BRUNEI DARUSSALAM - International Labour Organization
BRUNEIDARUSSALAMEMPLOYMENT AND ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY FACT SHEETS 2019DEMOGRAPHICSThe Employment and Environmental Sustainability FactSheets series provides key features of employment andenvironmental sustainability performance. Jobs that aregreen and decent are central to sustainable developmentand resource productivity. They respond to the globalchallenges of environmental protection, economicdevelopment and social inclusion. Such jobs createdecent employment opportunities, enhance resourceefficiency and build low-carbon, sustainable societies.The fact sheets include the most recently available datafor selected indicators on employment and environmentalsustainability: (i) employment in environmental sectors;(ii) skill levels; (iii) vulnerability of jobs; (iv) jobs inrenewable energy; (v) scoring on the EnvironmentalPerformance Index; and (vi) air quality.Figure 2. Brunei Darussalam population statisticsBrunei Darussalam is a small country on the northerncoast of Borneo island in South-East Asia (Fig. 1). Itspopulation is mostly urban and growing, with a fertilityrate of 1.8 children and life expectancy of 77.5 years.Around 72 per cent of the population is of legal workingage (15–64 years) (Fig. 2).1Population: 2 0.42 millionPopulationgrowth rateFertilityrateLife expectancyat birth1.29%1.8 children77.5 yearsFigure 1. Map of Brunei DarussalamRural populationUrban population0%20%40%60%80%Population age categories5%23%0-14 years15–64 years65 years72%Note: All data is for 2017, except fertility rate and life expectancy, which are 2018 data.Source: ILO compilation using World development indicators, last updated: rts.aspx?source world-development-indicators#and UN ESCAP Statistics. http://data.unescap.org/escap stat/ (accessed on 23 November2018).1 Brunei Darussalambecame a member of the International Labour Organization in 2007.2 Population data based on 2017 data.ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific http://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/green-jobs/ GreenjobsAP@ilo.orgILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific http://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/green-jobs/ GreenjobsAP@ilo.org1
BruneiEmployment and Environmental Sustainability Fact SheetsLABOUR FORCEIn 2018, the labour force participation rate was 67 percent and the employment-to-population ratio was62.34 per cent. Both these rates are more than 15 to20 percentage points higher for men than for women.The total unemployment rate in 2018 was 9.32 percent, and the youth unemployment rate was 28.15 percent, with the female unemployment rate in this agegroup being 5.25 points higher than the male rate. Theproportion of youths aged 15-24 years not in education,employment or training was 20 per cent in 2017. 3Employment is heavily reliant on services, followed byindustry, and on medium and high-skilled occupations(Fig. 3).Vulnerable employment in Brunei Darussalam as of2018 accounted for 5.1 per cent of the labour force,with the majority of those workers having own-accountstatus (Fig. 4). Own-account and contributing familyworkers are more likely to experience low job andincome security than employees and employers, as wellas lower coverage by social protection systems andemployment regulation.Figure 4. Vulnerable employment, 20182.1%92.8%Figure 3. Basic employment statistics forBrunei Darussalam, 20185.1%4.5%0.6%Employment-to-population, 2018 (15 oyment rate21.2%12.7%16.8%8.0%MaleYouth unemploymentrate (15-24 years)FemaleEmployment by sector, 2018 (15 ting family workersNote: ILO estimates. Vulnerable employment includes own-account workers andcontributing family workers from ILO status of employment data.Source: ILO estimates and compilation using ILOSTAT, www.ilo.org/ilostat (accessed 23November 2018).Unemployment, 201840%EmployeesOwn-account workers17.7%Rural population growth was negative 0.1 per cent in2017. The share of agricultural land in total land areaincreased by 1 percentage point between 2000 and2016, while agricultural employment decreased from0.002 million to 0.001 million people. The share ofagricultural employment within total employment fell byapproximately 0.9 percentage points due to faster jobcreation in other sectors (Fig. 5).AgricultureIndustryServicesEmployment by occupation, 201860%40%20%0%41%45%Skill levels 3 and 4 (high)14%Skill level 2 (medium)Skill level 1 (low)Note: ILO estimates. Labour force participation rate and unemployment: aged 15 years andolder. Youth unemployment: aged 15–24 years. Employment by occupation: skill level 1 (low)for elementary occupations; skill level 2 (medium) for clerical, service and sales workers,skilled agricultural and trade workers, plant machinists and assemblers; and skill levels 3 and4 (high) for managers, professionals and technicians.Source: ILO estimates and compilation using ILOSTAT, www.ilo.org/ilostat (accessed 23November 2018).3 World development indicators. urce world-development-indicators# (accessed on 7 August 2018).2ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific http://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/green-jobs/ GreenjobsAP@ilo.org
