Model 1 Glycolysis
Cellular RespirationHow is energy transferred and transformed in livingsystems?Why?Living organisms display the property of metabolism, which is a general term to describe theprocesses carried out to acquire and use energy. We know that people need to eat, and in our foods arevarious kinds of nutrients that our cells use. One large group of nutrients in our foods iscarbohydrates, which supply our cells with glucose (C6H12O6). So the question is: How does the foodwe chew and swallow fuel our cells?Model 1 – GlycolysisCell membraneNADHNADADPADPATPNAD! pyruvic acid (3 C)ATPNADH glucose (6 C) mitochondrion nucleusNUCLEUS1. Refer to Model 1.a. What is represented by the hexagon?GLUCOSEb. How many carbon atoms (C) are in one molecule of glucose?SIX2. Refer to Model 1.a. What is represented by the triangles?PYRUVIC ACIDb. How many carbon atoms (C) are in one molecule of pyruvic acid?THREE3. In the process of glycolysis, what happens to glucose after it crosses the cell membraneinto the cytoplasm of the cell?GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN INTO PYRUVIC ACID (2)CellularRespiration1
Read This!Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and does not require the presence of oxygen. Therefore,the process is anaerobic. It is the first step used by cells to extract energy from glucose in the formof ATP. ATP can be directly used by cells.4. Thinking about the number of carbon atoms in glucose and in pyruvic acid, explain whythere is one molecule of glucose on the left side of the arrow and two molecules of pyruvicacid on the right side of the arrow.ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE HAS SIX CARBON ATOMS AND EACH PYRUVIC ACIDMOLECULE HAS THREE. THEREFORE, THERE HAS TO BE TWO MOLECULES TO CONTAINALL SIX CARBON ATOMS.5. How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?TWO6. Hydrogen-carrying molecules are also produced during glycolysis. What is the symbol ofthese hydrogen-carrying molecules?NADH7. Does glycolysis occur inside or outside the mitochondria?OUTSIDE (CYTOPLASM)Model 2 – Krebs CycleInnermitochondrialmembraneMitochondrial matrixNAD FADNADHFADHNAD NAD NAD NADHADP pyruvic acid (3 C)NADHNADHATPOuter mitochondrialmembrane carbon dioxide (1 C)8. According to Model 2, what happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?IT IS BROKEN DOWN INTO THREE MOLECULES OF CO29. According to Model 2, where does the change identified in the previous question occur?IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX2POGIL Activities for High SchoolBiology
10. Note the number of atoms of carbon in pyruvic acid and explain why three molecules ofcarbon dioxide are produced.EACH PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULE CONTAINS THREE CARBON ATOMS AND EACHCARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULE CONTAINS ONLY ONE.11. Considering that glycolysis produces two pyruvic acid molecules per glucose molecule,how many total CO2 molecules will be produced from the complete breakdown of eachglucose molecule? Show a mathematical equation to support your answer.SIX—EACH PYRUVIC ACID HAS THREE CARBONS AND TWO PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULESARE PRODUCED (3 X 2 6)12. What two hydrogen-carrying molecules are formed during the Krebs cycle?NADH and FADH213. Fill out the chart by looking back at the entire process of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle tolist the total number of ATPs and hydrogen-carrying molecules produced.ProcessATPNADHFADH2220Krebs cycle(1st pyruvic acid)141Krebs cycle(2nd pyruvic acid)141GlycolysisCellularRespiration3
Model 3 – The Electron Transport ChainOuter mitochondrialmembraneH H H e– electron oxygenMitochondrialmatrixcarrier proteinse–ADPNADH NAD Inner mitochondrialmembraneFADH2e–ATPH FADH2O14. What cell structure is the site for the electron transport chain?THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE/CRISTAE15. Label the carrier proteins in Model 3.16. What substance do the carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane?HYDROGEN IONS (H )Read This!NADH and FADH2 molecules release hydrogen ions that are transported across the innermitochondrial membrane with the help of electrons. The result of these multiple processes is theproduction of large amounts of ATP.17. What high energy molecules are formed by the electron transport chain?ATP18. Refer to Model 3.a. What atom accepts the hydrogen ion at the end of the electron transport chain?OXYGEN ACCEPTS THE HYDROGEN IONS (“CLEANS UP!” FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR)b. What molecule is formed as a product of that acceptance?WATER, H2O, IS FORMED AS A PRODUCT.19. Formulate an explanation for why the events of the electron transport chain constitute anaerobic process rather than an anaerobic process (like glycolysis).THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS AN AEROBIC PROCESS BECAUSE IT REQUIRESOXYGEN TO COMPLETE THE PROCESS.4POGIL Activities for High SchoolBiology
