Fathers’ Involvement With Their Children: United States .
Number 71 n December 20, 2013Fathers’ Involvement With Their Children:United States, 2006–2010by Jo Jones, Ph.D., and William D. Mosher, Ph.D., Division of Vital StatisticsAbstractObjective—This report measures fathers’ involvement with their children.Father involvement is measured by how often a man participated in a set ofactivities in the last 4 weeks with children who were living with him and withchildren who were living apart from him. Involvement is measured separately forchildren aged 0–4 years and children aged 5–18 years. Increased involvement offathers in their children’s lives has been associated with a range of positiveoutcomes for the children.Methods—The analyses presented in this report are based on a nationallyrepresentative sample of 10,403 men aged 15–44 years in the householdpopulation of the United States. The father-involvement measures are based on2,200 fathers of children under age 5—1,790 who live with their children and410 who live apart from their children, and on 3,166 fathers of children aged5–18—2,091 who live with their children and 1,075 who live apart from theirchildren.Results—Statistics are presented on the frequency with which fathers tookpart in a set of age-specific activities in their children’s lives. Differences inpercent distributions are found by whether the father lives with or apart from hischildren, and by his demographic characteristics. In general, fathers living withtheir children participated in their children’s lives to a greater degree than fatherswho live apart from their children. Differences in fathers’ involvement with theirchildren were also found by the father’s age, marital or cohabiting status,education, and Hispanic origin and race.Keywords: fathers’ activities with children fathers and children coresidentialand noncoresidential children National Survey of Family GrowthIntroductionFathers’ involvement in theirchildren’s lives has been shown to havea positive effect on children and theirwell-being in many areas (1)—forexample, on increasing the chances ofacademic success (2,3) and in reducingthe chances of delinquency andsubstance abuse (4–6). A literaturereview found that children whose fathersassumed 40% or more of the family’scare tasks had better academicachievement than children whose fatherswere less involved (7,8).In recent decades, fathers who livewith their children have become moreinvolved in their children’s lives than inprevious generations (9,10), althoughfewer fathers now live with theirchildren because of increases innonmarital childbearing (9,11–15). Theimpact of nonmarital childbearing on thepresence of fathers is moderated,however, by increases in the proportionof children being born into cohabitingunions (12). For example, Martinez etal. (see Table 12 in reference 12) foundthat 23% of recent births (thoseoccurring in the 5 years before theinterview) to women aged 15–44 in2006–2010 occurred within cohabitingunions, a significant increase from birthsto women aged 15–44 in 2002 (14%).Using a national sample of fathers aged15–44, this report documents how muchfathers are involved with theirchildren—both children with whom theylive, and children from whom they liveapart.From 1973, when the NationalCenter for Health Statistics (NCHS) firstconducted the National Survey ofFamily Growth (NSFG), to 1995, NSFGmeasured changes in the factors relatedU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Health Statistics
Page 2to birth and pregnancy rates and familyformation and dissolution byinterviewing national samples of womenaged 15–44 (16). In 2002, NSFG begancollecting data from national samples ofmen aged 15–44. Collecting informationon father involvement was a majorreason for including men in the 2002and 2006–2010 NSFGs, due to, as notedabove, a growing body of researchshowing a positive association betweenthe presence and involvement of fathersand outcomes for their children (7,8,17).In 1995, President Clinton issued amemorandum for the heads of executivedepartments and agencies urging federalsurveys to ‘‘incorporate fathers, whereappropriate, in government-initiatedresearch regarding children and theirfamilies’’ (18). Subsequent consultationby NSFG staff with experts in otherfederal agencies and the researchcommunity showed that collecting dataon the role of fathers in their children’slives was a high priority. It was alsorecognized that multiple indicators offather involvement were necessary tomeasure the multidimensionality offathering (8,17,19). And the continuedimportance of collecting data directlyfrom fathers about their involvement intheir children’s lives was a summaryconclusion from a 2012 conference atthe National Institutes of Healthsponsored by the National Center forFamily & Marriage Research (20,21).Data from the 2002 NSFG on fatherinvolvement were published previously(22), based on a sample of 4,928 menaged 15–44. This report builds on thatresearch and is based on a sample of10,403 men aged 15–44 from the2006–2010 NSFG. Both reports presentnational data for fathers aged 15–44 onwhether they live with or live apartfrom their children under age 18 andtheir involvement with those children.The same eight indicators of fatherinvolvement were collected in 2002 and2006–2010.Some scholars have suggested thatfathers’ involvement in the lives of theirchildren can be classified into three (orfour, depending upon how economicsupport