Hooke’s Law In Terms Of Stress And Strain Is
Hooke’s law in terms of stress and strain isstress strainIn terms of the definitionsF L YALThe constant of proportionality is called the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus. Ifhas the same units as stress. Y is a property of the material used.Hooke’s law holds up to a maximum stress called the proportional limit.Beyond the Proportional LimitIf the stress exceeds the proportional limit, the strain is no longer proportional to thestress. The solid will return to its original shape when the stress is removed.Some more vocabulary Elastic limit – When the stress is less than the elastic limit, removing the stresswill return the solid to the original shape. If the elastic limit is surpassed, thesolid remains permanently deformed. Ultimate strength – If the ultimate strength is surpassed, the solid fractures. Theultimate strength can be different for tensile and compressive stresses. Ductile – A ductile material continues to stretch beyond its ultimate strengthwithout breaking and the stress decreases from the ultimate strength.Brittle – A brittle material has the ultimate strength and the breaking point closetogether.
Other DeformationsThere are other ways to deform a solid. Two additional ways are shear deformation andvolume deformation.Shear DeformationThe forces act parallel to the edge of the solid. Tensile and compressive forces actperpendicular to the edges.shear stress FAIt looks like the previous definition but the picture below shows otherwise.shear strain xLDefine the shear modulus S asF x SALThe shear modulus is also measured in Pa.Volume DeformationAs an example, consider a solid immersed in a fluid. The pressure exerted on all sideswill change its volume.
The volume stress is created by the pressure.volume stress F PAThe strain will be the change in volume caused by the pressurevolume strain VVThe bulk modulus is defined in P B VVLike the other moduli, B is measured in Pa. P refers to the additional pressure above anatmosphere. Why is there a minus sign?Unlike the previous stresses and strains, volume stress can be applied to a fluid.Problem A certain man’s biceps muscle has a maximum cross-sectional area of 12 cm2 1.2 10-3 m2. What is the stress in the muscle if it exerts a force of 300 N?Solution From the definition of tensile stress, we haveStress F300 N 2.5 105 PaA 1.2 10 3 m2Problem A wire 1.5 m long has a cross-sectional area of 2.4 mm2. It is hung verticallyand stretches 0.32 mm when a 10-kg block is attached to it. Find (a) the stress, (b) thestrain, and (c) Young’s modulus for the wire.
Solution All measurements must be in SI units.2 1m 2.4 10 6 m 2A 2.4 mm 1000 mm 2 1m 3.2 10 4 m L 0.32 mm 1000 mm (a)Use the definition of stressStress (b)F mg (10 kg )(9.8 m/s2 ) 4.08 107 PaAA2.4 10 6 m2The definition of strainStrain (c) L 3.2 10 4 m 2.13 10 4L1.5 mYoung’s modulusF L YALStress Y StrainY Stress 4.08 107 N/m 2 1.92 107 Pa 4Strain2.13 10Simple Harmonic MotionVibration is repeated motion back and forth along the same path. Vibrations occur in thevicinity of a point of stable equilibrium.An equilibrium points is stable is the net force on the object when it is displaced asmall distance from equilibrium points back towards the equilibrium point.This type of force is called a restoring force. Simple harmonic motion (SHM)occurs whenever the restoring force if proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.
Simple harmonic motion can be used to approximate small vibrations.Energy AnalysisFor a spring-mass system, we know that energy is conserved.E K U constantRecalling the definitions for K and UE 12 mv 2 12 kx2We will call the maximum displacement of the body the amplitude A. At themaximum displacement, the object stops.Etotal 12 m(0)2 12 kA2 12 kA2The maximum speed occurs at equilibrium (x 0) and U 0Etotal 12 mvm 12 k (0) 2 12 mvm2Equating the two forms of Etotal givesvm Acceleration in SHMFrom Hooke’s law for springskAm2
Fx kxmax kxax kxmThe acceleration (not a constant) is proportional to the displacement and in the oppositedirection. The largest acceleration occurs at the largest displacement (A)ax kAmPeriod and FrequencyOne cycle means that the particle is at the same location and heading the same direction.The period (T) is the time to complete one cycle. The frequency (f) is the number ofcycles per second. Just as beforef 1TNot all vibrations are simple harmonic.Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic MotionThe projection of uniform circular motion along any axis (the x-axis here) is the same assimple harmonic motion. We use our understanding of uniform circular motion to arriveat the equations of simple harmonic motion.The projection of the position on the x-axis gives
x(t ) A cos tThe acceleration is inward anda (t ) 2 A cos tThe velocity can be shown to bev(t ) A sin tThe angular frequency is kmFor the ideal spring mass systemf 1 2 2 kmT 1m 2 fkHow do you keep these straight? Memorize one and derive the other.
