The Muscular System
LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 14/12/2008 02:07 PM Page 48CHAPTER 4The Muscular SystemColoring Exercise 4-1 Muscle Tissue and Skeletal MuscleAnatomyMuscle Tissue Smooth muscle A : walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and respiratorypassages Cardiac muscle B : wall of heart (see Coloring Exercise 8-6) Skeletal muscle C : makes up muscles under voluntary control; movesbones and face, compresses abdominal organs Several muscle cell precursors fuse to form a single muscle cell, containingmultiple nuclei Muscle cells are also called fibersSkeletal Muscle: Attachments to Bones Tendons D attach skeletal muscle body E to bones Origin F : attachment to less moveable bone (e.g., scapula G ) Insertion H : attachment to more moveable bone (e.g., radius I )Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Muscle enveloped by a membrane, the epimysium J The tendon D is a continuation of the epimysium Skeletal muscle body divided into fascicles K Each fascicle surrounded by membrane; the perimysium L Blood vessels M travel between fascicles Each fascicle made up of individual muscle cells C Each muscle cell surrounded by endomysium N membrane Remember, you already colored a longitudinal view of skeletal muscle fibersin the top figureCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each structure and itsname at the same time, using the same color. On thetop figure:1. Color the nuclei black ineach figure.2. Color the muscle cellsfor each muscle type (to C ).ACOLORING INSTRUCTIONS On the middle figure:1. Color the bones ( G , I ),tendons D , and the muscle body E . Use light colors for the bones ( G , I )and the muscle body.2. Using two dark colors,draw circles at theorigins F and insertionH of the muscle.COLORING INSTRUCTIONS On the bottom figure:1. Color the bonetendon D , andepimysium J .I,2. Color the perimysium Laround the extruded fascicle and in the crosssection.3. Color the fascicle K thatis labeled in the crosssection, and oneadditional fascicle.4. Color the endomysiumN around the extrudedmuscle fiber. Outlinesome muscle fibers inthe cross-section withthe same color, becausethe endomysiumsurrounds all fibers.5. Color the ends of somemuscle fibers C and theblood vessels M .48
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 50 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-2 The Neuromuscular JunctionThe Neuromuscular Junction Consists of a muscle cell A and motor neuron Each muscle cell contains multiple nuclei CCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each structure and itsBComponents of a Muscle Cell Muscle cell organized into sarcomeres D Each sarcomere contains actin (thin) E and myosin (thick)name at the same time, using the same color.F1. Color the cytoplasm ofthe muscle cell A lightpink; color the nuclei Cpurple.filamentsEvents at the Neuromuscular Junction Action potential G arrives at axon branches B1 of a motor neuron B Synaptic vesicles H containing stored neurotransmitters (acetylcholine,fuse with the neuron membrane Acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft J Acetylcholine binds receptor K in the motor end plate L (muscle cellmembrane) Bound receptor creates action potential in muscle cell Mitochondria M make some neurotransmitters and provide ATPI)2. Color the column of sarcomeres D indicated bythe bracket.3. In the other sarcomeres,color the actin filamentsE red and the myosinfilaments F blue.4. Shade the entire motorneuron B light yellowand the mitochondria Mdark yellow in bothviews.5. Color the arrowrepresenting the actionpotential G travellingdown the axon.6. Lightly shade the synaptic vesicles H in bothviews; use a darker colorfor acetylcholine molecules, represented bysmall dots I .7. Use a light color forthe synaptic cleft J , amedium color for themotor end plate L , anda dark color for theacetylcholine receptor K .50
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 52 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-3 Muscle ContractionThe Sliding Filament Mechanism Remember that each muscle fiber is organized in sarcomeres A Each sarcomere contains overlapping filaments of Myosin B : long filamentous protein with globular head Actin C : globular protein linked together in long strands; each actin has abinding site D for myosin During muscle contraction, sarcomeres SHORTEN The length of myosin and actin filaments does not change The overlap between thick and thin filaments increases; filaments “slideover” each other As sarcomeres shorten, the muscle shortens Sliding filament mechanism includes three stages Attachment E : myosin B binds specific binding sites D on the actinC , forming a cross-bridge Power Stroke F : Myosin pulls on actin, shortening the sarcomere (andthus the muscle) Release/Reattachment G : Myosin head detaches (step requires fresh ATPmolecule), binds further along the actin molecule Cycle repeatsCalcium and Muscle Contraction The sliding filament mechanism only occurs if calcium H is present Calcium is present in the muscle cell following an action potential in themotor end plate If calcium is absent; Tropomyosin I covers the binding sites D