SECTION 1 Matter Main Idea - North Allegheny School .
States of MatterThe particles in solids,liquids, and gases arealways in motion.SECTION 1MatterMain Idea The state ofmatter depends on themotion of the particlesand on the attractionsbetween them.SECTION 2Changes of StateMain Idea When matterchanges state, its thermalenergy changes.SECTION 3Behavior of FluidsMain Idea The particles ina fluid, a liquid, or a gasexert a force on everythingthey touch.Ahhh!A long, hot soak on a snowy day! This Asian monkey called amacaque is experiencing the effects of heat—the transfer ofthermal energy from a warmer object to a colder object. In thischapter, you will learn about heat and the three common states ofmatter on Earth.Science Journalnot frozen.100Roger Ressmeyer/CORBISWrite why you think there is snow on the ground but the water is
Start-Up ActivitiesExperiment with a Freezing LiquidHave you ever thought about how and whyyou might be able to ice-skate on a pond inthe winter but swim in the same pond in thesummer? Many substances change form astemperature changes.Changing States of MatterMake the following Foldable tohelp you study the changes inwater.STEP 1 Fold a vertical sheet ofpaper from left to righttwo times. Unfold.STEP 2 Fold the paper in half from top tobottom two times.1. Make a table to record temperature andappearance. Obtain a test tube containingan unknown liquid from your teacher.Place the test tube in a rack.2. Insert a thermometer into the liquid.WARNING: Do not allow the thermometerto touch the bottom of the test tube.Starting immediately, observe and recordthe substance’s temperature and appearance every 30 s.3. Continue making measurements andobservations until you’re told to stop.4. Think Critically In your ScienceJournal, describe your investigationand observations. Did anything unusualhappen while you were observing? Ifso, what?Preview this chapter’s contentand activities atips.msscience.comSTEP 3 Unfold and draw lines along the folds.STEP 4 Label the top row and first column asshown below.DefineStates Heat– HeatLiquidwaterWater asa gasWater as asolid (ice)Read and Write As you read the chapter, definethe states of matter as listed on your Foldable inthe Define States column. Write what happenswhen heat is added to or lost from the threestates of matter.101Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS
Learn It!An important strategy to help you improve yourreading is monitoring, or finding your reading strengths and weaknesses.As you read, monitor yourself to make sure the text makes sense. Discoverdifferent monitoring techniques you can use at different times, dependingon the type of test and situation.Practice It!The paragraph below appears in Section 1.Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Discuss youranswers with other students to see how they monitor their reading.All matter is made up of tiny particles, such asatoms, molecules, or ions. Each particle attractsother particles. In other words, each particle pullsother particles toward itself. These particles alsoare constantly moving. The motion of the particlesand the strength of attraction between the particles determine a material’s state of matter.— from page 102 What questions do you still have after reading? Do you understand all of the words in the passage? Did you have to stop reading often? Is the reading level appropriatefor you?Apply It!Identify one paragraph that is difficult to understand. Discuss itwith a partner to improve your understanding.102 ACHAPTER 4 States of Matter
Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter.Monitor your readingby slowing down orspeeding up dependingon your understandingof the text.Before you read the chapter, respond to the statementsbelow on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper. Write an A if you agree with the statement. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if you’vechanged your mind about any of the statements. If any of your answers changed, explain why. Change any false statements into true statements. Use your revised statements as a study guide.Before You ReadA or DPrint out a worksheetof this page atips.msscience.comStatement1Particles in solids vibrate in place.2A water spider can walk on water because ofuneven forces acting on the surface water molecules.3Particles in a gas are far apart with empty spacebetween them.4A large glass of warm water has the sameamount of thermal energy as a smaller glass ofwater at the same temperature.5Boiling and evaporation are two types of vaporization.6While a substance is boiling, its temperatureincreases.7Pressure is, in part, related to the area overwhich a force is distributed.8At sea level, the air exerts a pressure of about101,000 N per square meter.9An object will float in a fluid that is denser thanitself.After You ReadA or D102 B
MatterWhat is matter? Recognize that matter is madeof particles in constant motion.Relate the three states of matterto the arrangement of particleswithin them.Everything you can see, taste, andtouch is matter.Review Vocabularyatom: a small particle that makesup most types of matterNew Vocabulary mattersolidliquid viscositysurface tensiongasFigure 1 Matter exists in all fourstates in this scene.Identify the solid, liquid, gas, andplasma in this photograph.102CHAPTER 4 States of MatterLayne Kennedy/CORBISTake a look at the beautiful scene in Figure 1. What do yousee? Perhaps you notice the water and ice. Maybe you are struckby the Sun in the background. All of these images show examples of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and hasmass. Matter doesn’t have to be visible—even air is matter.States of Matter All matter is made up of tiny particles,such as atoms, molecules, or ions. Each particle attracts otherparticles. In other words, each particle pulls other particlestoward itself. These particles also are constantly moving. Themotion of the particles and the strength of attraction betweenthe particles determine a material’s state of matter.What determines a material’s state of matter?There are three familiar states of matter—solid, liquid, andgas. A fourth state of matter known as plasma occurs at extremelyhigh temperatures. Plasma is found in stars, lightning, and neonlights. Although plasma is common in the universe, it is notcommon on Earth. For that reason, this chapter will focus onlyon the three states of matter that are common on Earth.
