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Irregular shaped building designoptimization with building informationmodellingConference or Workshop ItemPublished VersionCreative Commons: Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY)Open AccessLee, X. S., Yan, C. P. and See, Z. S. (2016) Irregular shapedbuilding design optimization with building informationmodelling. In: The 4th International Building ControlConference 2016 (IBCC 2016), 7-8 March 2016, KualaLumpur, Malasia. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20166600027 Available athttp://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68393/It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from thework. See Guidance on citing .Published version at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20166600027To link to this article DOI: lisher: EDP SciencesAll outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law,including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other
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MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00027 (2016)DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20166600027IBCC 2016Irregular Shaped Building Design Optimization with Building InformationModellingXia Sheng Lee 1,a, Chung Pui Yan2 and Zi Siang See31School of the Built Environment, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu, Educity, 79200 Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia.Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.3Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia.2,3Abstract. This research is to recognise the function of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in design optimizationfor irregular shaped buildings. The study focuses on a conceptual irregular shaped “twisted” building design similarto some existing sculpture-like architectures. Form and function are the two most important aspects of new buildings,which are becoming more sophisticated as parts of equally sophisticated “systems” that we are living in. Nowadays, itis common to have irregular shaped or sculpture-like buildings which are very different when compared to regularbuildings. Construction industry stakeholders are facing stiff challenges in many aspects such as buildability, costeffectiveness, delivery time and facility management when dealing with irregular shaped building projects. BuildingInformation Modelling (BIM) is being utilized to enable architects, engineers and constructors to gain improvedvisualization for irregular shaped buildings; this has a purpose of identifying critical issues before initiating physicalconstruction work. In this study, three variations of design options differing in rotating angle: 30 degrees, 60 degreesand 90 degrees are created to conduct quantifiable comparisons. Discussions are focused on three major aspectsincluding structural planning, usable building space, and structural constructability. This research concludes thatBuilding Information Modelling is instrumental in facilitating design optimization for irregular shaped building. Inthe process of comparing different design variations, instead of just giving “yes or no” type of response, stakeholderscan now easily visualize, evaluate and decide to achieve the right balance based on their own criteria. Therefore,construction project stakeholders are empowered with superior evaluation and decision making capability.1 IntroductionAfter obtaining professional training and gaining years ofworking experience, most of the architects or designerswill have the spatial visualization ability to visualizeirregular shaped building from 2D drawings. However,non-architect professionals such as structural engineersand quantity surveyors who are responsible forinterpreting a 2D architectural drawing will facedifficulties visualising an irregular shaped building [1].They also found it difficult to interrelate the structuralconstructability of the irregular shaped building withother aspects such as usable floor area and structuralplanning. This can be solved by Building InformationModelling (BIM) where visualisation is one of the keyadvantages if compared to the conventional ComputerAided Design (CAD). The roles of project clients,architects, and contractors are experiencing majorchanges through BIM application [2].BIM is about a new approach to design, construction,and facility Management. It is made of intelligentbuilding components which include data attributes andparametric rules for each object [3]. BIM providesconsistent and coordinated views and representations ofthe digital irregular shaped model embedded withasynchronised data. This is a significant difference whencompared to other non-BIM 3D modelling tools wherethe visual representation is detached from specificationdata. The continuous improvement of hardware andsoftware can increase the professionals’ designcapability. Designers are able to save time with BIMautomation since every view and data is coordinatedthrough the built-in intelligence of the model. One of theadvantages is how the design alternatives can be createdand assessed [4] at ease on an unprecedented scale.Project change orders can also be managed moreefficiently with BIM [5]. BIM models are used tofacilitate the study of the alternative approaches and“what if” scenarios [3], which can be crucial for irregularshaped building designs.This research explores assessment of the structuralplanning such as location of the staircases and lift cores,usable building space and structural constructability ofthe irregular shaped “twisted” building that can greatly beaided by the improved ability to visualize the designproposal in the early project phases. This will enabletangible design optimization even when aesthetic aspectssuch as the building twist angle is put into consideration.Corresponding author: x.s.lee@reading.edu.my, leexiasheng@gmail.com The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00027 (2016)DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20166600027IBCC 20161.1 Building Information ModellingPhilips Pavilion as shown in Figure 2 designed by theoffice of Le Corbusier in 1958.The interactive computer-aided design (CAD) system hasbeen developed and used since 1963 by Ivan Sutherland,who also developed special graphics hardware and aprogram called as “Sketchpad” [6]. It has the capability torefine rough drawings by straightening and joining thelines, performing geometric patterns, and allowing othersto foresee a designer’s objective. 