The three-part troponin complex J keeps tropomyosin in place If calcium is present: Calcium binds troponin Troponin lets tropomyosin move away from binding sites on actin Myosin heads can bind actin Muscle contraction occursCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each structure and itsname at the same time, using the same color. On thetop figure:1. Use the same colors forstructures A to C asyou used in the previousColoring Exercise.2. Color the bracket representing the sarcomereA .3. For the top diagram,color the bracket representing the name of thestage E .4. Lightly color the myosinB and actin Cmolecules. Color theactin binding sites Dusing a dark color.5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 forthe other two diagrams,representing stages Fand G .6. After coloring all threediagrams, note that theoverlap between thickand thin filamentsincreases. This results inshortening of both thesarcomere and themuscle.7. Note that the myosinheads reattach to a different site on the actinmolecules.COLORING INSTRUCTIONS On the bottom figure:1. Color all of the components in the topdiagram, when calciumis not present.2. Color all of the components in the bottom diagram, when calcium ispresent.52
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 54 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-4 Energy for Working Muscles: ATPWhere do Muscles Obtain ATP?Creatine phosphate B Very rapid ATP A production; no oxygen or glucose required Muscles contain small store of creatine phosphate Creatine phosphate loses phosphate group, creating creatine C ADP D accepts phosphate group, resulting in ATP A Creatine phosphate stores increased by exercise, dietary supplementationAnaerobic metabolism E Glucose F rapidly converted into small amount of ATP A (2–3 molecules);no oxygen G required Lactic acid H produced as byproduct Glucose can come from blood or (more frequently) from glycogen I breakdownAerobic metabolism J Glucose slowly converted into large amount of ATP (over 30 molecules);oxygen required Oxygen is stored within muscle cells attached to myoglobin K Other energy sources (amino acids, fatty acids) can also be usedWhy do Muscles Need ATP? Power stroke L : movement of the myosin head that brings actin filamentscloser together Myosin head detachment M : no ATP results in rigor mortis: myosin headsstay attached, muscle cannot relax Calcium reuptake N Calcium reuptake into endoplasmic reticulum necessary for muscle relaxation Occurs by active transportCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each structure and itsname at the same time, using the same color. On thetop figure:1. Color the terms ADP,creatine phosphate, andcreatine.2. Color the ATP moleculeof this diagram brightgreen. COLORING INSTRUCTIONS1. Color the glycogen Iand glucose Emolecules using relatedcolors. Note that glycogen is actually made upof many glucose molecules.2. Color the anaerobicarrow E and theweightlifter with thesame color.3. Color the adjacent oxygen molecule G . Drawa black X over it to indicate that oxygen is notused.4. Color the two ATP molecules A and the lacticacid H . COLORING INSTRUCTIONS1. Color the aerobic arrowJ and the cross-countryskier with the samecolor.2. Color the adjacent oxygen molecules G andmyoglobin K .3. Color the ATP moleculesA . Not all of the ATPsare shown—one glucosemolecule can produceover 30 ATPs.COLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color the termstoandLNthe accompanying cartoons.54
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 56 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-5 Muscles in ActionMuscles Work Together to Produce a Given Action Prime mover A : accomplishes movement Antagonist B : produces opposite movement Must relax to permit prime mover contraction Synergist C : assists prime mover by providing additional force or by stabilizing joint Synergists and prime movers are also called agonistsAn Example: Movements of the Forearm Bend your arm at a right angle; hold a weight in your hand During each action, use your other hand to feel muscles contract and relax Flexion (figure on left) Bring your hand towards your shoulder Prime mover: brachialis D (front of upper arm) contracts Antagonist: triceps brachii E (back of upper arm) relaxes Synergist: brachioradialis F (lower arm) contracts Extension (figure on right) Slowly lower your hand Prime mover: triceps brachii contracts (the biceps brachii [not shown] is alsoa prime mover) Antagonists: brachialis and brachioradialis relax56COLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each structure and itsname at the same time, using the same color. Colorboth figures at the sametime.1. Lightly shade thebrachialis D , tricepsbrachii E , and brachioradialis F on eachdiagram. Use light colors(light blue, light orange,and light green).2. Use the following colorscheme to color termsA to C : prime moverA : navy blueantagonist B : reddishorange synergistC : dark green3. Use these colors todraw stripes on the relevant muscle for each diagram. For instance, thebrachialis will be stripedblue (prime mover, A ) inflexion figure, butreddish orange (antagonist, B ) in extensionfigure.
