Risk Management Guide - WRAP
Risk Management GuideRisk Management Guide 2021 WRAP (Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production)All Rights ReservedJanuary 2021 Edition1
Risk Management GuideContents1. Purpose. 32. Responsibility . 33. Definitions. 43.1 Risk Assessment . 43.2 Process . 43.3 Hazard . 53.4 Harm . 53.5 Risk . 53.6 Severity . 53.7 Risk Rating. 63.8 Controls . 63.9 Occupational Disease . 64. Five Step Risk Assessment Process . 74.1 Step 1: Identification of the processes and their activities . 74.2 Step 2: Identification of hazards and their risk . 84.3 Step 3: Identification of severity of the harm caused by a hazard . 94.4 Step 4: Determining risk rating and necessary controls to mitigate the hazard . 94.5 Step 5: Periodic review of the risk assessment . 11Appendix 1: Risk Assessment Template . 13January 2021 Edition2
Risk Management Guide1. PurposeThis Guide explains how to identify workplace hazards, determine their significance, and applycontrols to mitigate and manage the risk.Workplace hazards could include (but are not limited to):A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.FireShort circuit in electric installationsStructural defects in a buildingRepetitive motionsChemical agentsDustNoiseExtreme heat or coldMicro-biological agentsThe Risk Assessment Template (See Appendix 1) along with this Guide outline assessmentprocedures to identify exposure levels, determine the level of harm, and mitigate the risks.This Guideline can be referred to by the facilities to draft their own risk assessment and by theauditors to review a facility’s risk assessment document, assessing the effectiveness of the riskassessment and control measures.2. ResponsibilityThe overall responsibility for completing the risk assessment and ensuring required correctiveactions shall be entrusted with a competent person who possesses relevant education andexperience in the risk assessment practice.The risk assessment exercise shall be conducted by a team and not by any individual. It isrecommended to have at least the health and safety expert, process owners, and worker’srepresentative(s) on the team. WRAP also recommends the risk assessment team consult with theprocess workers, as they are required to refer to the risk control measures.The joint International Labour Organization/World Health Organization (ILO/WHO) Committeeon Occupational Health (1950) emphasizes the importance of consulting with process workers.As per the definition adopted by this committee, occupational health is the adaption of work toman and of each man to his job. It includes the following components:January 2021 Edition3
Risk Management GuideA. Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social wellbeing of workers in all occupationsB. Prevention among workers of departures of health caused by their working conditionsC. Protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse tohealthD. Placing and maintenance of a worker in an occupational environment adapted to hisphysiological and psychological equipment3. Definitions3.1 Risk AssessmentThe risk assessment is a systematic and comprehensive overview of occupational health hazardsand hazardous environments encountered in the industry. It is a methodical tool to ensure a safeand healthy working environment at the facility.A. It is important for the facility to make sure that the risk assessment covers all processactivities in a complete, correct, and effective manner.B. The term ‘risk assessment’ is better known as ‘Hazard Identification and RiskAssessment’ (HIRA).3.2 ProcessA process is a sequence of activities conducted with inputs such as man, machine, material, andmethod to obtain an output.Example: Cutting cannot be considered as a single process because it is a combination ofseveral sub-processes, such as:A.B.C.D.E.Layering or spreadingPutting of weightsStraightening of fabricMarking the patternsThe use of cutting machine for final cuttingThere are several inputs at every stage, such as the:A.B.C.D.E.Cutting tableCutting machineFabric rollsPowerWorkersJanuary 2021 Edition4
Risk Management GuideThe overall process is carried out in a prescribed manner to obtain cut pieces ready to bestitched.The cutting process is completed in several activities. Workers layer the fabric, spread the fabricrolls on the cutting table by moving across the table, and use weights to keep the layered fabricstraight. While moving there could be several hazards, which can be determined by speaking tothe workers and by observing the entire process.3.3 HazardA hazard is anything that has potential to harm a worker.Examples:A. Loose wires on floor (someone may trip over them)B. Overhead fixtures (which can fall and result in injuries)C. Hot surfaces3.4 HarmHarm is a physical injury or illness caused to the worker due to their exposure to a hazard.Example: If someone trips over loose wires on the floor, it may cause a physical injury. Thatinjury is the harm.3.5 RiskThe probability, high or low, that any hazard will cause somebody harm. It could be veryprobable if the hazard relates to an ongoing activity, or it could be improbable if it relates to anon-routine activity. It is recommended to quantify the risk in numbers.Example:A. Most likely 3B. Likely 2C. Unlikely 1Example: If someone trips over loose wires on the floor, it may cause an injury. The loose wiresare the hazard. The risk is the probability of someone tripping over the loose wires.3.6 SeveritySeverity is measured as the extent of possible harm. The severity of the harm caused depends onthe exposure level. Like risk, it is necessary to quantify the severity out of 3 based on itssignificance. It is recommended to estimate the maximum harm that can be caused by a hazard.January 2021 Edition5