is classified) broad dimensions(8,23):National Health Statistics Reports n Number 71 n December 20, 2013 Engagement or direct interaction withthe child, including taking care of,playing with, or teaching the child Accessibility or availability, whichincludes monitoring behavior fromthe next room or nearby, andallowing direct interaction ifnecessary Responsibility for the care of thechild, which includes ‘‘making plansand arrangements for care as distinctfrom the performance of the care’’ (8) Economic support or breadwinning,which can be considered either aspart of responsibility or separate fromother measures of father involvementOther scholars may measure orclassify involvement differently.This report is limited to measures ofdirect interaction or engagement withchildren in the last 4 weeks as reportedby the father. However, NSFG has othermeasures on fathers that can be used infuture research, including: Age and marital or cohabitation statuswhen first becoming a father Engagement in activities withchildren in the last 12 months Satisfaction with the amount ofcontact with children who live apart Amount and frequency of childsupport paid, if any Attitudes toward marriage andparenthoodThese other measures are outsidethe scope of this report, but some havebeen published previously (10,22,24–27).MethodsSource of the dataThis report is based on the 2006–2010 NSFG, which was jointly plannedand funded by NCHS and several otherprograms of the U.S. Department ofHealth and Human Services (seeAcknowledgments). Data were collectedfrom 12,279 interviews with women and10,403 men aged 15–44 conducted fromJune 2006 through June 2010. Thisreport is mainly limited to the datacollected from the sample of 3,928 menwho are fathers.Interviews were voluntary;participants were provided informationabout the survey before being asked forsigned informed consent. The surveywas reviewed and approved by theNCHS and University of MichiganInstitutional Review Boards. The overallresponse rate in 2006–2010 was 77%;the response rate for women was 78%and for men it was 75% (28). To protectthe respondent’s privacy, only oneperson was interviewed in each selectedhousehold. Further information aboutNSFG’s sample design, sampling andsampling errors, interviewing, and dataprocessing is available elsewhere(28–30).Statistical analysisThis report presents basicdescriptive statistics on fatherinvolvement with children living withand living apart from them in theUnited States in 2006–2010; it does notattempt to demonstrate cause-and-effectrelationships. Statistics for this reportwere produced using SAS software,version 9.3 (http://www.sas.com). TheSAS procedure PROC SURVEYFREQis designed to handle the complexsample design of surveys like NSFGand was used to calculate percentagesand standard errors (SE). All estimatesfor 2006–2010 in this report wereweighted to reflect the approximately 62million men aged 15–44 in thehousehold population of the UnitedStates at the midpoint of interviewing,June 2008. Men aged 15–44 living onmilitary bases or in institutions were notincluded in the survey.Statistically significant differencesbetween percentages were assessedusing two-tailed t tests at the 5% level.No adjustments were made for multiplecomparisons. Terms such as ‘‘greaterthan’’ and ‘‘less than’’ indicate that astatistically significant difference wasfound. Lack of comment regarding thedifference between any two statisticsdoes not mean that the difference wastested and found not to be significant.In the description of the resultsbelow, when the percentage being citedis below 10% or above 90%, the text
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 71 n December 20, 2013cites the percentage to one decimalpoint. To make reading easier and toremind the reader that the results arebased on samples and subject tosampling error, percentages between10% and 90% are generally shownrounded to the nearest whole percentage.In this report, percentages are not shownif the sample denominator is less than75 cases or the numerator is less than 5cases. When a percentage or otherstatistic is not shown for this reason, thetable contains an asterisk (*) signifyingthat the statistic does not meet standardsof reliability or precision. For moststatistics presented in this report, thenumerators and denominators are muchlarger.When discussing results,demographic differences between fathersliving with their children and fathersliving apart from their children areexamined, followed by a discussion ofactivity-specific results. For eachactivity, coresidential fathers are firstcompared with noncoresidential fatherson the percentages who did the activity‘‘every day’’ in the last 4 weeks and thepercentages who did not do the activityat all in the last 4 weeks. Next,comparisons within a residentialcategory are made across age, marital orcohabiting status, education, andHispanic origin and race by thefrequency of doing the activity. TheResults section concludes with anexamination of fathers’ views of howgood a father they are. Only statisticallysignificant differences between any twopercentages are mentioned in the text.As detailed below, about 10% offathers have children with whom theylive and children from whom they liveapart, so the residence groups are notindependent samples. This lack ofindependence could affect statisticaltesting across residence groups.However, when treating the residencegroups as independent samples, thesignificance