TRANSITION 2020–2021 A Federal Agenda For Criminal Justice .
policy reportTRANSITION 2020–2021A Federal Agendafor CriminalJustice ReformBy Ram Subramanian, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Taryn Merkl, Leily Arzy, Hernandez Stroud,Taylor King, Jackie Fielding, and Alia Nahra PUBLISHED DECEMBER 9, 2020With a foreword by Michael WaldmanBrennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law
Table of ContentsForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTERFOR JUSTICEIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Incentivize States to Reduce Their Prison Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10PASS T H E R EVERS E M ASS IN CARC E RAT IO N ACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Advance Policing Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Champion National Use-of-Force Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 PL AC E ST RI CT LIM ITS O N P E R M ISS IB LE P O LIC E USE O F D E AD LYA N D N O N DEA D LY FO RC E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REQU I R E A L L L AW E N FO RC E M E N T AG E N C IES TO A D O PTA DU T Y-TO - I N T E RV E N E P O LICY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 MA N DAT E USE-O F-FO RC E R E P O RT IN G TO T HE FE D E RAL GOVE R NM E NT . . . .12Strengthen Police Accountability Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12A MEN D 18 U.S.C. § 24 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13REI N VI G O RAT E D OJ PAT T E R N -O R -P RACT IC E IN V EST IGAT IO NS. . . . . . . . . . . .13ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTER’S C REAT E A N AT IO N AL DATABAS E O F P O LIC E M ISCO NDUCT R ECO R DSA N D PRO MOT E A N AT IO N AL STAN DAR D FO R D EC E RT IFICAT IO N . . . . . . . . . . .13Support Culture Change in Policing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SU PPO RT CO M M U N IT Y-LE D PUB LIC SAFE T Y ST RAT EGIES AND SYST E M STO I D EN T I FY AN D R E M E DY RAC IAL IN EQU IT IES IN PO LIC ING PRACT ICES . . . PRO MOT E T H E C R E AT IO N O F CO -R ES P O N D E R AN D D IVE RSIO N M O D E LS14. . . 15 REI N VI G O RAT E CO M P R E HE N S IV E P O LIC E R E FO R M SU PPO RT E DBY T H E CO PS O FFIC E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 PRO MOT E A LT E R N AT IV E-TO -AR R EST P RO G RAM SThe Brennan Center for Justice atNYU School of Law is a nonpartisanlaw and policy institute that worksto reform, revitalize — and whennecessary defend — our country’ssystems of democracy and justice.The Brennan Center is dedicated toprotecting the rule of law and thevalues of constitutional democracy.We focus on voting rights, campaignfinance reform, ending massincarceration, and preserving ourliberties while also maintaining ournational security. Part think tank,part advocacy group, part cuttingedge communications hub, we startwith rigorous research. We craftinnovative policies. And we fight forthem — in Congress and the states,in the courts, and in the court ofpublic opinion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16JUSTICE PROGRAMThe Brennan Center’s JusticeProgram seeks to secure our nation’spromise of equal justice for all bycreating a rational, effective, andfair justice system. Its priority focusis to reduce mass incarceration.The program melds law, policy,and economics to produce newempirical analyses and innovativepolicy solutions to advance thiscritical goal. EN COU RAG E T HE D E M ILITAR IZ AT IO N O F T HE P O LICE BY E LIM INAT INGT H E 103 3 PRO G RAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16S TAY C O N N E C T E D T OTHE BRENNAN CENTEREncourage Best Practices in Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Advance Sentencing Reform to Reduce the Federal Prison Population. . 18Visit our website atwww.brennancenter.orgSupport More Expansive Drug Law Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19REPEA L MA N DATO RY M IN IM UM S E N T E N C ES FO R D RUG O FFE NSES . . . . . . . .19continued on next page3Brennan Center for Justice A Federal Agenda for Criminal Justice Reform
REPEA L T H E 18 :1 D IS PAR IT Y B E T W E E N C RAC K CO CAINE ANDPOWD ER CO CA IN E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 N O LO N G ER US E D RUG QUAN T IT Y AS T HE P R IM ARY YAR DST IC K INDRUG SEN T EN C IN G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 EX PA N D A LT ER N AT IV E S E N T E N C ES, IN C LU D IN G T H E E XIST INGSTAT U TO RY SAFE T Y VALV E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 REDUC E T H E NUM B E R O F P EO P LE CUR R E N T LY HE LD IN FE D E RALPR I SO N BY MAKIN G C HAN G ES R E T ROACT IV E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Improve First Step Act Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Improve Prison Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Significantly Limit the Use of Solitary Confinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 L I MI T T H E USE AN D R E DUC E T HE HAR M FUL IM PACTS O F SO LITARYCO N F I N EMEN T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 REO RI EN T F ED E RAL FU N D IN G TO IN C E N T IV IZ E STAT ES TO LIM ITSO L I TA RY CO NFIN E M E N T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Increase Postsecondary Education Opportunities in Prison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23L I F T T H E BA N O N P E LL G RAN TS FO R IN CARC E RAT E D PEO PLE. . . . . . . . . . . . 