Informing The Evolution Of HVAC Refrigerants
Informing the Evolution of HVAC RefrigerantsNortheast Energy Efficiency Partnerships (NEEP) WebinarApril 21, 2021
About NEEPA Regional Energy Efficiency OrganizationOne of six REEOs funded in-part by U.S. DOEto support state and local efficiency policies and programs.1
Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships“Assist the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic region to reduce building sectorenergy consumption 3% per year and carbon emissions 40% by 2030(relative to 2001)”MissionWe seek to accelerate regional collaboration topromote advanced energy efficiency and relatedsolutions in homes, buildings, industry, andcommunities.VisionWe envision the region's homes, buildings, andcommunities transformed into efficient, affordable,low-carbon, resilient places to live, work, and play.ApproachDrive market transformation regionally by fosteringcollaboration and innovation, developing tools, anddisseminating knowledge
Building Decarbonization 3 Key ElementsAdvancedElectricTechnologiesDeep EnergyEfficiencyGridIntegrationSpace/WaterHeating – Heat PumpsThermalImprovementsFlexible use ofLow-Carbon ElectricityNortheast Strategic Electrification Action Plan – NEEP 20183
Electrification Opportunities4
Regional Heating Electrification Market TRATORSINDUSTRYPLAYERS &BUSINESSINTERESTS5
Whitepaper- Informing the Evolution of HVACRefrigerantsVisit NEEP’s Website toaccess and downloadwww.neep.org6
Ben HillerTechnical Manager, NEEP
History of HVAC RefrigerantsDateEventNew Refrigerants1902Invention of the modern air conditionerAmmonia, Sulfur Dioxide,Methyl Chloride1928Invention of Freon to increase safetyCFCs1987Montreal Protocol to phase outOzone Depletion Potential (ODP)HFCs and HCFCs2016Kigali Amendment to phase downGlobal Warming Potential (GWP)HFOs and HCFOs2020AIM Act to phase down HFC production85% over 15 years
Low Pressure Refrigerants – Easy to ityODPGWPCFCR-11A 114,660HCFCR-123B 10.0179HFOR-514AB 102HCFOR-1233zdA 101
Medium Pressure Refrigerants – Easy to bilityODPGWPCFCR-12A 1110,200HFCR-134aA 101,300HFOR-513AA 10573HFOR-1234zeA 2L – BV 0.001HFOR-1234yfA 2L – BV 1.501
High Pressure Refrigerants – Challenging to lityODPGWPHCFCR-22A 111,810HFCR-410AA 101,924HFCR-466AA 10733HFCR-32A 2L – BV 6.70677HFCR-454BA 2L – BV 5.20467HFCR-152aA 2 – BV 230138R-290 (Propane)A 3 – BV 4005
Decreasing GWPR-410AR-466AR-32R-454B1,924 GWP733 GWP677 GWP467 GWPR-125R-32R-125R-32CF3l50% R-3249% R-3250% R-12539.5% CF3I11.5% R-125R-32100% R-32R-32R-1234yf68.9% R-3231.1% R-1234yf
Jean Samuel (JS) RancourtPrincipal, DXS New England (Daikin Representatives)
The ‘Low GWP A1’ challengeAgenda A2L flammability & safety standards Refrigerant emissions vs full building LCCP14 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
The low GWP R-410a alternative challenge Flammability and GWP areessentially inverselyproportionalLow GWPClass A1 As you add Fluorine basedchemicals, you decreaseflammability, but increaseGWPCalifornia CARB 750GWP maximum15 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS rs
R-32R-454BR-466A677 GWP467 GWP733 Class: A2LClass: A2L 16 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEnglandCapacity (quantity)EfficiencyAvailabilityOwnership / Patent Capacity (quantity)EfficiencyAvailabilityOwnership / PatentClass: A1 Capacity (quantity)EfficiencyAvailability (CF3I)Ownership / Patent
Daikin is highly involved with R-32 2011: Offered free access to 93 patents to emerging countries 2012: Launched first global R-32 residential equipment in Japan 2015: Expanded free patent access globallyBut – this is not just DaikinR-3217 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEnglandhttps://www.daikin.com/patent/r32/
R-32VRV18 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEnglandhttps://www.daikin.eu/en us/product-group/vrv/vrv5.html
The ‘Low GWP A1’ challengeAgenda A2L flammability & safety standards Refrigerant emissions vs full building LCCP19 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 34 – Designation and Safety Classification of yRefrigerantClassificationNo FlamePropagationB2A2L*B2L*A1B1Lower ToxicityASHRAE 34B3Higher ToxicityFlammability All refrigerants can be combusted when put into a high-energy situation such as a fire Class 1: no flame propagation (at testing standard of 140F) Class 2 & 3 have flame propagation at 140F Class 2: lower flammability Class 3: higher flammability (LFL 0.10 kg/m3 or Heat of Combustion HOC 19 kJ/g)20 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland*New flammability subclass for class 2 refrigerants that burn very slow2L have slow velocities; 10 cm/sec 20ft/minute