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 58 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-6 Muscles of the Head FLASHCARDS 14 AND 15NameOriginInsertionActionEpicranial aponeurosis(tendon P )Eyebrow skinRaises eyebrowsFrontal bone, maxilla(eye orbit)Skin, muscleencircling eyeCloses eyeMaxillaBridge of noseMoves noseLevator palpebraesuperioris(not shown)Sphenoid bone(roof of eye orbit)Upper eyelid skinOpens eyeQuadratus labiisuperioris DMaxillaObicularis oris;skin at lipcornersElevates upper lipZygomaticusZygomatic boneSkin, muscle atlip cornersRaises corner(s)of mouthMuscles encirclingmouthSkin at mouthcornersCloses lips (kissing),shapes lips (speech)Quadratus labiiinferioris GMandibleLower lip skinDepresseslower lipMentalisMandibleChin skinElevates, protrudeslower lip (pouting)Triangularis I(Depressor angulioris)MandibleMouth (angle)Opens mouthBuccinatorJMaxilla, mandibleObicularis orisFlattens cheek(eating, whistling,wind instruments)DigastricusKMandible, temporalboneHyoid bone(via tendon)Opens jawTemporal boneMandibleCloses jawSternocleidomastoid MSternum, clavicleTemporal bone(mastoid process)Together: flexes headSeparately: rotatesheadTemporalisTemporal boneMandibleCloses jawFrontalisAObicularis oculiNasalisCEObicularis orisMasseterFHLNTrapezius O :see ColoringExercise 4-758BCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each muscle and itsname at the same time, using the same color. Colorthe lateral (top) and frontal(bottom) views together.1. Review the skull bonesin Coloring Exercise 3-6before beginning thisColoring Exercise.2. As you read about eachmuscle, try to palpatethe insertion and origin.3. Use the muscle to perform the action. Useyour fingers to feel themuscle contract.4. Color the muscle on thediagram(s).5. Use a very light colorfor P , because thisstructure is not amuscle.
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 60 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-7 Muscles of the TorsoCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each muscle and itsAbdominal oid process(sternum), ribsFlexes spinal column,compresses abdomenAExternaloblique BInternalobliqueOriginInferior eight ribsIlium, linea albaInferior ribs,linea albaSame as externalobliquesIliac crest, inferior ribsXyxoid process,linea alba, )Both: flex spinalcolumn, compressabdomen One:rotate, laterallyflex spinal columnIliac crestDTransverseabdominisCname at the same time, using the same color. On thetop figure:1. As you read about eachmuscle, try to palpatethe insertion and origin.2. Use the muscle to perform the action. Useyour fingers to feel themuscle contract.3. Color the muscle on thediagram.4. Color the tendons; thelinea alba C and the abdominal aponeurosis F .FCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS On the bottom figure:1. As you read about eachmuscle, use the muscleto perform the action(where possible).Muscles of the s GIschial tuberosityPerineal tissues(vagina I )Stabilizes perineum2. Color the muscle on thediagram.Pubis, ischial spineCoccyx K , urethra Aids defecation;L , rectum, perineum stabilizes perineumExternal analsphincter MAnococcygealligament, coccyxPerineal tissuesCloses anus3. Use very light colors forstructures that are notmuscles ( H , I , K , L ,P ).Ischiocavernosus OIschial tuberosity,pubisClitorisMaintains clitoralor penile erectionBulbocavernosus QPerineal tissuesClitoris, penis, otherperineal tissuesMaintains clitoralor penile erection;aids in urination,ejaculation; constrictsvaginaIschiumCoccyx, lowersacrumStabilizes perineum;pulls coccyx forwardduring defecation,childbirthObturator foramenFemur (greatertrochanter)Rotates thighLevator aniJCoccygeusObturatorGluteusmaximus60RSTSee ColoringExercise 4-9HP, penisN