BruneiEmployment and Environmental Sustainability Fact SheetsFigure 5. Agricultural land and agriculturalemployment, ironmental health (EH)2nd Axis3%Figure 6. Environmental performance indexfor Brunei Darussalam, 2018EH–Air qualityEH–Water and sanitationEH– Heavy metals0Ecosystem vitality (EV)Agricultural land (% of land area)EV–Biodiversity and habitatEmployment in agriculture (% of total employment)EV–ForestsAgricultural employment (2nd axis, x million)EV–FisheriesEV–Climate and energyNote: data for agricultural land is from 2016 other data is from 2018.EV–Air pollutionSource: ILO compilation using World development indicators, last updated: rts.aspx?source world-development-indicators#(accessed on 23 November 2018).EV–Water resourcesEV–Agriculture0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESBrunei Darussalam ranks number 53 of 180 countriesin the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 4, with ascore of 63.57 (with 0 being furthest from the highperformance benchmark target of 100). BruneiDarussalam outperforms the average score for Asia andthe Pacific (Fig. 6) in some of the EPI categories,including water and sanitation, heavy metals, airquality, and biodiversity and habitat. However, there isroom for improvement, especially in ecosystem vitality(air pollution, climate and energy, forests, fisheries andwater resources). Action to address climate change andimprove environmental health, ecosystem vitality andresilience to weather disasters all have the potential toprovide job creation, green economy growth andinnovation in Brunei Darussalam.Brunei DarussalamAsia-PacificNote: Score 0 (worst)–100 (best). Asia-Pacific: the data is for ILO member states in the region,excluding Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau and Tuvalu.Source: ILO compilation using “2018 EPI Scores – Current”. EPI Yale.Forest area decreased between 1990 and 2016 byapproximately 6.3 per cent of total land area. From2000 to 2017, the share of terrestrial protected areaincreased slightly, reaching 46.9 per cent of total landarea, while the proportion of marine protected areadecreased slightly, down to 0.2 per cent (Fig. 7). Therewill be greater prospects for employment opportunitiesif there is a commitment to transition to a low-carbonand resource-efficient economy, such as jobs inresource management and environmental services. 54 Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Networkat Columbia University. “2018 EPI Scores – Current”. EPI Yale. Retrieved 14-06-2018.Available: https”//epi.envirocenter.yale.edu.Co-operation and Development: The jobs potential of a shift towards a low-carbon economy, OECD Green Growth Papers, No. 2012/01 (Paris, 2012),http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k9h3630320v-en.5 Organisation for EconomicILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific http://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/green-jobs/ GreenjobsAP@ilo.org3
BruneiEmployment and Environmental Sustainability Fact SheetsFigure 7. Forest area, terrestrial and marineprotection area, /201665.0%2nd Axis60.0%Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area)2025.6 The majority of the waste in 2005 was organic(43 per cent), followed by paper and paperboard (18per cent) (Fig. 9). The much-needed implementation ofa municipal waste management system for collection,safe and sustainable disposal, recycling andcomposting practices could create more green jobs thathelp the environment and general health.Figure 9. Waste composition, 2005Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters)Textiles 2%Forest area (% of land area) (2nd axis)Metals 4%Note: data for forest area is from 2016 and other data is from 2017.Source: ILO compilation using World development indicators, last updated: rts.aspx?source world-development-indicators#(accessed on 18 March 2019).Since 2010, access to basic drinking water hasremained steady, at an average of 99.5 per cent in2015, and access to basic sanitation decreased by 0.1per cent, to an average of 96.3 per cent in 2015 (Fig.8). Both are still below the ideal threshold of 100 percent. Only 0.8 per cent of the labour force wasemployed in water supply, sewerage, wastemanagement and remediation activities in 2017 (Fig.13). Improvement in water supply and sanitation accesscould provide decent job opportunities in the future.Figure 8. Basic drinking water and sanitationaccess, 2000-2015100%98%96%94%2000200520102015People using at least basic drinking water services (% ofpopulation)People using at least basic sanitation services (% ofpopulation)Note: Data before 2010 is not available.Glass Source: ILO compilation using UNSD-Environment statistics (released on ndicators.cshtml) (accessed on 23 November2018).AIR QUALITYThe carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels for BruneiDarussalam increased slightly by an average of 2 percent from 1990 to 2014 (Fig. 10).7 The increase wasdue to two major sources: electricity generation; andfuel consumption in the transport sector. 