Issue Five, Spring 2012 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE .
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINEBehavior NewsTHE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAMWelcome to the fifth edition of Behavior News, the newsletter designed to keep veterinary staff and otheranimal handlers up to date on current behavior recommendations for companion animals. This season wecontinue our segment on low stress handling in small animals, as well as behavior changes in the aging pet.For additional resources on animal behavior at The Ohio State University, please visit:vet.osu.edu/Behavior and vet.osu.edu/CommunityPractice.Behavior Changes in the Aging Pet:An Overview of Common Problems Part 2Meghan E. Herron, DVM, DACVBIn the last issue, we introduced common behavior changesand forms of sensory decline in aging patients. Keep in mindthat cognitive decline isnot considered a normalaging change, althoughits prevalence doesincrease with advancedage. Cognitive decline isan early form of cognitivedysfunction syndrome(CDS). Most of the cognitiveaspects we utilize to assessfor CDS can be summarizeby the acronym D.I.S.H.A.continued on page 2vet.osu.edu/BehaviorBehavior Textbook ReviewCanine Behavior:A Photo Illustrated Guideby Barbara Handelman M.Ed, CDBCEver wonder what your dog is thinking?If so, this text offers one of the bestinterpretations of canine body languageavailable. The forward by veterinarybehaviorist Dr. Lore Haug sets this bookapart from others in its class. It is agreat recommendation for clients whoare struggling to interpret their dog’splay behaviors, as well as indicatorsof distress and pending aggression.Remarkable photos throughout providean excellent visual reference foruncovering the motivation behind variouscanine behaviors.
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINEBehavior Changes in the Aging Pet - continuedTreatmentD.I.S.H.A. Disorientation – changes in spatial awareness, There is no cure for cognitive dysfunction and the diseaseis progressive; however, therapies in the form ofenvironmental enrichment, dietary change, nutraceuticalproducts, and psychoactive drugs have been shown todelay progression and improve the associated behavioralsigns. Any therapy found to be effective should becontinued for life as long as there are no contraindications(hepatic or renal dysfunction, drug interactions, dietaryintolerance, etc.).loss of ability to navigate around familiar obstacles,wandering behavior.Interaction changes – decreased interest in socialinteractions, petting, greetings, dependent or “clingy”behaviors.Sleep/Wake cycle changes – restlessness or frequentwaking during the night, nighttime panting or panic,increased sleep during daytime hours.House soiling – loss of signaling a need forelimination, indoor elimination, incontinenceActivity level changes – decreased exploration andresponse to stimuli, decreased grooming, decreasedappetite; increased anxiety, including restlessness,agitation, and/or separation distress that was notpresent earlier in life.Environmental Enrichment in the form of exercise, noveland interactive toys, and learning new tasks – “teach anold dog new tricks” – has been shown to improve learningand memory.Diet change – Hill’s Prescription Diet b/d contains VitaminsE and C, the antioxidants beta carotene, selenium,alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids and carotenoids from fruitsand vegetables (spinach, tomatoes, grape pomace,carrot granules, and citrus pulp), L-carnitine to enhancemitochondrial function, and omega-3 fatty acids topromote cell membrane health. In clinical trials this dietalone significantly improved learning in old dogs. Whencombined with environmental enrichment these resultswere even greater. B/d is available for dogs only.As discussed previously, cognitive dysfunction syndrome isa diagnosis of exclusion. Differential diagnoses for theabove behavioral changes must be ruled out in order tomake a definitive diagnosis of CDS. Differentials mayinclude, but are not limited to, hyperadrenocorticism,parathyroid disorders, hypo/hyperthyroidism, diabetesmellitus, chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, cardiovasculardisease, incontinence, hepatic disease, musculoskeletaldisease, dental disease, prostatic disease, and sensoryloss. Behavioral differential diagnoses may include theprogression of a generalized anxiety disorder, separationanxiety, fear-related aggression, pain-related aggression,noise or storm phobias, lack of house training, attentionseeking behaviors, and compulsive disorders. Often therewill be concurrent behavioral and medical diagnoses asmedical and cognitive disorders may exacerbate existing,previously undiagnosed behavior problems.Nutraceutical products are now available for both dogsand cats: SenilifeTM - phosphatidylserine, pyridoxine (vitamin B6),Gingko biloba, resveratrol, and vitamin E; Available fordogs and cats in the US. NeutricksTM – Apoaequorin. This is a calcium-bindingprotein shown to improve cognitive function in dogs and tohave a neuroprotective effect. Available for dogs