SolidsWhat makes a substance a solid? Thinkabout some familiar solids. Chairs, floors, rocks,and ice cubes are a few examples of matter inthe solid state. What properties do all solidsshare? A solid is matter with a definite shapeand volume. For example, when you pick up arock from the ground and place it in a bucket, itdoesn’t change shape or size. A solid does nottake the shape of a container in which it isplaced. This is because the particles of a solid arepacked closely together, as shown in Figure 2.Particles in Motion The particles that make up all types ofmatter are in constant motion. Does this mean that the particlesin a solid are moving too? Although you can’t see them, a solid’sparticles are vibrating in place. The particles do not have enoughenergy to move out of their fixed positions.What motion do solid particles have?SolidFigure 2 The particles in a solidCrystalline Solids In some solids, the particles are arrangedin a repeating, three-dimensional pattern called a crystal. Thesesolids are called crystalline solids. In Figure 3 you can see thearrangement of particles in a crystal of sodium chloride, whichis table salt. The particles in the crystal are arranged in the shapeof a cube. Diamond, another crystalline solid, is made entirely ofcarbon atoms that form crystals that look more like pyramids.Sugar, sand, and snow are other crystalline solids.vibrate in place while maintaininga constant shape and volume.Figure 3 The particles in a crystal of sodiumchloride (NaCl) are arranged in an orderly pattern.SodiumChlorineThis magnified image shows the cubic shapeof sodium chloride crystals.SECTION 1 Matter103(t)Telegraph Colour Library/FPG/Getty Images, (b)Paul Silverman/Fundamental Photographs
Amorphous Solids Some solids come together withoutforming crystal structures. These solids often consist of largeparticles that are not arranged in a repeating pattern. Instead,the particles are found in a random arrangement. These solidsare called amorphous (uh MOR fuhs) solids. Rubber, plastic,and glass are examples of amorphous solids.Fresh Water Early settlershave always decided tobuild their homes nearwater. The rivers providedways for people to travel,drinking water for themselves and their animals,and irrigation for farming.Over time, small communities became larger communities with industry buildingalong the same water.How is a crystalline solid different from anamorphous solid?LiquidsFrom the orange juice you drink with breakfast to the wateryou use to brush your teeth at night, matter in the liquid state isfamiliar to you. How would you describe the characteristics of aliquid? Is it hard like a solid? Does it keep its shape? A liquid ismatter that has a definite volume but no definite shape. Whenyou pour a liquid from one container to another, the liquid takesthe shape of the container. The volume of a liquid, however, isthe same no matter what the shape of the container. If you pour50 mL of juice from a carton into a pitcher, the pitcher will contain 50 mL of juice. If you then pour that same juice into a glass,its shape will change again but its volume will not.Free to Move The reason that a liquid can have differentshapes is because the particles in a liquid move more freely, asshown in Figure 4, than the particles in a solid. The particles ina liquid have enough energy to move out of their fixed positionsbut not enough energy to move far apart.Figure 4 The particles in aliquid stay close together,although they are free to movepast one another.Liquid104CHAPTER 4 States of MatterBill Aron/PhotoEdit, Inc.
