Real LIFE Pharmacology Podcast – Top 200 Study Guide
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEDrugHydrocodone/acetaminophen(Vicodin, Lortab, Norco)Lisinopril (Prinivil)Simvastatin (Zocor)Levothyroxine (Synthroid)Mechanism of ActionHydrocodone - Binds,activates mu-opioidreceptor, Acetaminophen– suspected to inhibitprostaglandin synthesiswhich reduces painInhibits angiotensinconverting enzyme whichultimately leads toreduction in angiotensin 2(a potent vasoconstrictor)Inhibits HMG-CoAreductase – this enzyme isthe rate limiting step incholesterol formationSynthetic form of thyroidhormone (T4)3 Highly Testable Pearls Addiction/dependencerisk Respiratorydepression Constipation Amoxicillin (Amoxil)Azithromycin lodipine (Norvasc)Inhibits penicillin bindingprotein which preventscell wall synthesisBinds 50s ribosomalsubunit and preventsprotein synthesis Blocks sodiumreabsorption in the distalconvoluted tubule ofkidney Blocks the entry ofcalcium into smoothmuscle, causingvasodilation CoughHyperkalemiaUsed to help protectthe kidneys indiabetesMyopathyReduces risk of heartattack/strokeDosed at nightBinding interactionswith calcium and ironcan lowerconcentrationsTSH is monitored toadjust doseSigns of hypothyroid –fatigue, dry skin,constipationDiarrheaNausea/VomitingRashLonger half-life thanmany antibioticsGI adverse effectsRare risk for QTcprolongationFrequent urinationElevate uric acid level(exacerbate gout)Can help with edemaand hypertensionEdemaNo action on the heart(compared todiltiazem, verapamil)Real Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDE Alprazolam (Xanax)Metformin (Glucophage)Enhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic, anticonvulsant,and muscle relaxantproperties Primarily decreaseshepatic glucoseproduction Atorvastatin (Lipitor)Omeprazole (Prilosec)Inhibits HMG-CoAreductase – this enzyme isthe rate limiting step incholesterol formationInhibits H /K ATPasepump in gastric parietalcells (reduces hydrogenion – stomach acidconcentration in stomach) Amoxicillin/Clavulanate(Augmentin)Atenolol (Tenormin)Amoxicillin – see agent;clavulanate – inhibitsbeta-lactamase which isproduced by bacteria tobreak down beta lactamantibioticsBlocks beta-1 receptors(found primarily in theheart); prevents activity ofsympathetic nervoussystem leading toreduction in heart rateand BP Used to help preventanginaUsed for acutemanagement ofanxietyDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid inelderlyAvoid in moderate tosevere kidney disease,rare risk of lacticacidosisGI side effects likediarrhea is mostprominentFirst line agent in type2 diabetesMyopathyReduces risk of heartattack/strokeHigher intensity statinShort term onlyrecommended forGERDAssociated with lowmagnesium and B12Most potent acidblocking medicationclassDiarrheaNausea/vomitingRashPulse monitoringCan blunt beta-agonistactivity (potentiallyexacerbate asthma,COPD)Can block signs ofhypoglycemia(exception sweating)Real Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEFurosemide (Lasix)Metoprolol (Lopressor)Sertraline (Zoloft)Zolpidem (Ambien)Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet)Esomeprazole (Nexium)Blocks reabsorption ofsodium, chloride andwater from the ascendinglimb of the loop of Henle– increases urine outputBlocks beta-1 receptors(found primarily in theheart); prevents activity ofsympathetic nervoussystem leading toreduction in heart rateand BP Inhibits reuptake ofserotonin which leads tohigher concentrations inthe synapse Enhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic effects Oxycodone - Binds,activates mu-opioidreceptor, Acetaminophen– suspected to inhibitprostaglandin synthesiswhich reduces painInhibits H /K ATPasepump in gastric parietalcells (reduces hydrogenion – stomach acidconcentration in stomach) Clopidogrel (Plavix)Blocks binding of ADP tothe P2Y12 receptor; by