24Improve Oversight of Bureau of Prisons Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24C REAT E A N I ND E P E N D E N T OV E RS IG HT BO DY FO R T H E BO P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Restructure and Streamline Executive Clemency Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26ESTABLISH A PERMANENT AND INDEPENDENT CLEMENCY REVIEW BOARD. . .ESTA B L I SH C L E AR STAN DAR DS AN D E X P LAIN C LEM E NCY D ECISIO NS26. . . . . 27Help Formerly Incarcerated People Rejoin the Workforceand Community with Clean-Slate Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28EX PA N D T H E R E AC H O F FE D E RAL E X PU N G E M E N T LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Eliminate the Death Penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 D EC L A RE A MO RATO R IUM O N FE D E RAL E X ECUT IO NS AND E NACTT H E F ED ERA L D E AT H P E N ALT Y ABO LIT IO N ACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Brennan Center for Justice 2020. This paper is covered by the CreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license. It may be reproduced in itsentirety as long as the Brennan Center forJustice at NYU School of Law is credited, a linkto the Center’s web pages is provided, and nocharge is imposed. The paper may not bereproduced in part or in altered form, or if a feeis charged, without the Center’s permission.Please let the Center know if you reprint.A Federal Agenda for Criminal Justice Reform
ForewordThe United States’ criminal justice system is broken. We have less than5 percent of the world’s population but nearly 25 percent of its prisoners.Mass incarceration has crushing consequences: racial, social, and economic.It reinforces systemic patterns of racial inequity across our society, with vastly unequaltreatment at every step. And it is not necessary to keep our communities safe.Plainly, criminal justice reform must be a core responseto the demand for racial justice given voice in the wakeof the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. If weare to make clear as a society that Black lives matter, theremust be a new relationship between police and thecommunities they are charged with serving and protecting. But reform must go far deeper than policing toaddress the broad reach and overreach of the criminaljustice system, its harshly punitive approach, and the needto invest in communities. We must reimagine the justicesystem. We must finally and fully commit to the visionthat safety and equality go together.For the past decade, in fits and starts, government at alllevels has finally begun to grapple with the need for reform.Amid partisan division, it has been a rare area whereRepublicans and Democrats have worked together.Though most criminal justice policy is set at the state level,the federal government plays an outsize role. In 20185Brennan Center for Justice Congress enacted the First Step Act, meaningful butlimited sentencing reform. Far more remains to be done.And the federal government, through its funding of statesystems and through the actions of the Justice Department,can help to shift paradigms and move the country awayfrom mass incarceration. Policymakers should aim high.President-Elect Biden, Vice President Elect Harris, andlawmakers of both parties have a chance to make significant progress. This agenda offers an array of steps thatwould help transform the criminal justice system. Someof these steps require legislation. Others can be done bythe executive branch. This can be a moment of creativityand ferment. This agenda offers a path toward a moreperfect union.Michael WaldmanPresidentBrennan Center for JusticeA Federal Agenda for Criminal Justice Reform
IntroductionPresident-Elect Joe Biden will take office at a critical moment in the country’shistory. There is a tangible opportunity to reconsider and reimagine how, and forwhom, the criminal justice system operates. The protests for racial justice thatemerged in the summer of 2020 after the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, andso many others have intensified the demands for system and culture change, openingup political space for reform.1The crisis of overcriminalization and an excessive relianceon punitive enforcement feed the problem of mass incarceration. Although local jails and state prisons accountfor 91 percent of the nation’s incarcerated population, thefederal government can lead the way.2 The facts are