Risk Management GuideExample: The harm could be:A. Loss of lifeB. Loss of a body partIf the highest risk for any injury is fatality, that may be rated 3. The severity can be reduced to 2or 1 based on the significance of the harm. The harm may result in hospitalization of a worker,or it could require first aid attention taken care of in-house with some rest time for the worker.3.7 Risk RatingThe risk rating is a product of the risk (probability) of a work-related hazard and the severity ofthe harm caused to the worker.Example: If the risk (R) due to a hazard is 3 and the severity (S) of the risk due to the samehazard is also 3, then the risk rating is 3x3 (RxS) 9.3.8 ControlsControls are the actions taken to minimize the effect of a hazard and corresponding risk onworkers’ health and safety. It is recommended that the control applied to the hazard eliminatesthe hazard or reduces its effect, therefore reducing the risk. If the controls are applied only to therisks, then the hazards remain the same and only the severity is reduced.3.9 Occupational DiseaseAn occupational disease is any illness associated with industry occupation. Such diseases mayresult from a variety of factors that are present in the work environment or encountered whileemployed, such as biological, chemical, physical, or psychological.Examples:A. A lung disease caused primarily by inhaling hemp, flax, and cotton particles (medicallyknown as Byssinosis)a. Sometimes referred to as brown lung diseaseb. It is a form of occupational asthmaB. Repetitive strain injury – caused by over straining the hand during the stitching processOccupational diseases are normally preventable. The control of health hazards decreases theoccurrence of work-related injuries, accidents, and diseases. Thus, the promotion andmaintenance of a high degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers is one of theprinciple objectives of the WRAP certification program.January 2021 Edition6
Risk Management Guide4. Five Step Risk Assessment ProcessStep 1: Identification ofthe processes and theiractivitiesStep 2: Identification ofhazards and their risksStep 5: Periodic reviewof the risk assessmentStep 4: Determiningrisk rating andnecessary controls tomitigate the hazardStep 3: Identification ofseverity of the harmcaused by a hazard4.1 Step 1: Identification of the processes and their activitiesIt is necessary to ensure that all the processes are listed before you proceed with a riskassessment for your facility. The list of processes must include all production processes, such kingLoadingIt must also include all non-production processes, such as:A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.Diesel GeneratorEffluent Treatment Plant (ETP)BoilerCompressorsMaintenanceCanteenNursery (Creche)Workers’ transportationLiftsJanuary 2021 Edition7
Risk Management GuideCommon error: In many cases, auditors observe that not all processes are included in afacility’s risk assessment.Tip: Before beginning the risk assessment, a thorough site tour must be done by the responsibleteam and all processes must be written down. Workers may also be consulted at this stage toensure that no process is missed.Once all the processes are identified, the responsible team must write down the activitiesperformed in each process in a sequential manner – the output of a first process becomes theinput for the second process.For more details, please refer to the Risk Assessment Template (See Appendix 1) where alayering process is explained with its logically related sequential activities.4.2 Step 2: Identification of hazards and their riskThis is the qualitative part of the assessment. It requires a thorough analysis of the listedprocesses to identify the related hazards.Please note that there could be more than one hazard in one process.The hazards must be identified based on interviews with the workers and by observing theprocess within the working environment. Past occurrences may also be referred to here.Example: Proper illumination and ventilation of the workplace is animportant factor in overall process output. Workplace-related hazardsmust be correctly identified in the template directly relating to itsactivity. If there is a process which generates a large amount of heat,working in the hot environment becomes a hazard to the worker.Each hazard should be quantified in terms of its risk (probability) of occurrence. The responsibleteam can develop a quantification mechanism based on their own understanding, or they may usethe mechanism given in the Risk Assessment Template (See Appendix 1).Once the risk is determined, it does not remain the same forever. It changes based on severalfactors, such as changes of any inputs (worker, machine, method, lack of training, etc.) at anylater stage.January 2021 Edition8