HypokalemiaFrequent urinationCan lead todehydration (risingcreatinine)Pulse monitoringCan blunt beta-agonistactivity (potentiallyexacerbate asthma,COPD)Block signs ofhypoglycemia(exception sweating)Takes a significantamount of time towork (usually weeks)GI side effectsSerotonin syndromerisk (Elevatedtemperature, BP,Heart rate)Used for insomniaonlyDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid sionConstipationShort term onlyrecommended forGERDAssociated with lowmagnesium and B12Most potent acidblocking medicationclassProdrug – convertedto its activeReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEdoing this, it preventsplatelet aggregation Montelukast (Singulair)Prednisone (Sterapred)Escitalopram (Lexapro)Ibuprofen (Advil)Citalopram (Celexa)Blocks leukotrienereceptors in the lungswhich reducesbronchoconstriction andinflammation Multiple possiblepathways of reducinginflammation andsuppressing the immunesystem (inhibition ofcytokines, chemokines,arachidonic acid etc.)Inhibits reuptake ofserotonin which leads tohigher concentrations inthe synapse Non-selective inhibitor ofcyclooxygenase (COX) –which ultimately reducesthe production ofprostaglandins which areinvolved inpain/inflammationInhibits reuptake ofserotonin which leads tohigher concentrations inthe synapse metabolite byCYP2C19Bleed riskOften used incombination withaspirin followingstentingUsed in asthma andallergiesNot a rescuemedicationRare reports ofpsychiatric adverseeventsSuppression of HPAaxisIncreases bloodsugars, causesinsomnia and GI upsetIncreases risk ofosteoporosisTakes a significantamount of time towork (usually weeks)GI side effectsSerotonin syndromerisk (Elevatedtemperature, BP,Heart rate)Increase GI Bleed risk;take with foodExacerbatesCHF/edemaInhibits plateletactivityTakes a significantamount of time towork (usually weeks)QTc prolongation risk(higher doses, elderlymore susceptible)Real Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDE Albuterol (ProAir)Beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist – relaxesbronchial smooth muscleand opens airways Fluoxetine (Prozac)Inhibits reuptake ofserotonin which leads tohigher concentrations inthe synapse Gabapentin (Neurontin)Not well understood –possible action on voltagesensitive calcium channels Warfarin (Coumadin)Inhibits vitamin Kdependent production ofclotting factors 2, 7, 9,and 10 Tramadol (Ultram)Binds, activates mu-opioidreceptors leading toanalgesic effects Clonazepam (Klonopin)Enhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic, anticonvulsant,and muscle relaxantproperties Serotonin syndromerisk (Elevatedtemperature, BP,Heart rate)TremorTachycardiaUsual drug of choicefor acute relief ofrespiratory symptomsTakes a significantamount of time towork (usually weeks)GI side effectsSerotonin syndromerisk (Elevatedtemperature, BP,Heart rate)DizzinessSedationCan accumulate inrenal diseaseBleed riskRoutine INRmonitoring require(most often goal is 2-3with a few exceptions)Tons of druginteractions(metronidazole,amiodarone, Bactrimetc.)Increases seizure riskSedationRisk of dependenceand addictionUsed for acutemanagement ofanxietyDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid inelderlyReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDELorazepam (Ativan)Cephalexin (Keflex)Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)Enhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic, anticonvulsant,and muscle relaxantproperties Inhibits penicillin bindingprotein which preventsbacterial cell wallsynthesisNot well understood –skeletal muscle relaxantpossibly gamma and alphamotor system effects Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole –(Bactrim, Septra)interferes with bacterialfolate synthesis;trimethoprim blocksproduction oftetrahydrofolic acid inbacteria by bindingdihydrofolate reductaseCiprofloxacin (Cipro)Inhibits