wellknown: 2.2 million people are behind bars; more than 9million people cycle in and out of the nation’s colossalnetwork of local jails; more than 4.5 million people areon probation or parole; and more than 70 million peoplehave conviction histories that subject them to lifelongconsequences to their lives and livelihoods.3 In addition,about 40 percent of people in prison are incarcerated withlittle public safety justification.4 In fact, over the lastdecade, 34 states have reduced both imprisonment andcrime rates, proving that less incarceration does notnecessarily lead to unsafe communities.5The vast racial disparities of America’s justice systemcompound the unnecessary harms of incarceration. Forexample, Black people are arrested at a rate more thanthree times that of white people.6 They endure interventionist police practices such as pedestrian and trafficstops, excessive enforcement of minor offenses, andtargeted policing.7 One out of every three Black men isincarcerated at some point during his lifetime — withall the devastating impacts that result both from a criminal conviction and from time in custody — comparedwith 1 in 17 white men.8 Discrimination on the basis ofrace and a criminal record can all but disqualify theseBlack men from housing, education, or employment —and in some places can permanently bar them fromvoting.9What is to be done?Congress and the president should commit to significant criminal justice reform as a key early priority.Elements of these reforms can be enacted as part ofreconciliation or other budgetary measures. Some can beaccomplished by executive action, through a renewedJustice Department, or directly by the president throughexecutive orders. Quick action will show the public thatthe demands for accountability have been heard. Criminaljustice reform will show that those in power understandthe urgency of stating, with actions as well as words, thatBlack lives matter.6Brennan Center for Justice By championing national use-of-force standards,strengthening police accountability mechanisms, andsupporting community-led public safety strategies, wecan begin to redefine how communities interact with thepolice. And although states have traditionally led onsentencing reform, Congress should learn from theirsuccesses and support expansive federal drug law reformto significantly reduce the federal prison population. Itcan also play a greater role, reimagining incarcerationitself by significantly limiting the use of solitary confinement, improving access to education, and enactingcomprehensive oversight of federal prisons to ensure thatincarcerated people are treated with humanity anddignity.It is time for the federal government to lead on criminaljustice reform. This document provides a blueprint forboth Congress and the administration to initiate thattransformative change. It outlines an affirmative agendathat would help slash America’s high incarceration rate,shrink the wide reach of the justice system, help ensurethat people in the system are treated humanely, assistpeople in rehabilitation and reentry, and reduce racialdisparities in the process, all the while keeping the country safe. These solutions are ones for which, in manycases, there is already wide bipartisan consensus. Endingmass incarceration and reforming the American criminaljustice system should be a defining legacy of the Bidenadministration. This report presents one pathway ofachieving this goal.Incentivize States to ReduceTheir Prison Populations Enact the Reverse Mass Incarceration Act. Federalgrants help shape criminal justice policy at the stateand local levels. For decades these grants have subsidized the growth of incarceration. To reverse that flow,Congress can pass the Reverse Mass Incarceration Act,a bill that has been introduced in two separate congressional sessions. This bill would dedicate 20 billionover 10 years to states that reduce both crime and incarceration, reshaping state and local policy.A Federal Agenda for Criminal Justice Reform
Advance Policing Reform Champion National Use-of-Force Standards Place strict limits on permissible police use ofdeadly and nondeadly force. Congress shouldpass legislation that would rein in police use offorce. For example, holds that restrict airwaysshould be banned, and less-lethal weapons andtechniques of control should be reserved for extraordinary circumstances. Require all law enforcement agencies to adopta duty-to-intervene policy. Congress should promulgate standards requiring officers to intervenewhen their fellow officers misuse force or engagein misconduct — and to report it to their superiors. Mandate use-of-force reporting to the federalgovernment. The Justice Department should builda comprehensive database that is accessible to thepublic by mandating use-of-force reporting by all lawenforcement agencies and making federal supportto those agencies conditioned on their compliance. Strengthen Police Accountability