Viscosity Do all liquids flow the way water flows? You knowthat honey flows more slowly than water and you’ve probablyheard the phrase “slow as molasses.” Some liquids flow moreeasily than others. A liquid’s resistance to flow is known as theliquid’s viscosity. Honey has a high viscosity. Water has a lowerviscosity. The slower a liquid flows, the higher its viscosity is.The viscosity results from the strength of the attraction betweenthe particles of the liquid. For many liquids, viscosity increasesas the liquid becomes colder.Surface Tension If you’re careful, you can float a needle onthe surface of water. This is because attractive forces cause theparticles on the surface of a liquid to pull themselves togetherand resist being pushed apart. You can see in Figure 5 that particles beneath the surface of a liquid are pulled in all directions.Particles at the surface of a liquid are pulled toward the center ofthe liquid and sideways along the surface. No liquid particles arelocated above to pull on them. The uneven forces acting on theparticles on the surface of a liquid are called surface tension.Surface tension causes the liquid to act as if a thin film werestretched across its surface. As a result you can float a needle onthe surface of water. For the same reason, the water spider canmove around on the surface of a pond or lake. When a liquid ispresent in small amounts, surface tension causes the liquid toform small droplets.Topic: PlasmaVisit ips.msscience.com for Weblinks to information about thestates of matter.Activity List four ways thatplasma differs from the other threestates of matterFigure 5 Surface tension exists because the particles atthe surface experience different forces than those at thecenter of the liquid.Side viewThese arrows show theforces pulling on theparticles of a liquid.Surface tension allows this spider to float onwater as if the water had a thin film.Water drops form on these bladesof grass due to surface tension.SECTION 1 Matter105(l)John Serrao/Photo Researchers, (r)H. Richard Johnston
GasesFigure 6 The particlesin gas move at high speeds in alldirections. The gas inside theseair bags spreads out to fill theentire volume of the bag.Unlike solids and liquids, most gases areinvisible. The air you breathe is a mixture ofgases. The gas in the air bags in Figure 6 and thehelium in some balloons are examples of gases.Gas is matter that does not have a definite shapeor volume. The particles in gas are much fartherapart than those in a liquid or solid. Gas particlesmove at high speeds in all directions. They willspread out evenly, as far apart as possible. If youpoured a small volume of a liquid into a container, the liquid would stay in the bottom of thecontainer. However, if you poured the same volume of a gas into a container, the gas would fillthe container completely. A gas can expand or becompressed. Decreasing the volume of the container squeezes the gas particles closer together.Vapor Matter that exists in the gas state but is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature is called vapor. Water, forexample, is a liquid at room temperature. Thus, water vapor isthe term for the gas state of water.SummarySelf CheckWhat is matter?Matter is anything that takes up space and hasmass. Solid, liquid, and gas are the three common states of matter.1. Define the two properties of matter that determineits state.2. Describe the movement of particles within solids, liquids,and gases.3. Name the property that liquids and solids share. Whatproperty do liquids and gases share?4. Infer A scientist places 25 mL of a yellow substanceinto a 50-mL container. The substance quickly fills theentire container. Is it a solid, liquid, or gas?5. Think Critically The particles in liquid A have a strongerattraction to each other than the particles in liquid B. Ifboth liquids are at the same temperature, which liquidhas a higher viscosity? Explain. SolidsSolids have a definite volume and shape.Solids with particles arranged in order are calledcrystalline solids. The particles in amorphoussolids are not in any order. LiquidsLiquids have definite volume but no definedshape.Viscosity is a measure of how easily liquids flow. GasesGases have no definite volume or shape.Vapor refers to gaseous substances that arenormally liquids or solids at room temperature.106CHAPTER 4 States of MatterTom Tracy/Photo Network/PictureQuest6. Concept Map Draw a Venn diagram in your ScienceJournal and fill in the characteristics of the states ofmatter.ips.msscience.com/self check quiz
Changes of StateThermal Energy and HeatShards of ice fly from the sculptor’s chisel. As the crowdlooks on, a swan slowly emerges from a massive block of ice. Asthe day wears on, however, drops of water begin to fall from thesculpture. Drip by drip, the sculpture is transformed into a puddle of liquid water. What makes matter change from one state toanother? To answer this question, you need to think about theparticles that make up matter. Define and compare thermalenergy and temperature.Relate changes in thermalenergy to changes of state.Explore energy and temperaturechanges on a graph.Energy Simply stated, energy is the ability to do work or causechange. The energy of motion is called kinetic energy. Particleswithin matter are in constant motion. The amount of motion ofthese particles depends on the kinetic energy they possess. Particleswith more kinetic energy move faster and farther apart. Particleswith less energy move more slowly and stay closer together.The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in asample of matter is called thermal energy. Thermal energy, anextensive property, depends on the number of particles in a substance as well as the amount of energy each particle has. If eitherthe number of particles or the amount of energy in each particle changes, the thermal energy of the sample changes. Withidentically sized samples, the warmer substance has the greaterthermal energy. In Figure 7, the particles of hot water from thehot spring have more thermal energy than the particles of snowon the surrounding ground.Matter changes state as it heats upor cools down.Review Vocabularyenergy: the ability to do work orcause changeNew Vocabularyenergy thermaltemperature heatmelting freezingvaporization condensationFigure 7 These girls are enjoying the water from the hot spring.Infer why the girls appear to becomfortable in the hot spring whilethere is snow on the ground.SECTION 2 Changes of State107Annie Griffiths Belt/CORBIS
