Pharmacognosy And Pharmacology Of Annona Squamosa : A
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-7126INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCESPharmacognosy and pharmacology of Annona squamosa: AreviewRajsekhar SahaDepartement of pharmacology, RKDF College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, (MP) - IndiaAbstractAlterative medication and natural remedies have been used from ancient time for the treatment and wellbeing ofhuman. Medicinal plants are considered to be effective and for most important for the above purposes. The MotherNature has provided us with a huge count of flora and fauna. Some of the natural medicinal plants are so commonthat we use them in daily life with out knowing their medicinal importance. Annaona squamoas is the best exampleof it. The fruit of this plant is commonly known as custard apple which is eatable. The leaves are used as avermicide, for treating cancerous tumors and are applied to abscesses, insect bites and other skin complaints.Scrapings of root-bark are used for toothache. Powdered seeds are used to kill head-lice and fleas but care should betaken that the powder does not come in contact with the eyes as this causes great pain. This review article is asincere effort to put forward the medicinal importance and chemical detail about the plant.Key-Words: Annona squamosa, Custard Apple, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, PhytochemistryIntroductionIn various indigenous and traditional sources ofmedicine plants have been extensively used fortreatments. Various parts of plants such as the leaves,fruits, the barks, roots and even the seeds are beingused for prepration of medicine. Annona squamosa isalso been extensively used as traditional medicine invarious culture. The genus name, ‘Annona’ is from theLatin word ‘anon’, meaning ‘yearly produce’, referringto the production of fruits of the various species in thisgenus. A. squamosa has been named botanically fromJamaica (1,5). The leaves of the plants have been used asinsecticide, anthelmintic, styptic, externally used assuppurant. Unripe and dried Fruit work asantidysenteric. Bark is used as powerful astringent,antidysenteric and vermifuge. Rootbark, leaves andstems gave isoquinoline alkaloids. Powdered seeds areused to kill head-lice and fleas but care should be takenthat the powder does not come in contact with the eyesas this causes great pain. Two acetogenins,annoreticuin and isoannoreticuin, isolated from theleaves, were found to be selectively cytotoxic to certainhuman tumours. The leaves and stems also gavealkaloids dopamine, salsolinol and coclaurine (1-3).* Corresponding Author:E-mail: rajsekharsaha86@gmail.comMob.: MagnolialesAnnonaceaeAnnonasquamosacustard apple, sugarapple, sweetsopsitafal .ataaathappazham, seethapazham.seetha phalamTraditional usesFood: Fruits are normally eaten fresh. The pulp can beused as a flavouring in ice cream. Between 50-80% ofthe fruit is edible. The vitamin C content is appreciable(35-42 mg/100 g) and slightly higher than in grapefruit.The nutrient value of thiamine, potassium and dietaryfibre is also significant.Medicine: Leaves, shoots, bark and roots have beenreported to have medicinal properties. The unripe fruitis astringent, and the root is a drastic purgative, theseed of the plants is believed to have antifertilityactivity. The roots are used as a drastic purge. TheInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891183
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-7126leaves are used as a vermicide, for treating canceroustumours and are applied to abscesses, insect bites andother skin complaints. Scrapings of root-bark are usedfor toothache. Powdered seeds are used to kill head-liceand fleas but care should be taken that the powder doesnot come in contact with the eyes as this causes greatpain. (4,5).Fuel: The tree is a good source of firewood.Timber: The light yellow sapwood and brownishheartwood are soft, light in weight and weak.Poison: Green fruits, seeds and leaves have effectivevermicidal and insecticidal properties.Fig.1: Annona squamosa fruits with leavesFig. 2: Plant of Annona squamosMorphological charactersAnnona squamosa is a small, semi-deciduous tree, 3-7m in height, with a broad, open crown or irregularlyspreading branches, bark light brown with visible leafscars and smoothish to slightly fissured into plates,inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter, twigsbecome brown with light brown dots. Leaves occursingly, 6-17 x 3-6 cm, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate,pale green on both surfaces and glabrate or nearly so(1,2). Sides sometimes slightly unequal, edges withoutteeth, inconspicuously hairy, at least when young,minutely dotted on examination with a lens, thin, dullgreen to dark green on top surface, and pale blue-greenand covered with bloom on underside; apex short