levels for differences acrossresidence groups were very large; theassociated SEs would have to increasedramatically to make the differencesnonsignificant. Note that independencewas not an issue for comparisons madebetween categories within a residencegroup, which are the majority ofcomparisons discussed below.Fathers and measures offather involvementNot all men are biological fathersand not all fathers have biologicalchildren. In addition to fathering a child,men may become fathers throughadoption—which confers the same legalstatus, protections, and responsibilitiesto the man and the child as fathering abiological child. Men also may becomede facto fathers when they marry orcohabit with women who have childrenfrom previous relationships, that is, theyare raising stepchildren or theircohabiting partner’s children. In thisreport, men were defined as fathers ifthey had biological or adopted childrenor if step- or partner’s children wereliving in the household. The percentageof men raising step- or adopted childrenwho did not also have biologicalchildren was very small, 0.2%. In2006–2010, 44.8% of men aged 15–44had ever had a biological child (12), and45.0% of men aged 15–44 (28 millionof the 62 million men aged 15–44) wereliving with biological, adopted, step-, orpartner’s children, or had adopted orbiological children living elsewhere(analysis of 2006–2010 data not shown.)Fathers were divided into twocategories based on their coresidencewith their children aged 18 years andunder. Coresidential minor children werechildren with whom a man lived andincluded step- or partner’s children whowere living in his household, as well ashis own biological and adopted children.Noncoresidential minor childrenconsisted of a man’s biological orPage 3adopted children who lived apart fromhim. Some fathers had both coresidentialand noncoresidential children—about10%. Identical questions about specificactivities were asked for bothcoresidential and noncoresidentialchildren. Analyses were restricted toactivities in which the man participatedwith these children within the 4 weekspreceding the interview.Table 1 of this report is based onthe entire sample of 10,403 men aged15–44, but Tables 2–10 are based on the3,928 men who are fathers. Tables 2–5are based on the 2,200 men who hadchildren under age 5 years, andTables 6–9 are based on the 3,166 menwho had children aged 5–18 years.Some men had children in both agegroups, so Table 10 is based on 4,336men—3,038 men who had coresidentialchildren and 1,298 men who hadnoncoresidential children. The samplesize of men who do not live with theirchildren under age 5 (Tables 2–5) is410, so the percentages in Tables 2–5for men who do not live with theirchildren have larger sampling errorsthan the percentages based on the 1,790men who live with children. The samplesizes on which the tables are based areshown in Table A.Results for categories of men basedon small sample sizes, or those withlarge SEs as shown in the detailedtables, should be interpreted cautiously.Research has shown a number offactors that affect the extent to whichfathers are involved in their children’slives. This report examines five of thesefactors: whether he lives with thechildren, his current age, marital orcohabitation status, Hispanic origin andrace, and education.Table A. Distribution of fathers aged 15–44, by living arrangement and age of children:United States, 2006–2010With children aged:Living arrangementUnder 5 years(Tables 2–5)5–18 years(Tables 6–9)Lives with one or more children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Does not live with one or more of his children . . . . . . . . . .Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,7904102,2002,0911,0753,166NOTE: Due to men living with children reporting ‘‘don’t know’’ or ‘‘refused’’ for a specific activity, Table 5 is based on 1,788 men,and Tables 7 and 9 are based on 2,090 men.SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 71 n December 20, 2013Page 4Fatherhood, activities withchildren, and self-rating offatheringactivities by age group are presentedbelow. For children under age 5,activities include:Men were asked about the numberand characteristics of children they hadfathered or adopted in the context of therelationships they had with women.They were asked if they had fathered oradopted a child with their current wifeor partner, with any of their three mostrecent sexual partners, any former wiveswho had not been discussed before, andtheir first cohabiting partner. Lastly, menwere asked if they had fathered anyother children with sexual partners theyhad not married, or if they had adoptedany other children who had lived withthem under their care and responsibility,not discussed in the context of arelationship.Information from these questionsand from the household roster was usedto identify men who had children livingwith them (i.e., coresidential children),and men who had children living apartfrom them (i.e., noncoresidentialchildren), at the time of the interview.Coresidential children includedbiological, adopted, step-, or partner’schildren who were living in the man’shousehold at the time of the interview;noncoresidential children includedbiological or adopted children that wereliving outside the man’s household atthe time of interview. Men who hadchildren were then asked questionsabout their involvement in thesechildren’s lives.Men were asked about activitiesthey did with their coresidential