DNA gyrase inbacteria which preventsDNA separation and celldivision Fluticasone (Flonase)Stimulates glucocorticoidreceptors which leads toreduced inflammation Triamterene/HCTZ (Dyazide)Triamterene – blocksepithelial sodiumchannels, causing a Used for acutemanagement ofanxietyDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid inelderlyDiarrheaNausea/VomitingPrimarily gram bacteria coverageSedatingAnticholinergicpotential (i.e. drymouth, confusion,etc.)Not well tolerated inthe elderlySignificant interactionwith warfarinBeware of patientswith a sulfa allergy –should not take thismedicationTake with full glass ofwaterRisk of spontaneoustendonitis or tendonruptureDose adjustmentswith poor kidneyfunctionBinding interactionwith iron and calciumcan reduce absorptionMay work a littlebetter if takenroutinelyNose bleeding,irritationUsed in allergic rhinitisElevated K possiblewith triamtereneLowers blood pressureReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEPravastatin (Pravachol)Rosuvastatin (Crestor)Fluticasone salmeterol(Advair)Trazodone (Desyrel)Alendronate (Fosamax)diuretic type effect in thekidney Inhibits HMG-CoAreductase – this enzyme isthe rate limiting step incholesterol formation Inhibits HMG-CoAreductase – this enzyme isthe rate limiting step incholesterol formationCorticosteroid combinedwith long acting betaagonist – steroid works oninflammation andsalmeterol opens up theairway Possible serotonin typeactivity, not wellunderstood; histamineblockade may beresponsible for sedativeeffect Inhibits resorption ofbone by osteoclasts Fexofenadine (Allegra)Selective H1 receptorantagonist which leads torelief of allergy symptoms In combo with HCTZcan help even outpotassium levels asHCTZ lowers levelsMyopathyReduces risk of heartattack/strokeIf patients can’ttolerate simvastatin oratorvastatin, this oneis often triedMyopathyReduces risk of heartattack/strokeHigher intensity statinRinse mouth followinguse of steroid(Reduces thrush risk)Controller medication,not for rescueBeta agonist effects –increased heart rate,tremorDry mouthMost often used forsleep, rarely used forstraight depressionPossibly a little safer inelderly than Z-drugslike ZolpidemExtremely long half lifeAdministrationwithout other drugs,food – with a plainglass of water, patientto remain uprightafterUsually reassessedafter 5 years of useSedationDry mouthOnce daily dosingReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDELovastatin (Mevacor)Carvedilol (Coreg)Paroxetine (Paxil)Meloxicam (Mobic)Diazepam (Valium)Valsartan (Diovan)Inhibits HMG-CoAreductase – this enzyme isthe rate limiting step incholesterol formation Blocks beta-1 receptors(found primarily in theheart); prevents activity ofsympathetic nervoussystem leading toreduction in heart rateand BP; has some alphablockade as wellInhibits reuptake ofserotonin which leads tohigher concentrations inthe synapse Non-selective inhibitor ofcyclooxygenase (COX) –which ultimately reducesthe production ofprostaglandins which areinvolved inpain/inflammationEnhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic, anticonvulsant,and muscle relaxantproperties Angiotensin receptorblocker – prevents theactivity of angiotensinwhich is a vasoconstrictor MyopathyReduces risk of heartattack/strokeRisk of rhabdomyolysis(Associated with allstatins)Pulse monitoringCan blunt beta-agonistactivity (potentiallyexacerbate asthma,COPD)Can block signs ofhypoglycemia(exception sweating)Takes a significantamount of time towork (usually weeks)GI side effectsSerotonin syndromerisk (Elevatedtemperature, BP,Heart rate)Increase GI Bleed risk;take with foodExacerbatesCHF/edemaInhibits plateletactivityUsed for acutemanagement ofanxiety/seizureDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid inelderlyHyperkalemiaAlternate to ACEInhibitorLess incidence ofcough compared toACE inhibitorsReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEDuloxetine (Cymbalta)Serotonin andNorepinephrine reuptakeinhibitor which increasesconcentrations of both inthe brain synapses Venlafaxine (Effexor)Serotonin andNorepinephrine reuptakeinhibitor which increasesconcentrations of both inthe brain synapses Ranitidine (Zantac)Fluconazole (Diflucan)Naproxen (Aleve)Doxycycline (Vibramycin)Histamine 2 ReceptorAntagonist which reducesgastric acid secretionleading to relief ofheartburn and GIsymptomsInhibits fungalcytochrome P450 enzyme14alpha-demthylaseNon-selective inhibitor ofcyclooxygenase (COX) –which ultimately reducesthe production ofprostaglandins which areinvolved inpain/inflammationInhibits bacterial proteinsynthesis by binding tothe 30s ribosomal subunit More beneficial forpain than SSRI’s(Neuropathy)Possible increase inhypertension at highdosesGI side effects,serotonin syndromeriskMore beneficial forpain than SSRI’s(Neuropathy)Possible increase inhypertension at highdosesGI side effects,serotonin syndromeriskSlightly less potentthan the PPI’sCan accumulate inkidney diseaseTend to work a littlequicker than the PPI’s3A4 drug interactions(amiodarone,phenytoin, warfarin,etc.)GI upsetLiver concernsIncrease GI Bleed risk;take with foodExacerbatesCHF/edemaInhibits plateletactivityIncreases sensitivity tosunburnBinding interactionswith calcium and ironAvoid in pregnancyReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEPotassium (Klor-Con)Potassium replacement Amitriptyline (Elavil)Inhibits norepinephrineand serotonin reuptake,leading to increasedconcentrations in thesynapse Lansoprazole (Prevacid)Inhibits H /K ATPasepump in gastric parietalcells (reduces hydrogenion – stomach acidconcentration in stomach) Pioglitazone (Actos)Methylprednisolone (Medrol)Decreases insulinresistance in theperiphery; leading togreater uptake of glucoseinto muscle tissue andlower blood sugarMultiple possiblepathways of reducinginflammation andsuppressing the immunesystem (inhibition ofcytokines, chemokines,arachidonic acid etc.) Often used forpatients on diureticsthat depletepotassiumGI upsetOften patient do havetrouble swallowinglarger doses (big pills)– some forms can bedissolved in waterHighly anticholinergic(sedation, confusion,dry eye, etc.)Can be used for painsyndromes (migraines,fibromyalgia, etc.)Higher risk of cardiacconcerns in overdosecompared to SSRI’s soless often used fordepressionShort term onlyrecommended forGERDAssociated with lowmagnesium and B12Most potent acidblocking medicationclassWeight gainEdemaGenerally avoid in CHFpatientsSuppression of HPAaxisIncreases bloodsugars, causesinsomnia and GI upsetIncreases risk ofosteoporosisReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEAllopurinol (Zyloprim)Codeine APAP (Tylenol #3)Enalapril (Vasotec)Carisoprodol (Soma)Tamsulosin (Flomax)Inhibition of xanthineoxidase which results inless production of uricacid and lower levels codeine - Binds, activatesmu-opioid receptor,Acetaminophen –suspected to inhibitprostaglandin synthesiswhich reduces painInhibits angiotensinconverting enzyme whichultimately leads toreduction in angiotensin 2(a potent vasoconstrictor)Not well understood,potential effects at GABAreceptorsBlocks alpha-1a receptorswhich causes smoothmuscle relaxation of thebladder neck and prostate Ezetimibe (Zetia)Inhibits intestinalabsorption of cholesterolleading to lower levels Quetiapine (Seroquel)Blockade of dopamine 2receptors is primarymechanism Not meant for acutegout flaresRashCan accumulate inkidney onConstipationCoughHyperkalemiaUsed to help protectthe kidneys indiabetesSedationControlled substanceDizzinessDizziness, low bloodpressureWork fairly quicklycompared to 5 alphareductase inhibitorsRare risk of floppy irissyndrome in patientshaving eye surgeryGI upsetNot great evidencethat indicates itreduces the risk ofheart attack andstroke2nd