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:12 PM Page 62 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-8 Muscles that Move the Upper Limb FLASHCARDS 16 AND 17NameTrapeziusAOriginInsertionActionOccipital bone,vertebrae (C7,thoracic)Clavicle, scapula(acromion, spine)Extends head;raises shoulder andpulls it posteriorly;stabilizes and movesscapulaLatissimusdorsi BVertebrae, sacrum,ilium, ribsHumerusExtends and adductsarm (behind back)Pectoralismajor CClavicle, sternum,cartilage of ribs 2–6HumerusFlexes and adductsarm (across chest);pulls shoulder forwardand downSerratusanteriorSuperior ribsScapulaMoves scapulaforward; aids inpunching, reachingDTeres majorEScapulaHumerusExtends armTeres minorFScapulaHumerusExtends, adducts arm;part of rotator cuffClavicle, scapulaHumerusAbducts armScapulaProximal radiusFlexes forearm,supinates handDeltoidGBiceps brachiiBrachioradialisHHumerusRadiusFlexes forearmHumerusUlnaFlexes forearmScapula, humerusUlnar olecranonExtends forearmHumerus2nd metacarpalExtends, abductshandFlexor carpiradialis MHumerus2nd and 3rdmetacarpalsFlexes, abducts handFlexor carpiulnaris NHumerus, ulna5th metacarpalFlexes, adducts handExtensor carpiulnaris OHumerus, posteriorulna5th metacarpalExtends, adductshandFlexor digitorumsuperficialis PHumerus, ulna,radiusMiddle phalanx,each fingerFlexes fingersExtensordigitorumHumerusDistal and medialphalanges, eachfingerExtends fingersBrachialisIJTriceps brachiiKExtensor carpiradialis longusL62QCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each muscle and itsname at the same time, using the same color. Colorthe anterior and posteriorviews together.1. Review the bones of theshoulder girdle and upper limb in Coloring Exercises 3-8 and 3-9.2. Review the movementsof the upper limb in Coloring Exercise 3-13.Remember that movements at the shoulderjoint move the arm andmovements at theelbow joint move theforearm.3. As you read about eachmuscle, try to palpatethe insertion and origin.4. Use the muscle to perform the action. Useyour fingers to feel themuscle contract.5. Color the muscle on thediagram.
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/12/08 1:22 AM Page 64 Aptara Inc.Coloring Exercise 4-9 Muscles that Move the Lower Limb FLASHCARDS 18, 19, AND 20NameOriginInsertionActionIliopsoasAIlium, lumbarvertebraeFemur (lessertrochanter)Flexes hipSartoriusBIliac spineTibia bodyFlexes thigh,legQuadricepsFemoris Group:Rectusfemoris CVastus lateralisIliac spinePatella, then tibiaFemur (greatertrochanter, lineaaspera)Femur (greatertrochanter, linea aspera)FemurPatella, then tibiaExtends leg;flexes hipExtends legDVastus medialisEPatella, then tibiaExtends legPatella, then tibiaExtends legAdductorlongus FPubic crest andsymphysisFemur (lineaaspera)Adducts thighGracilisPubisTibiaAdducts thigh;flexes legPubis, ischiumFemur (linea aspera)Adducts thighIliumFemur (greatertrochanter)Vastus intermediusGAdductor magnusGluteus mediusGluteusmaximusHIIliac crest, sacrum,coccyxJIliotibial tract,femur (linea aspera)Ischial tuberosity,linea aspera of femurIschial tuberosityFibula (head) andtibia (lateral condyle)Proximal tibiaIschial tuberosityTibia (medialcondyle)Peroneuslongus NFibula, tibia (lateralcondyle)First tarsal and firstmetatarsal of footEverts footTibialisanteriorTibia: lateral condyle/body1st tarsal, 1stmetatarsalDorsiflexes,inverts footfemur: lateral, medialcondylesCalcaneus (viaAchilles tendon)Plantar flexesfootFibula (head) andproximal tibiaCalcaneus (viaAchilles tendon)Plantar flexesfootExtensor digitorumlongus RTibiaDistal phalanges,2nd to 5th toesExtends toesFlexor digitorumlongus SPosterior tibiaDistal phalanges,2nd to 5th toesFlexes toesIliotibial tract(tendon) TGluteus maximusTibia (lateralcondyle)TendonLSemimembranosus MOGastrocnemiusSoleus64PQname at the same time, using the same color. Colorthe anterior and posteriorviews together.1. Review the bones of thepelvis and lower limb inColoring Exercises 3-10and 3-11.2. Review the movementsof the lower limb in Coloring Exercise 3-13. Remember thatmovements at the hipjoint move the thigh, andmovements at the kneejoint move the leg(tibia/fibula).3. Label some of the bonefeatures that you see inthis diagram, such asthe patella, tibia, and calcaneus.4. As you read about eachmuscle, try to palpatethe insertion and origin.Hamstring Group:Bicepsfemoris KSemitendinosusCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Color each muscle and itsFlexes leg;extends hipFlexes leg;extends hipFlexes leg;extends hip5. Use the muscle to perform the action. Useyour fingers to feel themuscle contract.6. Color the muscle on thediagram. Color theiliotibial tract T a verylight color, because it isnot a muscle.