Mechanisms Amend 18 U.S.C. § 242. Congress should amend18 U.S.C. § 242 to lower the burden of proof in cases where civil rights may have been violated, tobetter equip federal prosecutors to hold law enforcement officers accountable for wrongful acts.The willfulness standard in § 242 should be explicitly lowered to include knowing and reckless civilrights violations, at the same time that the law isamended to more clearly enumerate the types offorce that will trigger criminal liability — including, for example, the use of choke holds. Support Culture Change in Policing Support community-led public safety strate-gies and systems to identify and remedy racialinequities in policing practices. The executivebranch should support community-led strategiesto identify and remedy inequities in law enforcement. The Department of Justice Bureau of JusticeAssistance should provide grants and technicalassistance to support the implementation of newpolice success metrics — ones that go beyondmerely tallying arrests and summonses — in order to reflect policies and practices that betteralign with community-led values and public safetypriorities. These metrics may include communityengagement, the number of lives kept safe in dangerous police encounters, participation in youthoutreach programs, and the successful diversionof people to community-based services. Promote the creation of co-responder and di-version models. The next president and Congressshould incentivize the creation and scaling of diversion strategies that focus on dealing with theroot causes of crime and social disorder, such asmental illness, homelessness, substance use, andpoverty. This would ensure that more Americansare diverted from the justice system entirely. Reinvigorate comprehensive police reformsupported by the COPS Office. The Justice Department should resume previous efforts undertaken by the Collaborative Reform Initiative toencourage and support police reform at the locallevel — whether to address racial bias, reformuse-of-force policies, or improve police departments’ relationships with their communities. Encourage the demilitarization of the police by Reinvigorate DOJ pattern-or-practice investi-gations. The Justice Department should resumepattern-or-practice investigations that focus onsystemic problematic behavior by a police department and should support legislation that wouldprovide subpoena power for such investigations. Create a national database of police misconductrecords and promote a national standard for decertification. The Justice Department should create a national database of police records and promote national decertification standards. Currentlythere is no national standard for police trainingor certification, nor is there a standard process bywhich someone can lose the privilege of holdingthe public trust required to enforce laws.7Brennan Center for Justice eliminating the 1033 Progra
cant criminal justice reform as a key early priority. Elements of these reforms can be enacted as part of reconciliation or other budgetary measures. Some can be accomplished by executive action, through a renewed Justice Department, or directly by the president through executive orders. Quick action will show the public that
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Transition provisions recently enacted by WIOA are consistent with the principles, goals and policy priorities identified in The 2020 Federal Youth Transition Plan: A Federal Interagency Strategy (2020 Plan). To move towards an inclusi
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EU Tracker Questions (GB) Total Well Total Badly DK NET Start of Fieldwork End of Fieldwork 2020 15/12/2020 16/12/2020 40 51 9-11 08/12/2020 09/12/2020 41 47 12-6 02/12/2020 03/12/2020 27 57 15-30 26/11/2020 27/11/2020 28 59 13-31 17/11/2020 18/11/2020 28 60 12-32 11/11/2020 12/11/2020 28 59 12-31 4/11/2020 05/11/2020 30 56 13-26 28/10/2020 29/10/2020 29 60 11-31
Standard Chartered Bank Transition Finance Framework 2021 Our definition of transition finance Transition finance is any financial service provided to clients to support them align their business and/ or operations with a 1.5 degree trajectory. We recognise that global thinking around transition finance is still nascent and as such, we will .
2020–2021 UMGC Catalog. and represents changes and additions made after original publication. Refer to the . 2020–2021 Catalog. for information on all other programs, services, and policies. 2020 2021 UMGC Catalog . 2020 2021 UMGC Catalog . 2020 2021 Catalog . 2020 2021 Catalog . ABO
transition capital of the world? From the analysis, for Houston to realize its ambition to become the energy transition capital of the world, capital flows for energy transition will need to scale to 150B p.a. in Houston by 2040 (by a factor of ten vs. 2021 estimated energy transition capital flows), which is equivalent to
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