Read This!Remember that glycolysis produces two pyruvic acid molecules per glucose molecule along with twoof the hydrogen-carrying NADH molecules. Remember also that the Krebs cycle produces NADH aswell as another hydrogen carrier called FADH2. It is important to know that during the electrontransport chain, when each NADH gives up electrons and hydrogen ions, there is enough of apotential energy change to make three ATP molecules. When each FADH2 gives up electrons andhydrogen ions, there is enough of a potential energy change to make two ATP molecules.20. Fill in the chart below to calculate the total amount of ATP produced from the breakdown ofeach glucose molecule during the three steps of cellular respiration.Number of H-carriersproduced from one glucosemoleculeNADHFADH2Number of ATPproduced from oneglucose moleculeGlycolysisKrebs Cycle220282x3x2304Electron Transport Chain4Total ATP Produced38Grand Total ATP produced (add all 3 columns above)21. Look at the equation for cellular respiration and write in which stage of the process eachmol- ecule is either used or produced.C6H12O6Used inGLYCOLYSIS 6O2Used inELECTRONTRANSPORTCHAIN 6CO2Produced inKREB’S CYCLE 6H2OProduced inELECTRONTRANSPORTCHAIN 38 ATPProduced inGLYCOLYSIS – 2KREB’S – 2E.T.C. - 3422. Compare the ATP available to cells when oxygen is present versus when it is absent. Howmight this help explain why brain and heart functions are so quickly affected when a personcannot breathe?SINCE THERE WOULD BE SO LITTLE ATP PRODUCED WITHOUT OXYGEN, THECELLS OF THE BRAIN AND HEART WOULD DIE AND THE FUNCTIONS WOULD STOP.CellularRespiration5
Extension QuestionsModel 4 – Two Kinds of Anaerobic n (no O2 present in cell)pyruvicacidglucosealcohol CO223. What are the two substances that may be formed in anaerobic respiration?LACTIC ACID OR ALCOHOL AND CO224. Recall that two molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis. Neither fermentationprocess shown above creates any more ATP. Knowing this, what would you predict aboutthe cellular energy available to organisms that carry out fermentation?THEY MUST REQUIRE VERY LITTLE ENERGY, SINCE GLYCOLYSIS PRODUCES SOLITTLE ATP AND FERMENTATION PRODUCES NO ADDITIONAL ATP.25. Research the relationship between overexertion of muscles and the formation of lactic acid.How does this relate to “the burn” felt during strenuous activity?WHEN MUSCLES REQUIRE MORE ENERGY THAN CAN BE PRODUCEDAEROBICALLY, THEY SWITCH TO ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION.THE LACTIC ACID PRODUCED BUILDS UP AND PRODUCES A BURNING SENSATIONIN THE MUSCLES.26. What common foods involve the process of fermentation? Use your textbook or otherresource to make a list of the foods and the specific organisms used.BREAD – Saccharomycescervisiae AND OTHER YEASTSCHEESE – VARIOUS FUNGIYOGURT – VARIOUS BACTERIASAUERKRAUT – VARIOUS BACTERIAVINEGAR – VARIOUS BACTERIAWINE - YEASTS6POGIL Activities for High SchoolBiology
21. Look at the equation for cellular respiration and write in which stage of the process each mol- ecule is either used or produced. C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O 38 ATP Used in GLYCOLYSIS Used in ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Produced in KREB’S CYCLE Produced in ELECTRON CH
Although aerobic glycolysis has been observed in many cancers, most cancer cells do not utilize aerobic glycoly-sis alone. Instead, they consume ATP from both the mitochondria OXPHOS and the aerobic glycolysis. In most normal cells, the ATP produced from mitochon-dria OXPHOS and glycolysis is approximately 90 and 10%, respectively.
1956, Warburg et al 1924). This phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis (i.e., conversion of glucose to lactate even in the presence of sufficient oxygen to support glucose catabolism via the TCA cycle with oxidative phosphorylation) is not exclusive to cancer cells. Many non-transformed cells also exhibit high aerobic glycolysis during rapid .
Background: While aerobic glycolysis is linked to unconstrained proliferation in cancer, less is known about its physiological role. Why this metabolic program that promotes tumor growth is preserved in the genome has thus been unresolved. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic glycolysis derives from developmental processes that
10 Agilent Seahorse XF Glycolysis Stress Test Kit User Guide Kit Information Kit Contents The Seahorse XF Glycolysis Stress Test Kit includes six foil pouches. Each pouch contains reagents sufficient for an assay in a full 96- or 24-well XF Cell Culture Microplate. Every pouch includes one tube of each of the following compounds: glucose,
2 ATP 2 H 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. The compounds that form between the initial
Three Metabolic Pathways (Text Pg 82 – 86) 1. ATP – PC (Anaerobic Alactic) 2. Glycolysis (Anaerobic Lactic) 3. Aerobic Oxidative (Aerobic Alactic) Oxidative Phosphorylation CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain)
A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy) B) Energy Harvesting: Complete the reaction (makes energy) 4 ADP 4 ATP C C C x 2 P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2 NAD 2 NADH C C C x 2 Pyruvate Glycolysis in Review: Net ATP Gain 2 ATP Makes 4
Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn located at Salzburger Vorstadt 15, Braunau am Inn , Austria -Hungary , a town on the border with Bavaria , Germany. [10 ] He was the fourth of six children to Alois Hitler and .ODUD3 O]O (1860 1907). Hitler's older siblings ² Gustav, Ida, and Otto ² died in infancy. [11 ] When Hitler was three, the family moved to .