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:12 PM Page 66 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-10 Skeletal Muscle Review (Part 1)StabilizersCOLORING INSTRUCTIONS Coloring Exercises 4-10 and Scapula (stabilization and movement): trapezius, serratus anterior Shoulder joint: rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) Perineum: transverse perineus, levator ani, coccygeus Abdominal organs: transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus, internal andexternal obliques4-11 categorize muscles bythe actions they produce.The accompanying figuresonly show the superficialmuscles. Some of the muscles discussed in the narrative are deep muscles andthus are not illustrated.Movements at the Shoulder Joint1. Review the muscles involved in each action. The humerus moves relative to the pectoral girdle Flexion: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid (both prime movers) Extension: latissimus dorsi (prime mover) teres major, teres minor, posteriordeltoid Abduction: deltoid Adduction: latissimus dorsi (prime mover) pectoralis major, teres minor Rotation: pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsiMovements at the Elbow Joint The ulna/radius move relative to the humerus Flexion: brachialis (prime mover) biceps brachii, brachioradialis Extension: triceps brachiiMovements at the Wrist Joint The hand moves relative to the ulna/radiusFlexion: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnarisExtension: extensor carpi radialis longusAbduction: flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longusAdduction: flexor carpi ulnarisMovements of the Fingers Flexion: flexor digitorum superficialis Extension: extensor digitorum662. Write the names of themuscles in the blanks.The answers are in Appendix I at the back ofthe book.
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LWBK244-4102G-C04 48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:12 PM Page 68 LWBK160-3985G-C95 1329-135#C1BCColoring Exercise 4-11 Skeletal Muscle Review (Part 2)Movements at the Thigh Joint The femur moves relative to the pelvis Flexion: iliopsoas (prime mover), sartorius (weak flexor; used for sitting crosslegged), rectus femoris Extension: gluteus maximus (especially when climbing or jumping), hamstringgroup Abduction: gluteus medius Adduction: adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilisMovements at the Knee Joint The tibia/fibula move relative to the femur Flexion: hamstring group (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus), gracilis, sartorius (weak) Extension: quadriceps group (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis,vastus intermedius)Movements at the Ankle Joint The foot moves relative to the tibia/fibulaDorsiflexion: tibialis anteriorPlantar flexion: gastrocnemius (prime mover), soleusInversion: tibialis anteriorEversion: peroneus longusMovements of the Toes Flexion: flexor digitorum groups Extension: extensor digitorum groupsMaintenance of Body Posture Gluteus maximus: supports upright posture Gluteus medius: stabilizes pelvis during walking Iliopsoas: prevents upper body from falling backward when standing erect68COLORING INSTRUCTIONS Coloring Exercises 4-10 and4-11 categorize muscles bythe actions they produce.The accompanying figuresonly show the superficialmuscles. Some of the muscles discussed in the narrative are deep muscles andthus are not illustrated.1. Review the muscles involved in each action.2. Write the names of themuscles in the blanks.The answers are in Appendix I at the back ofthe book.
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Coloring Exercise 4-1 Muscle Tissue and Skeletal Muscle . The Muscular System CHAPTER 4 LWBK244-4102G-C04_48-69.qxd 14/12/2008 02:07 PM Page 48. Chapter 4 The Muscular System 49 I D H E D F G A B C C N L M K J D I LWBK244-4102G-C04_48-69.qxd 12/11/08 6:11 PM Page 49 LWBK160-3985G-C95_1329-135#C1BC. 50
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
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MARCH 1973/FIFTY CENTS o 1 u ar CC,, tonics INCLUDING Electronics World UNDERSTANDING NEW FM TUNER SPECS CRYSTALS FOR CB BUILD: 1;: .Á Low Cóst Digital Clock ','Thé Light.Probé *Stage Lighting for thé Amateur s. Po ROCK\ MUSIC AND NOISE POLLUTION HOW WE HEAR THE WAY WE DO TEST REPORTS: - Dynacó FM -51 . ti Whárfedale W60E Speaker System' .
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