in the US. Aktivait - phosphatidylserine, N-acetyl cysteine, alphalipoic acid, L-carnitine, co-enzyme Q10, EPA, DHA, vitaminsC and E; Available for dogs in the UK. ProneurozoneTM - vitamin E, many of the B vitamins, folicAcid, N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, fruit and herbalextracts such as grape seed, rosemary, sage, bilberry,choline, lecithin and fatty acids; Available for dogs andcats in the US. Geri-ACTIVE - Gingko biloba, ginseng, bilberry and alphalipoic acid; Available for dogs and cats in Canada. Denosyl /Denamarin (SAMe) – free radical scavengerand helps maintain neurotransmitter function, includingserotonin. CAUTION with use in combination with otherserotonin enhancing drugs (i.e. SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs);Available for dogs and cats in the US.To screen for potential signs of CDS, there are a number ofbehavioral checklists available. The Senior Pet ScreeningChecklist is a general senior health screening tool thatis best offered to owners of all dogs over 10 and catsover 13. A technician can screen for “red flags” and ifany are identified, the client can be prompted to fill outa more detailed CDS screening form called the CognitiveDysfunction Screening Checklist. Another commonly usedscreening tool, more often used in European countries, isthe ARCAD Scale - Age-related cognitive and affectivedisorders. All of these forms can be found on CD Rom inThe Handbook of Behavior Problems of the Dog and CatLandsberg, Hunthausen, Ackerman.Behavior News: THE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAM2
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINEBehavior Changes in the Aging Pet - continuedPrognosisPsychoactive drugs:Anipryl (selegiline) is a MAOB I (selective, irreversibleinhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, an enzyme responsiblefor neurotransmitter deactivation). This medication hasbeen through safety and efficacy trials in dogs and isapproved for use in dogs for the treatment of CDS at a doseof: 0.5-1.0mg/kg once daily, typically given in the morning.The American Association of Feline Practitioners supportsuse of this medication in cats at a dose of 0.25-1.0mg.kg once daily. Anipryl enhances release and availabilityof neurotransmitters, increases levels and promotestransmission of dopamine, inhibits neurotoxic metabolites,and activates superoxide dismutase to scavenge freeradicals. This medication should be used with CAUTIONwith excess cheese in the diet as some dogs may showMAO A inhibition which reduces tyramine metabolism andmay lead to hypertension. There are a number of serotonin,dopamine, and norepinephrine enhancing drugs/productsthat cannot be used concurrently with Anipryl, including: A study done at UC Davis found that forty-eight percent ofdogs 11-14 years old showing signs of impairment in onebehavioral category develop impairment in two or morecategories within 6-18 months without treatment. Clinicaltrials have shown improvement in existing behavioralsigns of CDS and delay of onset of additional signs overplacebo with Anipryl, Fitergol, Hill’s Prescription b/d diet,environmental enrichment, and several nutraceuticalproducts. If treatment can be implemented early, theprognosis for a better quality end-of-life is greatlyimproved.Amitraz dips, ProMeris , Preventic collarTramadol, meperidine and other opiates/opioidsReconcileTM, Clomicalm (any SSRI or TCA)Ephedrine, amphetamines, alpha 2 agonistsPhenothiazines (acepromazine)Proin (PPA) should be safe in healthy dogs at therapeuticdoses, but important to monitor blood pressure closely.Benzodiazepines (with or without concurrent Anipryl use) may be used to control nighttime restlessness/waking signs. A long-acting benzodiazepine that doesnot have active liver metabolites and, therefore, maybe safer in geriatric pets or those with potential livercompromise is oxazepam 0.04-0.5mg/kg at bedtime.Lorazepam (Ativan) at 0.1-0.5mg/kg is another long-actingbenzodiazepine with no active liver metabolites and isreadily available at human pharmacies. Remember touse CAUTION with any oral benzodiazepine in cats asacute hepatocellular necrosis has been reported with oraldiazepam use! Tolerance may develop and withdrawal ispossible with abrupt discontinuation with daily use of anybenzodiazepine.Fitergol (Nicergoline) is an alpha-1 and alpha-2 agonistapproved for use in dogs in Europe and has been usedanecdotally in cats. This medication increases cerebralblood flow, is neuroprotective, scavenges free radicals, andincreases appetite.Behavior News: THE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAM3