Risk Management Guide4.3 Step 3: Identification of severity of the harm caused by a hazardAfter determining the hazards and their risk, the next step is to identify the severity of harmcaused to the workers by each hazard.The severity of the harm to the workers must be determined based on past occurrences ofinjuries, or an accident at your own or similar workplaces. Be proactive in identifying theseverity, even if an injury has not yet occurred at your workplace.The severity of the harm must be quantified in the risk assessment. The responsible team candevelop a quantification mechanism based on their own understanding, or they may use themechanism given in the Risk Assessment Template (See Appendix 1). Always determine themost extreme severity for each hazard.Example: Tripping over loose wires lying at the floor may cause no harm in general. However,during the risk assessment you must think of the maximum harm that may occur to a worker ifthey fall. Accordingly, the severity must be decided and entered in the template. It may so happenthat a female employee is pregnant, and she trips onto the floor.As mentioned for risk, once severity is determined it does not remain the same forever. Itchanges on based on several other factors.4.4 Step 4: Determining risk rating and necessary controls to mitigate the hazardAccordingly, identify the responsible persons and related records to prepare for determining thecontrol.This is the most important step of the risk assessment.There are two benefits of determining the risk rating:1. You can quantify each hazard and prioritize your actions based on the risk rating.a. The hazards with higher risk ratings are more important to mitigate than thehazards with lower risk ratings.2. At any later stage, the facility can statistically compare the significance of the hazard andrevise the controls and decisions made during review.Example: If the risk rating of a hazard is 9, and during review of the risk assessment the riskrating stays at 9, then the placed controls are either incorrect or inappropriate and the controlsmust be revised. However, if during review the risk rating reduces to 6, then the placed controlsare effective.After calculating the risk rating, the next step is to identify the controls. It is recommended thatthe controls are applied in such a way that they mitigate the hazard.January 2021 Edition9
Risk Management GuideThere are three types of sequential controls, identified below:EngineeringAdministrativeOther1. Engineering controls – These controls use technology to either permanently eliminate ahazard or substitute it with less harmful hazard.a. Targeting the hazard reduces its risk, so the hazard becomes less harmful and therisk rating is reduced as well.b. Example: Emission of cotton dust during stitching process is a hazard and therisk to the workers is an occupational disease like byssinosis.c. Common errors: The control most facilities would apply is to provide dust masksto the stitching workers.i. Does this reduce the amount of cotton dust emissions? NO, because thecontrol was applied to the severity rather than the hazard.d. Tips: After determining the risk rating, first think of an engineering control thatcan be applied to the hazard. In the above example, a better control could beinstalling a dust extraction system at the stitching process. Similarly, during thelayering process, a better control could be installing an automatic spreader, soworkers are not moving.2. Administrative controls – Controlling and mitigating a hazard through monitoring andtrainings.a. If an engineering control is not feasible, then the next control to apply isadministrative control.i. Even when an engineering control is applied, an administrative control isneeded.b. Related records must be prepared, and responsible people must be assigned forthe controls.c. Example: When an automatic spreader or an automatic dust extraction system isinstalled, you must ensure that it always functions well. Therefore, periodicmonitoring (maintenance) of the control is required and proper trainings must begiven to all workers working at the process.January 2021 Edition10
Risk Management Guide3. Other controls – A control that is applied if there is no possible engineering oradministrative control, and only the severity can be mitigated.a. Example: A facility may provide personnel protectiveequipment (PPE), creating a barrier between workers andthe hazards.i. In the previous case of dust emissions at the stitchingprocess, providing dust masks to the workers is thelast level of control. The mask serves as a barrierbetween the dust and the worker.b. Remember that there may be workers who are not involvedin the stitching process but work at the same workplace, for a shorter or a longerperiod. The dust hazard is equally affecting their health. Therefore, all those whoare exposed to such hazards must be given the necessary PPE.c. In any type of control, the responsible team must identify the types of records,their frequency of preparation, and define the responsible person.4.5 Step 5: Periodic review of the risk assessmentAfter completing the first four steps, the initial risk assessment