ASHRAE Standard 34 – Designation and Safety Classification of RefrigerantsRefrigerantClassificationASHRAE 3421 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland1. http://www.ahrinet.org/App Content/ahri/files/Resources/AHRI SRTTF Low GWP Refrigerants FAQs.pdf
ASHRAE Standard 15 – Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems Application standard with a focus on health & safety Version currently followed by U.S. building codes (2013 or 2016) does NOT allowclass A2L refrigerants in ‘high probability systems’ (or A2, A3, B1, B2, B3) refrigerant coils in air stream ‘high probability systems’RefrigerantClassificationASHRAE 1522 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEnglandOutdoor chillers: A2L’s OK Not high-probability Heating (ASHP) challenges (cost,efficiency, operational cost,hydronic management)Small systems: A2L’s OK Low refrigerant chargeVRV / ASHP: A2L’s not ok High-probability
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2019RefrigerantClassificationASHRAE 15A2L23 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2019RefrigerantClassificationASHRAE 1524 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems Introduces Refrigerant Concentration Limit (RCL) to ensure safety in case of acomplete refrigerant discharge in the smallest occupied space Analyzes toxicity, oxygen deprivation and flammability Worse case maximum concentration determines the RCLASHRAE 15RCL R-410a1. Low toxicity2. No flame propagation at 140F (A1)3. Oxygen deprivation determines the RCL RCL of R-410a 26 lbs / mcfAltitude equivalent [ft]Of effective oxygen %02,0005,50014,50022,00029,00025 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2019ASHRAE 15RCLA2L26 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2019ASHRAE 15RCLA2L27 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2019ASHRAE 15RCL28 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2019A1RefrigerantClassificationASHRAE 1526 lbs / mcfA2L4.8 lbs / mcf29 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
ASHRAE Standard 15 – 2022 (Proposed addendums for 2022) Isolation valvesDefinition of ‘releasable charge’ (no longer the full system charge)Definition of connected spaces and ventilation openingsIntroduction of ‘safety mitigation measures’ to increase RCLEquipment standards also need to follow:RefrigerantClassificationASHRAE 15UL 1995 Current standard for safety of VRV and ASHP equipment Currently under the 4th edition, valid until 2024UL 60335-2-401 New standard, becomes mandatory in 2024 Based on IEC 60335-2-40 (but more conservative) Introduces factory installed refrigerant leak detection as part ofthe equipment, and its testing30 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS -60335-2-40-refrigerant-detector-requirements
Model building codes first need to adopt these new standards Universal Mechanical Code (UMC) International Mechanical Code (IMC) The 2021 round of these model codes have rejected A2LCodes &Standardson A2L Next round is 2024 (work starts now) State / County / Local codes need updates (1-8 years) Based on one of the model codes Some states (CA, WA) considering no longer using themodel codes in order to incorporate A2L31 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
A2Ls and A1s essentially pose the same risk during a building fire (at high temps),especially when considering the oil mixed in themFlammability &SafetyOverview32 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland Allowing A2Ls comes with a series of new safety requirements Therefore, an R32 VRV system is arguably safer than an R410a VRV system during abuilding fire1. http://www.ahrinet.org/App Content/ahri/files/Resources/AHRI SRTTF Low GWP Refrigerants FAQs.pdf2. ticle 2554&context iracc
The ‘Low GWP A1’ challengeAgenda A2L flammability & safety standards Refrigerant emissions vs full building LCCP33 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
The importanceof reducingrefrigerantemissions34 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
LOOPRefrigerant igerantmanagement toincrease safety & RCL35 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
Looking at the full Life Cycle Climate Performance of buildings(30 year emission profile)RelativeImpacts36 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland
Environmental A2W ASHP Waste Water heatrecovery37 2017NorthAmerica, LLC 2020 DaikinDXS NewEngland Get A2Ls allowed in buildings Install quality Pre-qualify contractors Proper maintenance Proper controls & alarms VRV driven ERVs High efficiency air-sideenergy recovery
Suzanne HagellManager, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Office of Climate Change,New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
39State Policy and HFCsCurrent and future considerationsNEEP: Informing the Evolution of HVAC RefrigerantsSuzanne HagellNYSDEC Office of Climate ChangeApril 21, 2021
40Key considerations: NY Perspective State and federal GHG reduction requirements Very steep reductions No simple tradeoffs Impacts of consumption targets on emissions scenario Growing interest in Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Application of the 20-Year Global Warming Potential Methane and hydrofluorocarbons are a bigger piece of the pie “Phasing” needed to reach 2050 goals Near-term versus long-term transitions Evaluating role of leak management, codes, and R&D
41Current NYSDEC HFC Policies6 NYCRR Part 494: NY “SNAP” Rule NY joined US Climate Alliance States in adopting EPA SNAP Rules20 and 21. Went into effect January 01, 2021.NYSDEC is taking input on: Next steps for Part 496, other policies and programs HFC emissions accounting and forecasting Aligning with other states and EPA/Kigali
42Climate Leadership and Community Protection ActRequires a Scoping Plan and regulations tomeet the most aggressive GHG reduction goalsof any major economy. 40% reduction by 2030 85% reduction by 2050 Net zero by 2050 Codifies clean energy targets andcommitments to environmental justice and justtransition
43New York’s Statewide GHG Emission LimitsThe Climate Act’s “New Math”:45040020-year GWP100-year GWPGreenhouse Gas Emissions (mmt CO2e)350 One change is 20-year GWP300250Impact of a 20-year GWP200 Increases HFC total 55% Makes HFCs a bigger part of theremaining budget 40%15010050 85%01990201820302050Draft 2018 (not final)
44Developing the Scoping Plan The Climate Action Council shall identify and recommend regulatory andother actions to ensure the GHG goals are met.Advisory panels:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.transportationland use and local governmenthousing and energy efficiencyenergy-intensive industriespower generationagriculture and forestrywasteAdditional Groups: Climate Justice Just Transition Environmental Justice Advisory Panel(consults with all groups)
45Advisory Panel RecommendationsPanels considered recommendations related to: Expanding prohibitions on new equipment (NYS SNAP) Committing to code updates Refrigerant management and reporting End-of-Life refrigerant recovery Supporting R&D, training and outreach Alignment with EPA and AIM ActNext step: Climate Action Council will review and draft the Scoping Plan.
46Implementing the Scoping Plan – NYSDECBy 2024, DEC shall promulgate regulations that, for example: Ensure 2030 and 2050 emission limits will be met Prioritize disadvantaged communitiesMeeting this deadline requires early action.Expanding the NYS SNAP will be one component.
47Considering Near versus Long-TermPotential “Phases” towards 20501. Acting on What’s Ready Now Transition to lowest-GWP possible now Manage leakage and EOL2. Enabling Lower-GWP Options Address state and local building codes, then lower the allowable GWP3. Final Transition Ultimate goal is zero and ultra-low GWP options that are not yet available
48Thank YouSuzanne HagellOffice of Climate ChangeNYS Department of EnvironmentalConservation625 Broadway, Albany, NY 12233Climate.regs@dec.ny.govConnect with us:Facebook: www.facebook.com/NYSDECTwitter: twitter.com/NYSDECFlickr: www.flickr.com/photos/nysdec
Questions?
Upcoming EventsSummit SessionsSmart Energy Homesand Buildings 2021Heating ElectrificationWorkshop 2021Under Development for 2021Thursday, August 19Wednesday, October 27 & ThursdayOctober 28
Allies Network51
For more information, contact Ben Hillerbhiller@neep.org
ASHRAE 34 20 ASHRAE Standard 34 –Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants Higher Flammability A3 B3 Lower Flammability A2 B2 A2L* B2L* No Flame Propagation A1 B1 Lower Toxicity Higher Toxicity All refrigerants can be combusted when put into a high-energy situation such as a fi
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