orlong pointed. Base short pointed or rounded; petioles0.6-1.3 cm long, green, sparsely pubescent. Flowersgreenish-yellow, fragrant, on slender hairy stalks,produced singly or in short lateral clusters about 2.5 cmlong, 2-4 flowers but not at the base of the leaves;sepals pointed, hairy, green, about 16 mm long, 3 outerpetals oblong, thick and rounded at the tips, fleshy, 1.62.5 cm long, 0.6 cm wide, yellow-green, slightly hairy,inside light yellow and keeled with a purplish orreddish spot at the thin, enlarged base. Inner petals 3minute, ovate, pointed scales. Stamens very numerous,crowded, white, less than 16 mm long. Ovary lightgreen, styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Theaggregate fruit formed from the numerous pistils of aflower, which are loosely united, is soft and distinctfrom other species of the genus. Each pistil forms aseparate tubercle, mostly 1.3-1.9 cm long and 0.6-1.3cm wide. Fruit is round, heart shaped, ovate or conical,5-10 cm in diameter, with many round protuberances;greenish-yellow when ripe, with a white, powderybloom. The pulp is white, edible and sweetly aromatic.In each carpel is embedded a seed, oblong, shiny andsmooth, blackish or dark brown, 1.3-1.6 cm long,numerous (3-4).Phytochemical screeningScreening for different biological chemical compoundhave been performed using various solvent. Indicatingthe presence of steroid, terpeniod , glycoside, alkaloid,flavonid saponin and phenolic compounds. Thepresence of above biological chemical compounddepends upon the solvent used for the extraction andthe part of the plant used for the study (5).Further investigation have provided us with three antimalarial alkaloids all of them exhibited moderateactivity against chloroquinesensitive strain (D10) and achloroquine resistant strain (Dd2) of Plasmodium)falciparum (6 .Fig. 3: Flower of Annona squamosaInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891184
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-7126Table 1: Preliminary Phytochemical screening of leaf extract of Annona squamosa.ConstituentsPet ether extchloroform extmethanol extwater extSteroids Triterpine Glycoside Alkaloids Flavonoids Saponins Phinolic compounds ( ) indicate presence, (-) indicate absence.Yet another study reviled the presence of anothercompound responsible for anthelmintic activity againstHaemonchus contortus and identifies as C37 trihydroxyadjacent bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin based onspectroscopic analysis (7).Fig. 6: (a)Liriodenine, (b) Oxoanalobine.Fig. 5 – Structure of AcetogeninIn another study two major alkaloids have beenisolated. The name of the compound are liriodenineand oxoanalobine both of the compound belong to thegroup of oxoaporphines and were identified by theirspectra. The compounds were isolated from the rootextract of the plant (8).Pharmacological activityAntimalarial activityThree known aporphine alkaloids were isolated frombark. Structures of compounds were identified as NNitrosoxylopine , Roemerolidine and Duguevalline.The above compounds were subjected for the screeningof antimalarial activity. The result concluded that theaporphine alkaloids isolated by antiplasmodial activityguided fractionation of A. squamosa bark display invitro antiplasmodial activates with IC50 values rangingbetween 7.8 and 34.2 µM/mL . The antiplasmodialactivity of compounds N-Nitrosoxylopine showedconsiderable antiplasmodial activity against both theInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891185
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-7126CQ sensitive D10 strain. Compound Roemerolidineand Duguevalline showed moderate antiplasmodialactivities with no observable cytotoxicity. However NNitrosoxylopine was found to active against both of theplasmodium strains but also exhibited cytotoxicity aswell which might be attributed to nitroso moiety ofcompound (6).Antidiabetic activityStudy carried out on Annona squamosa have reviledthat the plant posses antihyperglycemic effect. Thestudy was done using Male albino Wistar rats. Thediabeties was induced using streptozotocin. The studyresulted that Oral administration of A. squamosaaqueous extract to diabetic rats for 30 dayssignificantly reduced blood glucose, urea, uric acid andcreatinine, but increased the activities of insulin, Cpeptide, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio and restoredall marker enzymes to near control levels (10).Antitumor activityThe defatted seed of Annona squamosa was screenedfor the antitumor activity. The extract was of aqueousand organic solvent. The parameter which was checkedfor the conclusion of the activity were estimation ofintracellular ROS, estimation of intracellular GSH,DNA fragment analysis, and quantization of apoptosis.The study was carried out on rat histolytic cells tumorcell line AK-5. The study resulted significant apoptotictumour cell death