document is completed. Thisdocument must be circulated to all concerned personnel, which may include:A.B.C.D.Facility ManagementMaintenance StaffHealth & Safety StaffProcess OwnersTrainings on the risk assessment must be provided to all workers. Training plans can bereviewed, and necessary trainings may be added with target workforce and frequency, asmentioned in the controls. Periodic and updated training must include all new workers.Common error: Often, most facilities have a defined and set frequency to review the riskassessment (e.g., every three or every six months), which is not completely correct. Sometimes itis observed that the review of the risk assessment is done at defined intervals and other than thereview date, nothing is changed in the document. These types of practices must be immediatelyavoided.The risk assessment is a dynamic document that must be revisited often. The risk assessmentmust be reviewed when:January 2021 Edition11
Risk Management GuideA. There is any minor or major injury at the workplace.a. An injury can happen if the respective hazard is either missed in the assessment orif the defined controls are ineffective.b. In each case, the responsible team must review the risk assessment and add themissing information.B. There is a change in any process.a. A change can occur for several reasons:i. Change in a production techniqueii. Change of the machineiii. Change of methodb. The change could be an effect of previously applied controls on the existinghazard.i. Example: Installing an automatic spreader at the layering processeliminates the workers’ movement, but at the same time may have its owndifferent hazards.C. There is a change in the legal framework.a. The risk assessment must be reviewed based on enforcement of any newapplicable legal requirement.b. Example: After the tragic building collapse of a facility, the government enacteda new legal requirement for facility buildings to obtain a structural safetycertificate.c. Example: After a long non-working period at a facility, a boiler exploded whenthe facility re-opened. It was found that the boiler was operated by anunqualified worker. After this incident, the government enacted a new law ofboiler operator’s competence.Review of the risk assessment will have an impact on the risk of existing hazards, will identify anew hazard and its risk, or will have an impact on the severity.Whatever the case may be, the risk rating will change and so will the controls.Example: During the audit, it is observed that the first aid boxcontent is not adequate. The reason is that there have been casesof minor injuries at the workplace. It is expected that the samemust be reflected in the risk assessment document, with changeto the hazards, risks, and severities. Accordingly, new controlsmust be defined and implemented.January 2021 Edition12
January 2021 EditionActivity3Faulty connectionsthat causeelectrocution31Rating321Sharp bladesAccidentally firing thegunSeverityDeath/Loss of bodypartAbsenteeism fromwork/HospitalizationHandling gunsRiskVery Likely/Ongoing ordaily processLikely/once in a weekUnlikely/rare or non- Minor first aid/Rest atworkplaceroutine eventSecurity2Ergonomical hazardBending over tostraighten the fabricUsing the electriccutting machine3Weight that could ona footHandling weights forfabric pressingDeathLoss of body partDeathProvide trainings for workers exposed toReduction ofseverity of hazards hazards so that they carry out the activitysafely. Subsquently, monitor the activity onthat cannot beregular basis.eliminatedProvide appropriate, adequate, andOther (to be applied ifProtection whenconditionally-monitored Personal Protectiveengineering andhazard cannot beEquipment (PPE) to workers directly andadministrative controlsreduced any furtherindirectly exposed to a hazard.are not sufficient)Administrative (to beapplied if engineeringcontrol is not feasible)EngineeringDetailsUse of technology to either remove thehazard completely or substitute it withlower risk hazard, or to create a barrierbetween the worker and the hazard.ObjectiveElimination ofhazard orsubstitution ofprocess1. Training records.2. Work instruction.3. Maintenance records of thespreader.4. Monitoring of the side tablerecord.1. Installation of an automatic spreader.2. Training for cutting workers and definingwork instruction.3. Monitoring and maintenance of thespreader.4. Cushioning the sides of the cutting tables.Types of ControlsRecordsSTEP 4Controls3994996Risk Rating (RxS)33323Bodily injury foot fractureBack pain23Sharp edges of tablesBodily injury - fall2Bodily injury cuts3Severity (S)STEP 3HarmRisk (R)STEP 2HazardLoose wires at thefloorMoving across thetablesSTEP 1CuttingLayering orSpreadingProcessResponsibilitySTEP 5Risk Management GuideAppendix 1: Risk Assessment TemplateRisk Assessment Template on the WRAP websiteCONTINOUS REVIEW AND UPDATE13
Jan 15, 2021 · 3.1 Risk Assessment The risk assessment is a systematic and comprehensive overview of occupational health hazards and hazardous environments encountered in the industry. It is a methodical tool to ensure a safe and healthy working environment at the facility. A. It is important for the facility to make sure
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