconductors, etc.But the L75-Laser-Dilatometer is also the perfect choice for quality entry control of materials with problematic expansion characteristics likeglass, bimetals, precision electronics components, eterclosed loop helium cryostat-263 to 220 C in one measurementL75 Laser DilatometerL75 Cryo DilatometerMethodLaser Dilatometer „Michelson Prinzip“Temperature-263 up to 220 CTemperature range-180 up to 500 C; RT up to 1000 CModeDilatometer or TMASample dimensionsup to 20 mm long and up to 7 mm diameterElementHelium cryostatResolution0.3 nmAtmosphereinert, oxid., red., vac.Atmosphereinert, oxid., red., vac.Temperature sensordiode or PT 100021
TMAThermo MechanicalAnalysisThermo Mechanical Analysis (TMA) measures linearor volumetric changes in the dimensions of a sample as a function of time, temperature and force in acontrolled atmosphere.22
TMATMA PT 1000TMA PT 1600The Thermo Mechanical Analyzers TMA PT 1000 and TMA PT 1000 EMThe TMA PT 1600 offers a broad temperature range (RT up to 1600 C)inimitably combine the flexibility of several measurement proceduresfor all kinds of thermo mechanical investigations.under changing requirements. The instrument can measure expansionThe system can perform either static or dynamic experiments. Typicaland deformation at highest precision.materials under investigation are composites, glass, ceramics, metalsThe TMA combines all benefits of a standard dilatometer with the ad-and polymers.ditional opportunity of setting stress and strain forces or pressure fromcertain angles to the sample. So the resulting data can show not onlythe expansion or shrinkage of materials but also its behavior under theinfluence of several forces.TMA PT 1000TMA PT 1600TMA PT 1000TMA PT 1600Temperature range-150 up to 1000 C-260 up to 220 CCryo optionoptional: liquid nitrogenForceup to 1or 5.7 NFrequency1HzResolution0.125 nmAtmosphereinert, oxid., red., vac.Temperature range-150 up to 500 CRT up to 1400 / 1600 CForce1 / 5.7 / 20 NFrequency1HzResolution0.125 nmAtmosphereinert, oxid., red., vac.23
EGAGas Analysis/CouplingWhen coupling a Thermal Analyzer with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS), FTIR (FourierTransformed Infrared Spectrometer) or Gas-Chromatograph Coupled Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) outgassing products can be determined and identified.The signal can then be time wise correlated with thesignals received by the Thermal Analyzer and alsoevent triggered analysis of the evolved gases is possible.With the optional Pulse – Analysis of the outgassingscan be quantified using OMS, FTIR as well as GCMS.24
Evolved Gas AnalysisIn-Situ EGAEvolved Gas AnalysisIn-Situ EGAThe combination of a LINSEIS Thermal Analyzer with FTIR, QMS andThe LINSEIS EGA provides two different coupling methods: for most ap-GCMS is especially interesting in fields such as polymer analysis, che-plications the standard coupling of heated capillary to an open endedmical research and also the pharmaceutical industry. The coupling isfurnace is used. But for highest resolution and sensitivity there is alsomore than the sum of the separate parts. You can benefit from LINSEISthe option to use the LINSEIS sniffer. This special heated vacuum capil-coupling knowledge and integrated hard- and software concepts.lary system is placed inside the furnace very close to the sample to geteven ppm traces of evolved gases visible in the connected analyzers.MS couplingMain advantagesRange100 / 200 / 300 AMU direct detection of gas compounds, not only massnumbersDetectorFaraday and SEV (Channeltron) real time in-situ measurement method no intrusion into the measurement system (as for extracting systems)Vacuum systemTurbo molecular and diaphragm pump (oil free) no cooling of the analyzed gas no condensation of substances with high condensation temperaturesHeatingadapter, heated capillary and QMS no equilibrium shifts because of temperature changes no contamination of the sample gas in extracting linesCouplingsDSC, TGA, STA, DIL by heated capilary allows usage of principally all optical gas measurementsystems (tested for FTIR, Raman, ELIF, among others)FTIR couplingOverview of proven measuring methodsWave numbers7500 . 