with enhanced caspase-3 activity,down regulation of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl.Enhanced the generation of intracellular ROS, whichcorrelated well with the decreased levels ofintracellular GSH. In addition, DNA fragmentation andannexin-V staining confirmed that the extracts inducedapoptosis in tumour cells through the oxidative stress.Aqueous extracts of A. squamosa seeds possessedsignificant antitumor activity in vivo against AK-5tumor (11).Antiulcer nosyloxyphenyl)-2-(β-Dglucopyranosyloxy)-ethane was isolated natutally firsttime from the Annona squamosa twigs. Thecompounds which were isolated fro the twig of platswere subjected to screening for antiulcer activity.Models used for the screening were cold restraint,pyloric ligation , aspirin , alcohol induced gastric ulcerand histamine induced duodenal ulcer model. Theresult was compared with the standard drugomeprazole. The result for the screening concludedanti-secretory activity in vivo through reduced, totalacidity and pepsin in pyloric ligation, confirmed by invitro inhibition of H( ) K( )-ATPase activity withcorresponding decrease in plasma gastrin level.Cytoprotection of Annona squamosa was apparent withprotection in alcohol induced, aspirin models andenhanced mucin level in pyloric ligation model (12).Hepatoprotective activityAqueous and alcoholic extract of Leaves of Annonasquamosa were used for the screening ofhepatoprotective activity. The study was performed onWistar strain of rats. Induction of experimentalhepatotoxicity was induced using Isoniazid andrifampicin, the standard drug Silymarin was used forthe reference. The result was significant decrease intotal bilirubin along with significant increase in thelevel of total protein and also significant decrease inALP, AST, ALT and γ-GT in treatment group ascompared to the hepatotoxic group. In thehistopathological study the hepatotoxic group showedhepatocytic necrosis and inflammation in thecentrilobular region with portal triaditis. The group ofanimal treated with extractshowed minimalinflammation with moderate portal triaditis and theirlobular architecture was normal. It should be concludedthat the extracts of Annona squamosa were not able tocure completely hepatic injury induced by isoniazidand rifampicin, but it could restrict the effect of thesedrugs in liver (13).Antibacterial and wound healing activityIn the above study leaves of Annona squamosa (Linn.)were exhaustively extracted by soxhlet apparatus withdifferent solvents like petroleum ether, solvent ether,chloroform, alcohol and chloroform water in ascendingorder of the polarity. All the five extracts weresubjected to antibacterial screening by using the cupplate method. The petroleum ether, alcoholic andchloroform water extract showed maximum zone ofinhibition. So these extracts were taken for woundhealing activity. The petroleum ether extracts ofAnnona squamosa leaves were used in all modelsshowed significant results. All the results weresignificant for different parameters in wound healingactivity when compared with control group (14).Anthelmintic activityThe aqueous and methnolic extract was used for theabove study. The extraction of seeds were done bycrushing the seed to form powder then soaked withwater and methanol for 7 days. The extract exhibitedsignificant Anthelmintic activity against Haemonchuscontortus. the main nematode of sheep and goat inNortheastern Brazil. A compound was isolated and thestructure was determined as a C37 trihydroxy adjacentbistetrahydrofuran acetogenin based on spectroscopicanalysis. The above reported compound isolated fromethyl acetate extract and inhibited the egg hatching ofH. contortus (15).Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891186
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-7126Anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and analgesicactivityThe above activities were screened using combinedextract of Annona squamosa and Nigella sativa wasevaluated and validated in various animal models.Arthritis was induced by Complete Freund s Adjuvant(CFA) injection in metatarsal footpad of SpragueDawley rats. Degree of inflammation was evaluated byhind paw swelling and body weight, estimation ofAST, ALT and TP supported by histopathology of kneejoint. The result of combine extract was significantdecrease in paw volume, increase body weight andreduction in elevated levels of ALT, AST and TP. Foranti arthritic activity the histopathological reviled thefact that there was significant reduction in neutrophilsinfiltration, pannus formation and bone of the animaltreated with plant extract. The extract reviled that it hasanalgesic and anti inflammatory activity in dosedependent manner when compared to comparable withthe reference standard drugs, pethidine sulfate andindomethacin (16).Antimicrobial activityThe antimicrobial activity was evaluated using foursolvent