Figure 8 The particles in hot tea move faster thanthose in iced tea. The temperature of hot tea is higherthan the temperature of iced tea.Identify which tea has the higher kinetic energy.M642-06C-MSTypes of Energy Thermalenergy is one of several different forms of energy.Other forms include thechemical energy in chemicalcompounds, the electricalenergy used in appliances,the electromagnetic energyof light, and the nuclearenergy stored in thenucleus of an atom. Make alist of examples of energythat you are familiar with.Temperature Not all of the particles in a sample of matter havethe same amount of energy. Some have more energy than others.The average kinetic energy of the individual particles is thetemperature, an intensive property, of the substance. You can findan average by adding up a group of numbers and dividing thetotal by the number of items in the group. For example, the average of the numbers 2, 4, 8, and 10 is (2 4 8 10) 4 6.Temperature is different from thermal energy because thermalenergy is a total and temperature is an average.You know that the iced tea is colder than the hot tea, asshown in Figure 8. Stated differently, the temperature of iced teais lower than the temperature of hot tea. You also could say thatthe average kinetic energy of the particles in the iced tea is lessthan the average kinetic energy of the particles in the hot tea.Heat When a warm object is brought near a cooler object, thermal energy will be transferred from the warmer object to thecooler one. The movement of thermal energy from a substanceat a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature is calledheat. When a substance is heated, it gains thermal energy.Therefore, its particles move faster and its temperature rises.When a substance is cooled, it loses thermal energy, which causesits particles to move more slowly and its temperature to drop.How is heat related to temperature?108CHAPTER 4 States of MatterAmanita Pictures
Specific HeatAs you study more science, you willdiscover that water has many uniqueproperties. One of those is the amountof heat required to increase the temperature of water as compared to mostother substances. The specific heat of asubstance is the amount of heat requiredto raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1 C.Substances that have a low specificheat, such as most metals and the sand inFigure 9, heat up and cool down quicklybecause they require only small amountsof heat to cause their temperatures to rise. A substance with a highspecific heat, such as the water in Figure 9, heats up and coolsdown slowly because a much larger quantity of heat is required tocause its temperature to rise or fall by the same amount.Changes Between theSolid and Liquid StatesMatter can change from one state to another when thermalenergy is absorbed or released. This change is known as change ofstate. The graph in Figure 11 shows the changes in temperature asthermal energy is gradually added to a container of ice.Figure 9 The specific heat ofwater is greater than that of sand.The energy provided by the Sunraises the temperature of the sandmuch faster than the water.Figure 10 Rather than meltinginto a liquid, glass gradually softens. Glass blowers use this characteristic to shape glass intobeautiful vases while it is hot.Melting As the ice in Figure 11 isheated, it absorbs thermal energyand its temperature rises. At somepoint, the temperature stops risinga
on the three states of matter that are common on Earth. Recognize that matter is made of particles in constant motion. Relate the three states of matter to the arrangement of particles within them. Everything you can see, taste, and touch is matter. Review Vocabulary atom: a small particle that makes up most types of matter New Vocabulary .
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2:1 Matter and Energy MATTER: anything that has mass and takes up space Three States (phases) of Matter 1. SOLID: matter with definite volume and shape 2. LIQUID: matter with definite volume but no definite shape 3. GAS: matter with no definite volume nor shape How does Matter Change? PHYSICAL CHANGE: c
main idea is being presented. Sometimes a main idea is clear right away, as in the cartoon above. What would you say is the speaker’s point in the cartoon? 3 Main Ideas This Chapter in a Nutshell l Recognizing an author’s main idea, or point, is the most important reading skill. l The main idea is a general idea supported by specific ideas .
CHAPTER 1 Main Ideas 25 Form of networking Building of in uence Creating of social alliances GOSSIP SERVES SEVERAL IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS The Main Idea as an “Umbrella” Idea Think of the main idea as an “umbrella” idea. The main idea is the author’s general point; all the other material of the paragraph fits under it. That other
Then, fill out the Main Idea chart on the next page. Underline the main idea in red. Underline supporting details in blue. Underline an interesting piece of information in purple. Native American Foods Find the Main Idea 1) What is the main idea of this reading passage? 2) List three details
various nonfiction text features in the article as you read. . Good Work, David! RI.1.2: Main idea and : details Introduce main idea and details. Talk about the main idea of the issue and how the key details support it. page 13: Main idea and details : graphic organizer: page 14 : Main-idea-and-details : interactive graphic organizer: Your .
1. Discuss what the main idea of a text is, reinforcing the difference between main idea and supporting ideas. Teacher models identifying main idea and supporting ideas with colour coding using Appendix 1 - Main idea, secondary ideas or any relevant text from a current unit of learning. 2.
The most popular agile methodologies include: extreme programming (XP), Scrum, Crystal, Dynamic Sys-tems Development (DSDM), Lean Development, and Feature Driven Development (FDD). All Agile methods share a common vision and core values of the Agile Manifesto. Agile Methods: Some well-known agile software development methods include: Agile .