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINELow-Stress Animal Handling-Part 3T. Shreyer, MA, C. Croney Ph.D., M. Herron, DVM, DACVBEffective low stress handling (LSH) starts long before youever actually touch your patient. The more relaxed,comfortable and “safe” our patients feel just prior tobeing restrained, exposed to medical tools, or havingactual medical procedures performed on them, themore cooperative they will be. We’ve developeda quick check list to help you promote a high levelof perceived safety by your patients, and create asafer, more time efficient, lower stress interaction foreveryone involved.1. Assess the EnvironmentMake the Environment Comfortable for the Patient Remove known triggers of fear or aggression for yourpatient (ex. dogs, men, cats, noise). Decrease stimuli (ex. light, noise, movement, touch). Create an exam site without slippery, shiny, cold surfaces(try www.comfortpetexam.com, or yoga mats). Provide a way for fearful pets to hide or feel covered andprotected (ex. cats can stay tucked under a towel downinside their carrier that has had the lid gently removed). Be sure you have all the supplies and equipment needed towork quickly and effectively once the examination begins.Avoid restraining animals multiple times. Provide Pheromones (ex. DAP or Feliway - feliway.com). Mindfully manipulate whether the owner is present. Manydo better when allowed to stay together. Utilize food for distraction and counter-conditioning whensafe.2. Assess the AnimalMonitor your patient’s comfort level by tracking bodylanguage throughout your entire interaction.We have developed an abbreviated way of categorizing andcommunicating about our patients’ body postures that has beenvery effective with our team: Green - the patient feels safe Yellow - the patient perceives danger Red - the patient perceives deadly threatBehavior News: THE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAM4
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINELow Stress Animal Handling- continued3. Assess Yourself4. Make a Handling PlanAvoid perceived threats and track yourown body languageCritically consider what needs or must be done Avoid direct eye contact Avoid leaning over, bend at the kneeinstead of the waist. Turn your body tothe side or squat down if safe Avoid reaching out to touch animals.Encourage them to approach you,have the handler bring them to you, orapproach from the side Must the procedure(s) be done today, or at all? Select the appropriate level of restraint for the individual patient and theprocedure Select any handling tools that will increase safety and decrease yourpatients fear and arousal Place the required procedures in order of most important to least importantin the event the patient is unable to tolerate some of the procedures Avoid loud talking and sudden movements Then place those procedures in order of least offensive to most offensiveso that early difficult procedures don’t inhibit your ability to complete laterones Ask for help or reassess if or how toproceed if you feel afraid When needed, chemical restraint should be added before the animalbecomes too aroused. Asses the level of pain, social invasiveness, number of procedures, andhow the patient is coping with minimal handling. Consider immediatesedation when it is unlikely the patient will be able to tolerate all of theplanned proceduresBehavior News: THE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAM5
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINEStudent Section, brought to you by the Veterinary Behavior Club student officersNew College of Veterinary Medicine and Dog Shelter Enrichment PartnershipBy Taylor Kirby-Madden, Ohio State College of Veterinary Medicine Class of 2014For dogs awaiting new homes in shelters, the long hours spentin kennels alternate between stressful and boring. Shelterstays can be associated with an increase in undesirablebehaviors, such as barking and jumping, and can eventuallylead to more serious behavioral stereotypies, like circlingand pacing. Unfortunately, these behaviors (initially begunto alleviate stress and boredom) are not attractive topotential adopters and often result in even longer shelterstays. Environmental enrichment is a critical component ofmanaging behavioral health in any shelter environment.and food toy enrichment protocols. Veterinary studentsenrolled in the course attend lectures on enrichment,learning theory, and current research in the field, as well asvolunteering at the shelter once a week. Dogs receive dailyfood-filled Kong toys, as well as cage-behavior trainingdesigned to encourage dogs to sit politely at the front ofthe cage when potential adopters approach.For students, this elective class offers invaluable hands-onpractice in dog handling and training. For the dogs, thestress of the kennel environment is lessened and they learnacceptable behaviors that are more appealing to potentialadopters. For more information on this program or to getinvolved, please contact Taylor Kirby-Madden at KirbyMadden.1@osu.edu, or the Behavioral Medicine Clinic atbehavior.medicine@cvm.osu.edu.Since August of 2011, the Franklin County Dog Shelter and theOhio State College of Veterinary Medicine have partneredunder the direction of Dr. Meghan Herron, ACVB to bring acomprehensive enrichment program to the adoptable caninesat the shelter. Staffed by veterinary students and sheltervolunteers, the program utilizes both social interactionEffects of Pre-adoption Counseling for Owners on Separation Anxiety inShelter Dogs – A SynopsisMeghan Herron, Linda Lord, and Sarah HusseiniSynopsis by Sarah Husseini, Ohio State College of Veterinary Medicine Class of 2014The efficacy of pre-adoption counseling in the education andprevention of separation anxiety problems was tested in aprospective, randomized, parallel-group study. Participantsincluded 133 new owners of dogs six months of age andolder. Prior to adoption, 66 of these owners were chosenat random, according to a computerized random numbergenerator, to receive five minutes of counseling on separationanxiety. The remaining 67 owners that did not receivecounseling served as the control group. A follow-up surveywas conducted one month post adoption. 