extract. Agar diffusion method was selected tocheck antibacterial activity. Two Gram positive(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and twoGram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa) bacteria were selected for screening. Thescreening results showed that highest zone of inhibitionwas observed in methanol extract against Ps.Aeruginosa (MIC: 130µg/ml) followed by petroleumether extract against Ps. aeruginosa (MIC: 165 µg/ml)and methanol extract against E. coli (MIC: 180 µg/ml)(17).To evaluate the antibacterial activity another study wasperformed using three different solvent extracts of leafof Annona squamosa L. and Annona reticulata L. Agarcup and broth dilution methods were selected to testantibacterial activity using three Gram-positive(Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus andStaphylococcus epidermidis) and five Gram-negative(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Salmonella typhi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibriocholerae) bacteria. The screening results showed thathighest inhibition was observed by the methanolextract followed by petroleum ether and aqueousextracts for both Annona squamosa and Annonareticulata leaf. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcusepidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrioalginolyticus are the most sensitive bacterial strainsamong all test organisms. None of the plant extractsshowed growth of inhibition against Salmonella typhi(18).Antioxidant activityFor the study of antioxidant activity the leavesextract were used. The chemical constituent wereisolated and was subjected to IR, LC-MS and thecompound was confirmed flavones type compound onthe basis of spectral data. The in vitro antioxidantactivity of isolated compound Annona squamosa L wasevaluated by free radical scavenging activity ofdifferent concentrations (10µg, 50 µg, and 100 µg)using 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazil method (DPPH).The results of assay were then compared with syntheticantioxidant Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA).Theisolated compound exhibit (9.62, 24.28, and 45.62%)significant free radical scavenging activity (19).Anti HIVThere was a positive result exhibited by the extract ofannona squamosa when evaluated for anti HIVscreening. In the above study new chemical compoundhave been named and isolated. The structures of thenew compounds were established by spectral analysesand chemical evidence. Among the 14 isolatedcompounds in the study , 16β,17-dihydroxy-entkauran-19-oic acid showed significant activity againstHIV replication in H9 lymphocyte cells with an EC50value of 0.8 µg/mL (13).Cytotoxic activityTwo new conpounds have been isolated and wereevaluated for the above activity. The extract of seedwas used for the isolation of the compound. The studywas carried out against HCT, human lung carcinoma(A-549), human breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and humanprostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) with adriamycin aspositive standard using MTT method.ConclusionIndian literatures like Ayurveda and various ancientliterature have already mentioned herbal remediationfor a number of human ailments. annona squamosawhich is commonly known as custard apple in Englishand sitafal in Hindi having various pharmacologicalactivity such ad antidiabetic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, wound healing, antimalarial, cytotoxic,anti oxidant, anti microbial and few more. Somecompounds have been isolated and reported from theextract of various part of the plant possessing goodpharmacological activity. The studies performed on theseed extract also evidenced for anti HIV activity andreporting with new isolated compound. Morepharmacological investigation should be performedusing latest technique to discover the potential of theplant.Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891187
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-7126Fig. 7: Structure of two new cytotoxic compounds isolated9. Pérez-Amador MC, et al, Oxoaporphinealkaloids in Guatteria diospyroides Baill. ionaljournalofexperimentalbotany,1. C.P. Khare Indian medicinal plants, An2004:53-55.Illustrated Dictionary, Springer publication.10. Kaleem M, Medha P, Ahmed Q U, Asif M,2. Kirtikar KR and Basu BD (1999). In: IndianBano B, Beneficial effects of AnnonaMedicinalPlant,InternationalBooksquamosa extract in streptozotocin-inducedDistributors, Dehradun, India.diabetic rats, Singapore Med J, 2008; 49 (10) :3. Indian Materia Medica by Dr. K.M. Nadkarni,800.Publisher: Bombay Popular Prakashan,11.KharAshok, Antitumour activity of Annonareprinted: 2000.squamosaseed extracts is through the4. Agroforestry Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009).generationoffree radicals and induction of5. Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India.apoptosis,IndianJournal of Biochemistry &Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR,BiophysicsVol.41,August 2004, pp. 167New Delhi, India.172.6. Kulkarni . V. R, Chandershekhar. C.12. Yadav DK, Singh N, Anti-ulcer constituentsIsolation,Characterizations and Free radicalof Annona squamosa twigs, Epub 2011 Febscavenging activity of Annona squamosa leaf,20.Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(3),61013.MohamedSaleem TS, Hepatoprotective611.activityofAnnona squamosa Linn. On7. Johns et al, Antimalarial alkaloids isolatedexperimentalanimal model, Internationalfrom Annona squamosa, PhytopharmacologyJournalofAppliedResearch in Natural2011, 1(3) 49-53.Products,Vol.1(3),pp.1-7, Sep/Oct 2008.8. RAIMUNDO BRAZ FILHO, Anthelmintic14. Chitra Shenoy, M B Patil and Ravi Kumar,acetogenin from Annona squamosa L. Seeds,Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity ofAnnals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences,the Leaves of Annona squamosa Linn,(2008) 80(2), 271-277.Research Journal of Pharmacognosy andInt. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891188
Review Article[Shah, 2(10): Oct., 2011]ISSN: 0976-712615.16.17.18.phytochemistry ,Volume 01, Issue 01, JulyAugust, 2009.Marta M.C. Souza, Claudia M.L. Bevilaqua,Anthelmintic acetogenin from Annonasquamosa L. Seeds, Annals of the BrazilianAcademy of Sciences, (2008).Singh Sanjiv, Pharmacological screening ofcombined extract of Annona squamosa andNigella sativa, International Journal of Pharmaand Bio Sciences, 2,2, april/june 2011.Jayshree et al: Annona squamosa L. :Phytochemical analysis and AntimicrobialScreening, Journal of Pharmacy ResearchVol.1.Issue 1. July-September 2008.Padhi, L.P, In vitro evaluation of antibacterialpotential of Annona squamosa L. and Annonareticulata L. from Similipal BiosphereReserve, Orissa, India. Journal AgriculturalTeachnology 7(1): 133-142.19. C.Chandrashekaretal,Isolation,Characterizations and Free radicalscavenging activity of Annona squamosa leaf,Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(3),610611.20. Yang-Chang Wu, Identification of ent-16β,17Dihydroxykauran-19-oic Acid as an Anti-HIVPrinciple and Isolation of the NewDiterpenoids Annosquamosins A and B fromAnnonasquamosa, J. Nat. Prod., 1996,59 (6), pp 635–637.21. H.-J. Yang et al, Two new cytotoxicacetogenins from Annona squamosa, Journalof Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 11,No. 3, March 2009, 250–256Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 2, Issue 10: Oct.: 2011, 1183-11891189
Pharmacognosy and pharmacology of Annona squamosa : A review Rajsekhar Saha Departement of pharmacology, RKDF College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, (MP) - India Abstract Alterative medication and natural remedies have been
General Pharmacology Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System Cardiovascular Pharmacology Drugs acting on GI, respiratory system & CNS Endocrine pharmacology Chemotherapeutic & immunopharmacology Geriatric & Pediatric Pharmacology Lectures/Large Group Discussions Pharmacy: preparat
pharmacognosy evolved into the field of pharmaceutical biology with an emphasis on natural products chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, and biological and chemical screening. In the US this caused many of the techniques of classical pharmacognosy, including
traditional elements of pharmacognosy. Today, this evaluation process is contributed from the collective technical expertise in several diverse areas, including ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, classical botanical pharmacognosy, natural products chemistry, phytochemistry, analytical pharmacognosy, phytotherapy and clinical pharmacy.
The word "pharmacognosy" was coined in 1815 by C.A. Seydler. The word pharmacognosy is formed from two Greek words, pharmakon means drug and gnosis means knowledge. Thus pharmacognosy has also been defined as "Simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the . of the plants such as bark,
Pharmacognosy Communications, 2023; 13(1):2-8. https://www.phcogcommn.org Review Article 2 Pharmacognosy Communications, Vol 13, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2023:./pc .
From Mexico. Seeds collected by C. O. Er-lanson and Max Souviron, Bureau of Plant Industry. Received April 1, 1931. Nos. 92341 to 92365 were collected in the State of Chiapas. 92341. ANNONA MURICATA L. Annona-ceae. Sour so p. No. 57. Ouanava. Collected near Acala at 2,800 feet altitud
announcement in class, on the Pharmacology Canvas site, and/or through Outlook. A ‘current’ version of the schedule is posted on the Canvas pharmacology course site (Modules: Pharmacology . pharmacological agents and evolving concepts of therapeutics and assimilate that understanding into practice throughout your professional career.
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