or third line agentfor loweringcholesterol (statins aredrug of choice)Sedation andorthostasis riskExtrapyramidalsymptomsReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDE Levofloxacin (Levaquin)Inhibits DNA gyrase inbacteria which preventsDNA separation and celldivision Fenofibrate (Tricor)Activates lipoproteinlipase and reducessynthesis of apoprotein C3; both of thesemechanisms work tolower cholesterol Stimulates centrally actingalpha-2 receptors causingreduced sympatheticoutflow which lowers BPand pulsePossible anticholinergic(blocks acetylcholine) andantihistamine effects, alsomay mildly blockdopamine receptors Ethinyl estradiol Drosperinone Oral contraceptive –(Yaz)estrogen preventsovulation and reduces riskof pregnancySildenafil (Viagra)Inhibition ofphosphodiesterace-5(PDE-5) causes smoothmuscle relaxation andincreased blood flow tothe penis Clonidine (Catapres)Promethazine (Phenergan) Metabolic syndromeand QTc prolongationriskRisk of spontaneoustendonitis or tendonruptureDose adjustmentswith poor kidneyfunctionBinding interactionwith iron and calciumcan reduce absorptionTarget for elevatedtriglycerides, SE myopathyStatins reserved forcardiovascular riskreduction and LDLloweringElevated triglyceridesincrease risk ofpancreatitisDry mouthDizziness, CNS changesGenerally avoided inthe elderlyUsed for motionsickness, nausea andvomitingSedatingAnticholinergic w blood pressureRare vision adverseeffectAvoid using withnitratesReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDECelecoxib (Celebrex)Loratadine (Claritin)Oxycodone (OxyContin)Selective inhibition ofCOX-2 leads to reducedformation of arachidonicacid and prostaglandins Selective H1 receptorantagonist which leads torelief of allergy symptomsOxycodone - Binds,activates mu-opioidreceptor Glargine (Lantus, Basaglar)Long acting insulin analogMometasone (Nasonex)Stimulates glucocorticoidreceptors which leads toreduced inflammation Pregabalin (Lyrica)Amaryl (Glimepiride)Temazepam (Restoril)Not well known;suspected that it mightbind the alpha2-deltasubunits leading to areduction in neuronalexcitabilityStimulates pancreaticbeta cells to releaseinsulinEnhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic, anticonvulsant,and muscle relaxantproperties GI side effectsgenerally less thantraditional NSAIDsEdema riskKidney risk still thesame as traditionalNSAIDsSedationDry mouthOnce daily nConstipationWeight gainHypoglycemia riskDose once daily andtargets fasting bloodsugarsMay work a littlebetter if takenroutinelyNose bleeding,irritationUsed in allergic rhinitisSedationDizzinessWeight gainWeight gainHypoglycemiaInexpensiveShorter half-life thanothers, so may see thisone used for sleepDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid inelderlyReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEConjugated Estrogen (Premarin) Replacement estrogen inpostmenopausal womenwho experiencesymptoms like hot flashes,vaginal dryness, etc.Folic acid (Folvite)Supplement of folic acid DVT/PEHypertensionIncreased risk ofbreast cancer Tolerability is usuallyfineGiven withmethotrexate forRA/psoriasis etc.Deficiency can lead toanemiaHyperkalemiaGynecomastia (Manboobs)Monitor kidneyfunctionUsed in atrialfibrillation or CHFToxicity signs includeGI, CNS changes, visualchanges, and weightlossCan accumulate inkidney disease andcause more toxicitywith low potassiumlevelsHeadacheDizzinessCan become tolerateto effects, usuallyrecommended to havea nitrate free periodduring the dayDiarrheaNausea/Vomitingbroader spectrumcoverage thancephalexin Spironolactone (Aldactone)Digoxin (Lanoxin)Aldosterone antagonistthat blocks the effects ofaldosterone, leading tolower blood pressure anda diuretic effectInhibits sodium,potassium ATPase leadingto an increase in the forceof contraction of the heart Isosorbide Mononitrate (Imdur)Increase in nitric oxideleads to