Lecture 7: Sedimentary Rocks
Lecture 7: Sedimentary Rocks1. Read: Chapter 82. Homework #7 due Thursday 12pm3. Midterm #1 Thursday, September 24iClicker assignments – pick yours amuraTomaszekWuYamamotoYanagiYokotaZoller
Learning Objectives (LO)Lecture 7: Sedimentary Rocks"** Chapter 8 **"What we’ll learn today:"1.2.3.4.5.6.Understand why geologists study sedimentary rocks"Compare 3 types of sediment"Describe processes that act on sediments"List primary clastic sedimentary rocks "List primary chemical sedimentary rocks"List primary biogenic sedimentary rocks"
Fundamental Rock Types Igneous Rocks:form when magma solidifies Sedimentary Rocks:form when sedimentbecomes cementedinto solid rock Metamorphic rocks:form when heat, pressure,or hot water alter a rock
The RockCycle
Sedimentary Rocks Generally, made from older rocks Make up only 5% of Earth’s crust, but . Make up 75% of all rocks exposed at thesurface
Why StudySedimentary Rocks? Reflect physical andchemical characteristics ofsource environments Contain direct and indirectevidence of life Can be interpreted torecreate Earth history May contain importantminerals Source of “fossil fuels”
Sedimentary Rocks PreserveEvidence of Past Environments
Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic – broken down rocks (clasts)Ex.: sandstone Chemical – directly !precipitates out of water!Ex.: rock salt! Biogenic – remains of living !organisms! !! !!!Ex.: limestone, chalk, coal!!
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation!#1!Four steps:#4!#3!#2!
Step 1: Weathering Breaks down a pre-existing rock Physical Chemical Turns rock into sediment Gravel, sand, silt, clayPhysical!Chemical!
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation!#1!Four steps:#4!#3!#2!
Step 2: Transport of Sediment Sediment carried by Wind Water Ice
Step 2: Transport of Sed. (cont.)! Indicators of distance traveled: !Rounding ! Sorting! Rounded?!Sorted?!
Sediment Roundness The longer a sediment is transported, the rounder itgetsShort distance!Long distance!
Sorted Sediment The longer a sediment is transported, the moresorted it becomesShort distance!Long distance!
Distance Traveled?!Think: roundness?!
Distance Traveled?!Think: roundness? sorting?!
Distance Traveled?!Think: roundness? sorting?!
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation!#1!Four steps:#4!#3!#2!
Step 3: Deposition Layering of sediments by any natural agent(water, wind, ice, etc.)
Particle Size & Depositional Environment Large particles deposited in higher energy environments Gravel - need fast moving water, glaciers Sand - wind, wave action (beaches), rivers Silt & Clay - lakes, swamp, deep oceansDepositional!environments!
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation!#1!Four steps:#4!#3!#2!
Step 4: Lithification Def.: when loose sediment becomes compacted & cemented Compaction: pressure ofoverlying sediments packsgrains & squeezes waterfrom pores! Cementation: porespaces fill with ions thatprecipitate from water(calcite, quartz, iron oxide)!
Types: Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composition - mostly quartz, feldspars, & clay Classified by particle size ( its travels)
From Sediments to Rocks! sediment compression time rock!
Conglomerate Lithified gravel Origins: Fast moving river Severe storm in shallow ocean “bulldozed” by glacier
Sandstone Lithified sand Origins: River Beach Dune field
Shale Lithified silty mud Origin: Deep ocean Quiet, deep lake
Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic – broken down rocks (clasts)Ex.: sandstone Chemical – directly !precipitates out of water!Ex.: rock salt! Biogenic – remains of living !organisms! !! !!!Ex.: limestone, chalk, coal!!
Types: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks! Precipitation of minerals from a solution Ex.: Salt, gypsumsalt!Salt deposit!gypsum!
Types: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks!rock saltrock gypsumlimestonetravertinemicritedolostonechert
Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic – broken down rocks (clasts)Ex.: sandstone Chemical – directly !precipitates out of water!Ex.: rock salt! Biogenic – remains of living !organisms! !! !!!Ex.: limestone, chalk, coal!!