19 dogs in the totalpopulation were reported to have separation anxiety.(p 0.031). Individual symptoms of separation anxiety suchas destructive behavior, house-soiling, barking, and escapinghad no significant variations between the two groups.Having another dog in the home was not protective forseparation anxiety, supporting previous research findings.There was a slight trend for putting food in a toy to beprotective of separation anxiety(p 0.129). Owners in thetreatment group were more likely than control to put foodinside a toy (p 0.00); this suggests that pre-adoptioncounseling was implemented by the owners in the home.Owner compliance supports the idea that counseling is a usefultool for owners. Although previous studies by Herron, et al.in 2007 found that pre-adoption counseling was significantlycorrelated with house training success, separation anxietymay be more difficult to prevent as it is more of an emotionaldisorder, rather than an operantly learned behavior. Furtherinvestigation should be done to find more specific, effectiveprevention tools for owners to use in the home to minimizethe development of separation anxiety.There was no significant correlation for counseling to decreasethe incidence of separation anxiety. Data shows that ownersin both groups were performing most recommendations givenduring counseling. Of the six dogs relinquished, three werereturned with the primary complaint of having separationanxiety. Dogs that were reported to have separation anxietywere more likely to show nervous or panicked behavior asthe owner prepared to leave (p 0.00) and signs of needinessBehavior News: THE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAM6
Issue Five, Spring 2012THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINEStudent Section, brought to you by the Veterinary Behavior Club student officersof mashed banana, apple slices, and orange slices. If you wantto you can add more yogurt to fill in the free space. Put a pieceof banana or some peanut butter into the large hole to finish.This can get a little messy, so freezing the Kong after stuffing itis a great idea.Mashed Meal: Cook instant mashed potatoes (with no salt)and fill the Kong. The potatoes can be mixed with any other dogfriendly foods or your dog’s kibble. Fill the holes in the Kongwith a bit of peanut butter if the mashed potatoes are on therunny side.Oh My Omelet: Scramble an egg. You can add vegetables,cheese, or any dog friendly treat that can be cooked. Add toKong. For an extra special treat, melt some cheese and pour intothe holes in the Kong, one hole at a time. Wait until the cheesehas completely cooled before giving the Kong to your dog.Spice Up Your Dog’s KongBy Nichole Olp, Behavior Club Fundraising ChairOhio State College of Veterinary Medicine Class of 2015The Titanic: Perfect for serving outside in warm weather. Youcan try this with one Kong or several. Fill the Kong or Kongswith any dog-friendly treat or recipe. Then, place the Kong(s)in the bottom of a bucket. Fill the bottom of the bucket withjust enough water to cover the Kong(s). Mix liquid flavoring orchicken broth into the water. Place the bucket in a freezer. Oncethe water is frozen, loosen it from the bucket with a bit of hotwater on the margins of the ice or on the outside of the bucket.Place the Kong-filled ice block on the ground and let your dogenjoy.The Kong has become a very popular toy loved by dogs, owners,and behaviorists alike. Kongs are very popular as an enrichmenttool for shelter dogs. They are also commonly used at home as atoy and a tool help owners deal with dogs that have separationanxiety. The shape of the Kong makes it easy to fill with treats,ranging from dry kibble to wet food. It has two holes, one smalland one large so dogs need to use a little bit of ingenuity andtime to get to the treat.However, just like humans, dogs can tire of the same taste overa long period of time. Unfortunately, this means your dog’s Kongmay become less effective as a toy and as a tool if the samefiller is used every time. Here a
Issue Five, Spring 2012 Behavior NewsTHE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE vet.osu.edu/Behavior THE NEWSLETTER FROM THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROGRAM Welcome to the fifth edition of Behavior News, the newsletter designed to keep veterinary staff and other animal handlers up to date on current behavior recommendations for companion animals.
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