venous andarterial dilation Cefdinir (Omnicef)Inhibits penicillin bindingprotein which preventsbacterial cell wallsynthesis Ramipril (Altace)Inhibits angiotensinconverting enzyme which CoughHyperkalemiaReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDETriamcinolone (Nasacort)ultimately leads toreduction in angiotensin 2(a potent vasoconstrictor)Stimulates glucocorticoidreceptors which leads toreduced inflammation Losartan (Cozaar)Methylphenidate (Concerta)Glyburide (Diabeta)Valacyclovir (Valtrex)Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)Tiotropium (Spiriva)Angiotensin receptorblocker – prevents theactivity of angiotensinwhich is a vasoconstrictor Prevents catecholaminereuptake in CNS synapsesleading to increaseddopamine andnorepinephrineStimulates pancreaticbeta cells to releaseinsulinInhibits DNA Polymerasewhich prevent viralreplication Inhibits influenza virusneuraminidase, whichlikely alters replication orrelease of budding viruses Long actingantimuscarinic(anticholinergic) thatbinds to M3 receptorswhich relaxes smoothmuscle leading tobronchodilation Used to help protectthe kidneys indiabetesMay work a littlebetter if takenroutinelyNose bleeding,irritationUsed in allergic rhinitisHyperkalemiaAlternate to ACEInhibitorLess incidence ofcough compared toACE inhibitorsWeight lossInsomniaAnxiety, tachycardia,and increased BPWeight gainHypoglycemiaInexpensiveTreatment of herpesand varicella virusesGI upsetProdrug; converted toacyclovirGI side effectsDose adjusted basedon kidney functionUsed in treatment andprophylaxis ofinfluenzaOne of the drugs ofchoice in COPDmaintenance therapyNot intended for acuterelief (rescue) ofsymptomsDry mouthReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEBenazepril (Lotensin)Lamotrigine (Lamictal)Inhibits angiotensinconverting enzyme whichultimately leads toreduction in angiotensin 2(a potent vasoconstrictor)Inhibits voltage sensitivesodium channels whichstabilizes neuronalmembranes Olmesartan (Benicar)Donepezil (Aricept)Risperidone (Risperdal)Angiotensin receptorblocker – prevents theactivity of angiotensinwhich is a vasoconstrictor AcetylcholinesteraseInhibitor which helpsincrease acetylcholine inthe brain (Rememberthan anticholinergics cancause confusion)Blockade of dopamine 2receptors is primarymechanism Glipizide (Glucotrol)Amphetamine salts (Adderall)Aripiprazole (Abilify)Stimulates pancreaticbeta cells to releaseinsulinPrevents catecholaminereuptake in CNS synapsesleading to increaseddopamine andnorepinephrineBlockade of dopamine 2receptors is primarymechanism CoughHyperkalemiaUsed to help protectthe kidneys indiabetesCan be used forseizures or mooddisorders like bipolarDrug interaction withvalproic acidRash (possibly severeStephen Johnson’sSyndrome)HyperkalemiaAlternate to ACEInhibitorLess incidence ofcough compared toACE inhibitorsWeight lossDiarrheaDoes not reversedementiaSedation andorthostasis riskExtrapyramidalsymptomsMetabolic syndromeand QTc prolongationriskWeight gainHypoglycemiaInexpensiveWeight lossInsomniaAnxiety, tachycardia,and increased BPIndicated foraugmentation ofReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDE Verapamil (Verelan)Clindamycin (Cleocin)Non-dihydropyridine;Blocks the entry ofcalcium into smoothmuscle and heart, causingvasodilation and slowingof heart rateBind 50s subunit ofbacterial ribosome whichprevents protein synthesis Metronidazole (Flagyl)Disrupts bacterial DNAsynthesis Ethinyl Estradiol Norgestimate Oral contraceptive –(Ortho Tri-Cyclen)estrogen preventsovulation and reduces riskof pregnancyTadalafil (Cialis)Inhibition ofphosphodiesterace-5(PDE-5) causes smoothmuscle relaxation andincreased blood flow tothe penisPhentermine (Adipex)Sympathetic amine –increases adrenaline,dopamine, and possiblyserotonin Hydroxyzine (Vistaril)H1 receptor antagonistwhich leads to relief of depression as well