3D modelling softwaresare developed to perform more sophisticated tasks. It wasan outstanding milestone for irregular shaped buildingswhen CATIA Version 1 by Dassault Systems was usedby Frank Gehry’s office in 1989 to design and developDisney Concert Hall as shown in Figure 1[7].Figure 2. Philips Pavilion [22]Creative and exotic designs are often sought–after as theclients’ requirements and expectations for buildings aregetting higher. These irregular shaped buildings usuallyprovide extraordinary futuristic impressions compared totypical buildings. Such buildings stand out easily asarchitectural icons which sometimes relate directly to thestakeholders’ unique identity and philosophy. These days,these building designs with irregular shapes depend onthe digital technology for their designs and construction[15], and designs resembling “twisted” buildings arebecoming more and more common. The “twisted”building surface is usually made up of straight lines byrotation and shifting, whereby the shifting direction isperpendicular to the rotation direction [16].Figure 1. Walt Disney Concert Hall [21]The increase in building complexity and scale will befollowed by the increase of information [8] that needs tobe managed by powerful information systems [9].Technology evolved quickly when Building InformationModelling (BIM) started to emerge with a small amountof early adopters. BIM can be defined as a set ofinteracting policies, processes and technologiesgenerating a “methodology to manage the essentialbuilding design and project data in digital formatthroughout the building's life-cycle” [10]. Similar terms,such as n-dimensional (n-D) modelling, is also beingrecognised by stakeholders, where different “dimensions”of information are integrated into a digital building model[11]. As BIM started to gain momentum, it was crucialthat the framework [12] and maturity diagram [13]prepared by Mervyn Richards and Mark Bew couldexplain the BIM deliverables and implementation levelfor the construction industry stakeholders. Researchshows that majority of construction industry stakeholdersagree that greater use of BIM will improve constructionbest practices [14].1.3 Design OptimizationMultidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) can bedefined as a formal methodology for the design ofcomplex coupled systems in which the synergistic effectsof coupling between various interacting disciplines areexplored and exploited at every stage of the designprocess [17]. MDO is an important research direction forcollaboration and integration between differentdisciplines in building design optimization which coversdiversified aspects such as floor shape [18], buildingstructural framework [19] and structural constructability[20]. Therefore, the contribution of this research studyfocuses on how various aspects of design optimizationare being integrated and assessed with BIM.2 Method and ApparatusIn this action research type pilot study, a conceptualirregular shaped “twisted” building design as shown inFigure 3 is modelled using BIM software. This irregularshaped “twisted” building consists of 12 levels with abuilding footprint of 18 meters x 30 meters that includeboth private area and public area. The building’senvelope is formed by “twisting” and “morphing” a mass1.2 Irregular Shaped BuildingMost of the buildings are often built with simplerectangular shapes. However, irregular structureincorporated with unconventional and unusual shapes areoften set to become an outstanding icon. For example,2
MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00027 (2016)DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20166600027IBCC 2016extruded from level 1 building footprint, with the slantedcolumns having both structural and aesthetic functions.The location of lift core and staircase in the building asshown in Figure 3 is not fixed but subject to progressivedesign optimisation.Three variations of design options differing inrotating angles of 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degreesare created to conduct quantifiable comparisons.There are different types of BIM software available forthe building industry. One of the widely used softwares isthe Autodesk Revit. Some of the strengths of AutodeskRevit include automation and better communication tothe stakeholders. The main factor for Autodesk Revit tobe chosen as the modelling tool in this research is thatthis software is decent in multidisciplinary integrationand configurable automation. The hardware setting upfollows system requirements for Autodesk Revit 2016:Value: Balanced cost and performance category as thefollowing:CPU TypeMemoryVideo DisplayDisk Space: Quad-Core Intel i5-4590S CPU@ 3.00GHz: 8 GB RAM: 1,680 x 1,050 with true colour: 5 GB free disk space3 Observation and DiscussionThere are critical factors that will affect the selectedoptimization aspects, and such critical factors arevisualised with BIM to facilitate the research.The location of lift core and staircase in the buildingare only limited to the vertically overlapping floor area.Since the vertically overlapping floor area is of differentsizes and shapes, optimisation should also consider theorientation of lift core and staircase. Other factors alsoinclude minimising odd shape area surrounding the liftcore and staircase, to maximise functional flexibility.The building space is categorised as either privatearea or public area. Private area can be interpreted aspartitionable or rentable area, and preferably to be withinvertically overlapping floor area. This is becausestructural supports, mechanical and electrical