andwith their noncoresidential children fortwo broad age groups: preschool-agedchildren (under age 5 years) andschool-aged children (aged 5–18 years),in order to ask age-appropriatequestions. The questions about activitiesthat a man engaged in with his childrenwere summary measures asked generallyabout all of his coresidential and all ofhis noncoresidential children in the agegroups—that is, the questions were notasked for specific children.This report focuses on activities thatmen did with their children, separatelyfor coresidential and noncoresidentialchildren, in the last 4 weeks. The Eating meals with or feeding thechildren Bathing, diapering, or dressing thechildren, or helping the childrenbathe, dress, or use the toiletthemselves Playing with the children Reading to the childrenFor children aged 5–18, activitiesinclude: Talking with the children about thingsthat happened during their day Eating meals with the children Helping the children with homeworkor checking that the homework hadbeen done Taking the children to or fromactivitiesMen were asked how frequentlythey did each activity in the last 4weeks. They were given a ‘‘show card’’and asked to select one of the followingresponse options: Not at allLess than once a weekAbout once a weekSeveral times a weekEvery day (at least once a day)Because of the relatively small numbersof fathers who engaged in someactivities ‘‘Less than once a week’’ and‘‘About once a week,’’ these categoriesare combined in this report.Using a 5-point scale, fathers alsowere asked to rate how good a job theythought they were doing as a fatheroverall with all of their coresidential andwith all of their noncoresidentialchildren, aged 0–18. Response optionswere ‘‘A very good job,’’ ‘‘A good job,’’‘‘An okay job,’’ ‘‘Not a very good job,’’and ‘‘A bad job.’’ The latter twocategories are combined in this report.Men were classified by severaldemographic characteristics: Hispanicorigin and race, current age, marital orcohabitation status, and education.Hispanic origin and race were tabulatedin accordance with 1997 guidelines fromthe Office of Management and Budget(31). Estimates for Hispanic men,regardless of their race, are shownseparately from non-Hispanic men. Fornon-Hispanic men, estimates arepresented for single-race white andblack men. Because of small samplesizes, estimates for men of other racialgroups are not shown separately.Education is shown for men aged 22–44because men aged 15–21 may not havecompleted their education at the time ofthe interview. Details on these variablescan be found in previous NSFG reports(32,33).ResultsFatherhood among menaged 15–44In 2006–2010, about 38% (23.5million) of men aged 15–44 were livingwith one or more children, and about12% (7.5 million) were living apartfrom one or more of their biological oradopted children (Table 1). Note thatthese categories are not mutuallyexclusive—approximately 5% of menhad children with whom they lived andchildren from whom they lived apart.These fathers are included in bothpanels of Table 1. Figure 1 shows theTable B. Distribution of fathers aged 15–44, by residential location of children:United States, 2006–2010Residential ber(in thousands)Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,928100.027,961Only coresidential children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Only noncoresidential children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Both coresidential and noncoresidential children . .
fathers’ activities with children fathers and children coresidential and noncoresidential children National Survey of Family Growth. Introduction. well-being in many areas (1)—for. example, on increasing the chances of. Fathers’ involvement in their academic success (2,3) and in reducing
Fathers’ involvement in school is associated with a higher likelihood of students getting mostly A’s. This is true for fathers in two-biological parent families, for stepfathers, and for fathers heading single-parent families. There appears to be no association, however, between fathers’ involvement in stepmother families and the
Page 7 The Power of Fathers Concept Paper . highlighting the importance of fathers in the lives and development of their children and vice versa. While the data is clear, there continues to be individual, social, and systemic challenges to fathers’ full involvement in the lives of their children.
children growing up in homes without fathers has dramatically increased. In 1960, fewer than 10 million children did not live with their fathers. Today, the number is nearly 25 million. More than one-third of these children will not see their fathers at all during the course of a year. Studies show that children who grow up without
Lesson One - Asserting the constitutional rights of non-resident fathers with children involved in child welfare proceedings, 90 minutes Lesson Two - Effective strategies to advocate for non-resident fathers outside the courtroom, 90 minutes Lesson Three - Effective strategies to advocate for non-resident fathers inside the
Jun 06, 2021 · graces, inspired by St. Joseph, to be faithful in fulfilling their vocation to be the guardians of the souls of all in the family. Dear fathers, Thank you for your “yes” to the call to be the shepherds of the domestic Church. Pray for Fathers. We thank you, God, for the gift of our fathers, for grandfathers and godfathers and fathers-in-law.
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