asschizophreniaExtrapyramidalsymptomsMetabolic syndromeand QTc prolongationriskUsed in Afib, HTN, orchronic headachesMonitor pulseEdemaGI side effectsHigher risk of colitisand C.diffGood for anaerobicbacteriaInteraction withwarfarinAvoid alcohol whentaking medicationUsed for AnaerobicbacteriaDVT/PEHypertensionGI/HeadacheLow blood pressureRare vision adverseeffectAvoid using withnitratesUsed for weight lossMonitor for cardiacconcerns; increase inBP and pulseCan cause insomnia oranxietyAnticholinergic effectsUsed for anxietyReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEDiclofenac (Cataflam)Metoclopramide (Reglan)allergy symptoms andcauses sedation Non-selective inhibitor ofcyclooxygenase (COX) –which ultimately reducesthe production ofprostaglandins which areinvolved inpain/inflammationInhibition of D2 receptorsin chemoreceptor triggerzone Gemfibrozil (Lopid)Not well known - targetstriglycerides and canpossibly help raise HDL Diltiazem (Cardizem)Divalproex (Depakote)Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)Non-dihydropyridine;Blocks the entry ofcalcium into smoothmuscle and heart, causingvasodilation and slowingof heart rateNot well known, possiblyincreasing GABA in thebrainAltered by bacterialflavoproteins to reactiveintermediates whichbreakdown bacterialribosomal proteins Considered a 1stgenerationantihistamine(sedating)Increase GI Bleed risk;take with foodExacerbatesCHF/edemaInhibits plateletactivityRisk of movementdisorders like EPSOften used ingastroparesisCan exacerbateParkinson’s disorderRisk of myopathyInteraction withstatins (increases riskof myopathy andrhabdomyolysis)Indicated forsignificantly hightriglyceridesUsed in Afib, HTN, orchronic headachesMonitor pulseEdemaSedationWeight gainAtaxia, CNS changesGI upsetNitrofurantoin lung(rare)Avoid use if suspectedkidney/systemicinfection, good for UTIonlyReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEMirtazapine (Remeron)Multiple potentialmechanisms includeblocking alpha-2receptors, as well asserotonin subtypes andhistamine blockade Latanoprost (Xalatan)Prostaglandin agonistwhich increases aqueoushumor outflow andreduces intraocularpressureDPP-4 inhibitor – DPP-4breaks down incretins likeGLP-1 which arehormones that can reduceblood sugars bypromoting fullnessInhibits DNA Polymerasewhich prevent viralreplication Blocks alpha receptorswhich causes smoothmuscle relaxation of thebladder neck and prostateand vasodilationEnhances GABA activitywhich has sedative,hypnotic effects Inhibition of triglyceridesynthesis by stimulatingintracellular Apo-Bdegradation and reducesrelease of VLDL and LDLNon-selective betablocker; reduced heartrate, blood pressure; mayhave higher risk foradverse effects due to Sitagliptin (Januvia)Acyclovir (Zovirax)Doxazosin (Cardura)Eszopiclone (Lunesta)Niacin (Niaspan)Propranolol (Inderal) Weight gainSedatingClassified asantidepressant butoften used forsleep/sedativepropertiesUsed for glaucomaWill help eye lashesgrowCan alter color of theeyeRare pancreatitis riskGI side effectsLow risk ofhypoglycemia whenused aloneTreatment of herpesand varicella virusesGI upsetCan accumulate inkidney diseaseOrthostasis riskNot selective forbladder so can beused for HTN and BPHUsually dosed at nightUsed for insomniaonlyDizziness/sedationGenerally avoid inelderlyCan cause flushingIncreases uric acidOption in reducingtriglyceridesPulse monitoringCan blunt beta-agonistactivity (potentiallyexacerbate asthma,COPD)Real Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY ty (also lot ofunique uses – tremor,esophageal varices,migraines)Partial opioid agonist thathas a peak effect onstimulating the mureceptors combine with afull opioid antagonist(naloxone), used to treatopioid use disorder Can block signs ofhypoglycemia(exception sweating) Possible opioid likeeffects to a certainextentPrevents full opioidagonists