The PendulumFor small oscillations, the simple pendulum executes simple harmonic motion.A simple pendulum is point mass suspended from a string.Applying Newton’s second law Fx ma x T sin ma x Tx ma xLFor small angles sin . The acceleration along the y-axis is negligible Fy ma yT cos mg 0T mgFor small angles cos 1. Substituting for Tx ma xLx mg ma xLgax xL TThis is the condition of simple harmonic motion. We can pick off the angular frequencyas
gLThe period of the pendulumT 2 LgPhysical Pendulum.Instead of a point mass, the vibrating object has size.The period isT 2 Imgdwhere d is the distance from the rotation axis to the center of mass of the object and I isthe rotational inertia about the rotation axis (not the center of mass).Damped OscillationsIn reality a vibrating system will stop vibrating. Energy is lost to the surroundings. Sinceit is similar to the drag felts when moving through water, it is called damped motion.
Forced Oscillations and ResonanceTo compensate for energy lost in damped systems, it is possible to drive the system at itsresonant frequency.Forced oscillations can occur when the periodic driving force acts on a systemthat can vibrate. If the system is driven at its resonance frequency, vibrations canincrease in amplitude until the system is destroyed.The Short Life and Tragic End of Gallopin’ Gertiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma Narrows Bridge %281940%29http://www.youtube.com/watch?v j-zczJXSxnwBest of all. Long but worth it: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v tff5Dkk zBEYou might be interested in other episodes of the Mechanical Universe series made in the1980s at Cal Tech. http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html
Ultimate strength – If the ultimate strength is surpassed, the solid fractures. The ultimate strength can be different for tensile and compressive stresses. Ductile – A ductile material continues to stretch beyond its ultimate strength without breaking and the stress decreases from the ultimate strength.
2.5 State of Strain at a Point 73 2.6 Engineering Materials 80 2.7 Stress–Strain Diagrams 82 2.8 Elastic versus Plastic Behavior 86 2.9 Hooke’s Law and Poisson’s Ratio 88 2.10 Generalized Hooke’s Law 91 2.11 Hooke’s Law for Orthotropic Materials 94 2.12 Measurement of Strain: Strain Rosette 97 2.13 Strain Energy 101 2.14 Strain Energy in Common Structural Members 104
Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland in the 1590’s created the “first” compound microscope Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke made improvements by working on the lenses Anthony van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Hooke Microscope
Hooke’s law describes an “ideal” spring. It is a good approximation for real springs. Hooke’s law The spring constant k is a property of the spring itself. What is a spring constant? The units of k : The spring constant tells you how much force F is needed to deform the spring a di
Generalized Hooke's Law The generalized Hooke's Law can be used to predict the deformations caused in a given material by an arbitrary combination of stresses. The linear relationship between stress and strain applies for where: E is the Young's Modulus n is the Poisson Ratio The gener
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A.P. Physics 1 First Semester Review Sheet, Page 6 The force of an ideal spring stretched or compressed by an amount x is given by Hooke’s Law, F x kx.Note that if we are only interested in magnitude, we use Fkx where k is the spring or force constant. Hooke’s Law is also used for rubber bands, bungee cords, etc.
in Figure (5), and the Hooke’s law Equation (1), calcu-late the Slinky’s spring constant K. Then do the same for another point and compare your two values for K. (Remember L 0 is negative.) WAVE SPEED FORMULAS Using Hooke’s law, we will derive the following formulas for the speeds v T