services,water supply and sewerage piping often require verticalcontinuity. Public areas such as corridors and sharedspace with lesser verticality requirement can be locatedoutside vertically overlapping floor area.The slanted columns in the building cannot beinterpreted effectively in 2D CAD drawings. It is criticalfor one to be able to virtualise such irregular columns andautomate generation of slope angle information in a BIMmodel in order to relate with other building elements andactivities.Figure 3. Conceptual irregular shaped “twisted” buildingdesignThe study will focus on three major aspects includingstructural planning, usable building space, and structuralconstructability. These aspects are selected because ndimensional of information are required to do assessmentin the process of achieving the desired optimization. Thesimulation and discussion are not intended for realconstruction but purely to explore the role of BIM inirregular shaped building design optimization.This research will cover only one criteria for everyaspects as a proof of concept for pilot study. The criteriaof study for every aspect is stated in Table 1.Table 1. Building design optimization aspects and criteriaNo.Design OptimizationAspectsCriteria1.Structural planningThe location of lift core andstaircase based on thevertically overlapping floorarea.2.Usable building space3.StructuralconstructabilityThe building spacequantification based onprivate area and public area.The slanted columns’virtualisation and automatedgeneration of slope angleinformation.3.1 Structural planningThe optimization of structural planning for thelocation of lift core and staircase with BIM is based onthe vertically overlapping floor area as illustrated inFigure 4. Other than at the center of the building, lift coreand staircase location can be aligned to the y-axis and xaxis respectively at the edge for design options 30degrees and 90 degrees. These will minimise thesurrounding odd shape area. For design option 60degrees, the lift core and staircase can also be orientedwith a suitable direction that minimise the surroundingodd shape area. Stakeholders are able to simulate and3
MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00027 (2016)DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20166600027IBCC 20163.3 Structural constructabilityassess the BIM model finally achieving their very owndesired optimisation.The optimization of usable building space with BIM isillustrated in Figure 6. Irregular shaped buildingcomponents such as slanted columns as shown in Figure6 are ideal to be interrogated with BIM. This issignificant to analyse structural constructability that willimpact both project delivery time and cost. Accurate andreliable automated generation of information with BIMsuch as column slope angle, combining together withother 3 dimensional precision technology willdramatically increase the constructability of an irregularshaped building.Figure 4. The location of lift core and staircase3.2 Usable Building SpaceThe optimization of usable building space with BIM isillustrated in Figure 5 and Table 2. It is noteworthy thatdesign optimisation could be unique for different clients.BIM empowered optimisation by relating directly to theaesthetic perspective is shown in Figure 5 and usablebuilding space quantification is given in Table 2. Clientswho demanded aesthetic curvature with morepartitionable or rentable space may choose an option withsmaller twist angle (30 degrees). Clients who wantedunique and outstanding iconic building with more publicor shared space may choose an option with bigger twistangle (90 degrees). This optimisation is very flexible tocater to unique criteria and thus does not have to be just arigid “yes or no” outcome.Figure 6. Slanted Column’s Slope Angle4 Conclusion and ImplicationThis research concludes that Building InformationModelling is instrumental in facilitating designoptimization for irregular shaped buildings. In the processof comparing different design variations, instead of justgiving “yes or no” type of response, stakeholders cannow easily visualize, evaluate and decide to achieve theright balance based on their own criteria. Therefore,construction project stakeholders are empowered withsuperior evaluation and decision making capability. It isforeseeable that BIM will become almost indispensablefor irregular shaped building projects in the future.Therefore, this BIM research has great potential to bedeveloped along with other emerging technologiesincluding laser scanning, 3D printing, augmented reality(AR) and virtual reality (VR).Figure 5. Usable building space for private and public areaReferencesTable 2. Building Space Quantification for Private Area andPublic lArea(m2)Private/TotalArea .32916.03216.06132.047.61.2.3.4Yagmur-Kilimci, E. S. 3D mental visualization inarchitectural design. PhD Dissertation. GeorgiaInstitute of Technology. (2010)Sebastian, R. Changing roles of the ring, Construction and ArchitecturalManagement, 18(2), 176-187. (2011)Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K.BIM Handbook: A Guide To Building InformationModeling For Owners, Managers, Designers,Engineers & Contractors. New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons. (2011)
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irregular shaped “twisted” building design as shown in Figure 3 is modelled using BIM software. This irregular shaped “twisted” building consists of 12 levels with a building footprint of 18 meters x 30 meters that include both private area and public area. The building’s envelope is formed by “twisting” and “morphing” a mass
1 The English Irregular Verb REGULAR VS. IRREGULAR VERBS A regular verb forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed to its base form. This ending may be pronounced /d/ (cared, happened, viewed), /ud/ (committed, needed, listed), or /t/ (mixed, searched, slipped).See pages 3–4 for details. An irregular verb forms its past tense or past participle, or both, in an unpredictable
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