Types: Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks! Lithification of “organic” (plants, etc.) materialEx.: Coal is formed from preserved plant material inswampsCoal swamp forest!coal!chert!
How is oil made?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 8YHsxXEVB1M
Fracking Shale Video!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 6qKadxyMOYY#t 27
Types: Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks!skeletal limestonecoalchalkcoquina
SedimentaryStructures Features that developed during !or shortly after deposition of !sediment!Ripple marks! Ripple marks CrossCross bedding!bedding Mud cracksMud cracks!
Development of Rippleshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v uY2QdZLLRP8
Particle Size & Depositional Environment Large particles deposited in higher energy environments Gravel - need fast moving water, glaciers Sand - wind, wave action (beaches), rivers Silt & Clay - lakes, swamp, deep oceansDepositional!environments!
Continental Deposition Environments!glacierdesert!alluvial fan!wetland!stream!lake!
Coastal Deposition al wetland!
Marine Deposition Environments!reef!continental shelf!deep sea environment!continental margin!
Sedimentary Process on Mars!!
Mars Exploration Videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v fpyRQ46fUEM
Action Items for Thursday, Sept. 171.2.Read Chapter 8Complete homework assignment #7What you learned today:"1. Understand why geologists study sedimentary rocks"2. Compare 3 types of sediment"3. Describe processes that act on sediments"4. List primary clastic sedimentary rocks "5. List primary chemical sedimentary rocks"6. List primary biogenic sedimentary rocks"
Fundamental Rock Types Igneous Rocks: form when magma solidifies Sedimentary Rocks: form when sediment becomes cemented into solid rock Metamorphic rocks: form when heat, pressure, or hot water alter a rock . The Rock Cycle . Sedimentary Rocks . Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic –
Sedimentary Rocks and Sedimentary Basins Reading Stanley, S.M., 2015, Sedimentary Environments, - Ch. 5. Earth Systems History On Ecampus Sedimentary Rocks Intro Origin of sedimentary rocks - Clastic Rocks - Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks Interpreting Sedimentary Rocks - Environment of deposition
Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are those rocks which are formed by the weathered sediments of pre existing rocks (igneous or metamorphic rocks). The geological processes that involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks are as under: 1. Weathering, 2. Erosion, 3. Deposition, 4. Compaction 5. cementation
Chapter 5 - Sedimentary Rocks 1 CHAPTER 5: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS This chapter is a summary of sedimentary rocks and their terminology. Most of the sedimentary rock units in the Fells are secondary to the igneous rocks in the previous chapter and have mostly been lightly metamorphosed. As a result, this will not be a comprehensive treatment of the .
Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle Section 2: Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks. Section 2 and 3: Rocks and the Rock Cycle There are 3 different types of rocks: Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic They are all made of minerals One rock can turn into a different type, during the rock cycle. All rocks are formed during different processes.
Chapter 15:Rocks 517 VOCABULARY sediment p. 517 BEFORE, you learned Most rocks are made of minerals Some ocean organisms build their shells from minerals Dissolved minerals re-form as water evaporates NOW, you will learn What kinds of materials make up sedimentary rocks What the processes that form sedimentary rocks are
XY chart: Metamorphic rocks XY chart: Metamorphic and weathering processes. XZ chart: Ignmus rocks. . XZ chart'. Sedimentary rocks XZ chafi Metamorphic rocks and processes, and weathering si chart: Igneous rocks. . . si chart: Sedimentary rocks . . si chart: Metamorphic rocks and processes, and weathering k chart
Why Study Sedimentary Rocks? Sediments and sedimentary rocks are the most commonly encountered Earth materials. They cover 75% of the continents and nearly all of the ocean floor except at ocean ridges. Features preserved in sedimentary rocks record the environmental conditions at the time the sediment was originally deposited. Therefore
API 656 Storage Tank NATECH Natech (Natural Hazard Triggered Technological Accidents) First meeting held on 14 Feb 2020 Taskgroup formed to author this publication PEMyers of PEMY Consulting and Earl Crochet of Kinder Morgan to co-chair this TG Tank owners/operators have interest in this project This project is needed given most of the world is not seriously considering how to .