8 The level ofemissions is significantly lower than both the AsiaPacific and ASEAN averages since 1990.The PM2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter with adiameter of less than 2.5 micrometres) emission levelsfor Brunei Darussalam show a slight decrease since2005 (Fig. 11). Overall PM2.5 emission rates did notexceed the World Health Organisation’s Air QualityGuideline threshold level, thus indicating lowemissions. Brunei Darussalam also shows lower levelsof emission than the ASEAN and Asia-Pacific averages.Source: ILO compilation using World development indicators, last updated: rts.aspx?source world-development-indicators#(accessed on 23 November 2018).Growth of the urban population in Brunei Darussalamhas meant an increase in solid waste. Waste collectionvaries between the inner cities and the country’s outerurban areas. According to the World Bank, municipalsolid waste generation in Brunei Darussalam in 2004was 0.87 kilograms per capita per day and is expectedto increase to 1.3 kilograms per capita per day by6 World Bank: What a waste: A global review of solidwaste management (Washington, DC, 2012).the basis of CAGR (compound annual growth rate).8 Brunei Darussalam’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) November C FINAL 30%20November%202015.pdf.7 The value is calculated on4Otherinorganicmaterial14%ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific http://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/green-jobs/ GreenjobsAP@ilo.org
BruneiEmployment and Environmental Sustainability Fact SheetsCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTSAccording to the World Risk Report 9, BruneiDarussalam has a medium World Risk Index score. Itranks number 12 of 171 countries because of itsmedium exposure to natural hazards and limitedinstitutional capacity to cope and adapt. Part of thecountry’s vulnerability relates to the 1.6 per cent of thetotal population who, as at 2010, live in the 0.4 percent of total land area that is less than 5 metres abovesea runei Darussalam199520002005ASEAN Average20102014Asia-Pacific AverageNote: Data for ASEAN and Asia-Pacific are the average of all the ILO member states of theregions. Asia-Pacific data excludes Cook Islands, Timor-Leste (1990, 1995, 2000).Source: ILO compilation using World Bank ATM.CO2E.KT?locations IR (accessed on 23November 2018).Figure 12. Natural disaster occurrence anddamage costs in Brunei Darussalam3025201510501990Brunei Darussalam199520002005ASEAN Average20102016Asia-Pacific AverageNote: Data for ASEAN and Asia-Pacific are the average of all the ILO member states of theregions. Asia-Pacific data excludes Cook Islands, Palau and Tuvalu.Source: ILO compilation using World Bank ATM.PM25.MC.M3?view chart (accessed on23 November 2018).Applying the Just Transition Guidelines, an area ofpossible intervention includes efforts to reduceharmful emissions, which could potentially generategreen jobs in high emitting sectors such ng emissions is a significant challenge,which can be achieved not only by mitigationmethods, but also by adapting to, and coping with,the changes required by the transition to a low-carboneconomy.9 Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft0.0031.210.80.60.40.200.0020.0010Natural di
Brunei Darussalam ranks number 53 of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index (EPI)4, with a score of 63.57 (with 0 being furthest from the high-performance benchmark target of 100). Brunei Darussalam outperforms the average score for Asia and the Pacific (Fig. 6) in some of the EPI categories,
Botsuana Fijo Botswana Fixed 0.109 0.036 Brasil móvil Brazil Mobile 0.109 0.010 Brasil Fijo Brazil Fixed 0.010 0.010 Islas Vírgenes Británicas móvil British Virgin Islands Mobile 0.109 0.109 Islas Vírgenes Británicas Fijo British Virgin Islands Fixed 0.036 0.109 Brunei Darussalam móvil Brunei Darussalam Mobile 0.073 0.049 Brunei Darussalam Fijo Brunei Darussalam Fixed 0.073 0.012
The ‘Brunei Darussalam In Brief’ is a publication where it discusses briefly on the socio-economic welfare of Brunei Darussalam in general. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
‘Brunei Darussalam In Brief’ is a publication where it discusses briefly on the socio-economic welfare of Brunei Darussalam in general. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means without prior written permission from
BIOCHEMISTRY OF VISION Anjie S. Bispat* and Adeline C. Y. Sung* Department of Chemistry, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam * Third year chemistry majors in the Bachelor of Science Education Degree Programme. The Sense of Vision In general, all living things respond to the stimulus of light.
Darussalam Trade Classification Customs and Excise Duties, 2017 please contact us at: Royal Customs and Excise Department, Ministry of Finance, Jalan Menteri Besar, Berakas, BB3910, Negara Brunei Darussalam. Phone: 673-2382333 Fax : 673-2382666 E-mail : info@customs.mof.gov.bn
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Darussalam. A case study approach was used to explore the development of the bilingual education system in Brunei Darussalam and the Ministry of Education’s (MoE) collaboration with CfBT in facilitating this since 1984. The study sought to document the various processes of change and
Adventure tourism is generally thought to involve land-, air-, and water-based activities, ranging from short, adrenalin-fuelled encounters, such as bungee jumping and wind-surfing, to longer experiences, such as cruise expeditions and mountaineering. Yet, these activities overlap with other types of tourism, such as activity tourism and ecotourism, and this presents problems in clearly .