370 cmResolution1cm-1 FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared SpectroscopyMeasurement of basic and trace gas components in ppm range,-1for example H2O, CO2, CO, H2SIR-active molecules are necessaryHeatingtransfer line and adapter: up to 230 C Raman-SpectroscopyMeasurement of basic gas components non polar molecules like H2Material transfer linePTFE (exchangeable)or N2 are measurable. ELIF: Excimer Laser induced FragmentationFluorescence UV-Laser-based method for measuring of gaseous al-GCMS couplingkaline compounds (for example NaCl, NaOH, KCl, KOH).Range (MS)100/200 AMU Gas Chromatograph coupled Massspectrometer (GCMS)Measurement and separation of gas fractions in quality control andDetectorFID and TCDpurity investigations.Different detection methods (FID, TCD) allow detection of nearly allGC ColumnVarious columns available for a broad rangeof applicationsHeatingadapter, heated capillary and velve furnaceCouplingDSC, TGA, STA, DILMethodOnline detection and event triggered runspossible gases using carrier gases H2, N2 and He.25
Thermal DiffusivityThermal ConductivityTo determine thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat, there are different options,depending on temperature range, type of materialand accuracy of the analysis. The most common wayto measure thermal diffusifity will be the well knownLaser flash method (LFA). He
simultaneous TGA-DSC optional pressure The STA PT 1600 combines both, the sensitivity of a thermo balance and a true Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Several different TGA, TGA-DTA and TGA-DSC sample holders can be used to determine different reaction and tr
Preface Safety and Special Notices ii Thermo Scientific BindIt Software for KingFisher Instruments User Manual Thermo Scientific Thermo Scientific KingFisher Presto User Manual (Cat. no. N17413) Thermo Scientific KingFisher 96 User Manual (Cat. no. 15018890) The Thermo Scientific BindIt Software user manual can be found in PDF format in the
Types of thermal analysis Semi Adiabatic Specific Heat DTA differential thermal analysis (rt to 1650 C) DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry (rt to 750 C) Heat flux DSC (rt to 1650 C), (-150 to 900 C) TGA thermal gravimetric analysis (rt -1500 C) STA simultaneous thermal analysis (rt -1500 C) TMA -thermo mechanical analysis .
by an authorized Thermo King dealer. IMPORTANT: This manual is published for informational . consult your Thermo King Service Directory for the location and telephone number of the local dealer. Introduction 6. 7 Safety Precautions Thermo King recommends all services be performed by a Thermo King dealer. . The TriPac APU contains the diesel .
This Thermo King User’s Manual contains confidential information of Thermo King, and is intended solely for the use and support of persons who are registered users of the Thermo King iService System. If you are not a registered user of iService , please call the Thermo King iService Support Center at 1-877-272-7877, or email .
STC, Thermo Top Pro 50, Thermo Pro 90 N/A . 1319941A : Thermo Top Evo – Medium-duty, Thermo . 1 1319389A Solenoid small parts kit Repair 1 2710806B Solenoid valve . Webasto Thermo
3.1 THERMO DYNAMIC PROCESS:-The continuous series of states followed by the working medium has it liberates, transforms or receives energy is knows as thermo dynamic process. 3.1.1 TYPES OF THERMO DYNAMICS PROCESSES:- The important thermo dynamics process are:-1.3.1.1 RE
thermal models is presented for electronic parts. The thermal model of an electronic part is extracted from its detailed geometry configuration and material properties, so multiple thermal models can form a thermal network for complex steady-state and transient analyses of a system design. The extracted thermal model has the following .
Physical Properties of Minerals Physical properties of minerals are controlled by chemical composition and structure So, samples of same minerals exhibit the same properties Thus physical properties can be used to identify minerals Physical properties can be grouped into four categories Introduction to Mineralogy, Second edition