from bindingin management ofaddictionNeed a specialprescribing certificateto prescribe for opioiduse disorder Bupropion (Wellbutrin)Guaifenesin (Robitussin)Topiramate (Topamax)Inhibits reuptake ofnorepinephrine,dopamine and possiblyserotonin to help treatdepression Increases volume andreduces thickness ofmucous (expectorant) Blocks voltage dependentsodium and calciumchannels, may have someactivity on GABA as well Buspirone (Buspar)Serotonin partial agonistand 5HT1A receptors;possible activity atdopamine receptors aswell Meclizine (Antivert)Antihistamine effects atH1 receptors Used in smokingcessationAvoid in patients withseizuresCan contribute toinsomniaWell toleratedQuestionableeffectivenessTake with lots of waterCognitive slowing,confusionSedationAntiseizuremedication, but oftenused for migrainesTakes a while to workUsed in anxietyPretty well toleratedcompared tobenzodiazepinesespecially in elderlySedationAnticholinergic sideeffectsPrimarily used fornausea and motionsicknessReal Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production
REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDEAntagonist at muscarinic(M2 and M3) receptorswhich helps in themanagement ofoveractive bladderPrevents catecholaminereuptake in CNS synapsesleading to increaseddopamine andnorepinephrineInhibits angiotensinconverting enzyme whichultimately leads toreduction in angiotensin 2(a potent vasoconstrictor)Inhibits bacterial proteinand RNA synthesis Dry mouthConfusionCan exacerbateurinary retention Weight lossInsomniaAnxiety, tachycardia,and increased BP Inhibition of dihydrofolatereductase (anticancer)also is classified as adisease modifying antirhe
Real Life Pharmacology Podcast; A Meded101.com Production REAL LIFE PHARMACOLOGY PODCAST – TOP 200 STUDY GUIDE Used to help prevent angina Alprazolam (Xanax) Enhances GABA activity which has sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties
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General Pharmacology Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System Cardiovascular Pharmacology Drugs acting on GI, respiratory system & CNS Endocrine pharmacology Chemotherapeutic & immunopharmacology Geriatric & Pediatric Pharmacology Lectures/Large Group Discussions Pharmacy: preparat
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announcement in class, on the Pharmacology Canvas site, and/or through Outlook. A ‘current’ version of the schedule is posted on the Canvas pharmacology course site (Modules: Pharmacology . pharmacological agents and evolving concepts of therapeutics and assimilate that understanding into practice throughout your professional career.
Practical training is an important aspect of Experimental Pharmacology. This book is collection of specific methods used in understanding of basic principles of experimental pharmacology. In this an attempt has been made to highlight the practical areas of experimental pharmacology with i
Working Group on Clinical Pharmacology in Europe, which was set up in 1986. The Working Group, consisting mainly of university teachers of clinical pharmacology, had broad terms of reference. The Group laid down general principles for the teaching of and training in clinical pharmacology
A1.1.1 Define terms associated with pharmacology. A1.1.2 Describe the history of pharmacology. A1.1.3 Identify sources of drugs and drug information. A1.1.4 Define legal and ethical issues in pharmacology. A1.1.5 Explain the Controlled Substance
Nutrition and Food Science [CODE] SPECIMEN PAPER Assessment Unit A2 1 assessing. 21 Option A: Food Security and Sustainability or Option B: Food Safety and Quality. 22 Option A: Food Security and Sustainability Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. Section A Answer the one question in this section. 1 (a) Outline the arguments that could be used to convince .
