ELECTRICAL MACHINES II - الجامعة التكنولوجية
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlELECTRICAL MACHINES IILecturer: Dr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlSyllabusI.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.Introduction to AC MachineSynchronous GeneratorsSynchronous MotorsThree-Phase Induction MachinesThree-Phase Induction MotorsInduction GeneratorsInduction RegulatorsRecommended Textbook :1) M.G.SayAlternating Current MachinesPitman Pub.2) A.S. LangsdorfTheory of AC MachineryMcGRAW-HILL Pub.1
Introduction to AC MachinesI.Dr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlIntroduction to AC MachinesClassification of AC Rotating Machines Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy. Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power factorcompensators (synchronous condensers). Asynchronous (Induction) Machines: Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in bothdomestic and industrial applications. Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, thesemachines are rarely used as generators.Energy Conversion Generators convert mechanical energy to electric energy. Motors convert electric energy to mechanical energy. The construction of motors and generators are similar. Every generator can operate as a motor and vice versa. The energy or power balance is :– Generator: Mechanical power electric power losses– Motor:Electric Power Mechanical Power losses.2
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlAC winding designThe windings used in rotating electrical machines can be classified as Concentrated Windings All the winding turns are wound together in series to form one multi-turn coil All the turns have the same magnetic axis Examples of concentrated winding are– field windings for salient-pole synchronous machines– D.C. machines– Primary and secondary windings of a transformer Distributed Windings All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch coils These coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap periphery toform phase or commutator winding Examples of distributed winding are– Stator and rotor of induction machines– The armatures of both synchronous and D.C. machinesArmature windings, in general, are classified under two main heads, namely, Closed Windings There is a closed path in the sense that if one starts from any point on thewinding and traverses it, one again reaches the starting point from whereone had started Used only for D.C. machines and A.C. commutator machines Open Windings Open windings terminate at suitable number of slip-rings or terminals Used only for A.C. machines, like synchronous machines, inductionmachines, etcSome of the terms common to armature windings are described below:1. Conductor. A length of wire which takes active part in the energyconversion process is a called a conductor.2. Turn. One turn consists of two conductors.3. Coil. One coil may consist of any number of turns.4. Coil –side. One coil with any number of turns has two coil-sides.3
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlThe number of conductors (C) in any coil-side is equal to the number ofturns (N) in that coil.OverhangCoilsidesOne-turn coilCoil sidesCoilsidestwo-turn coilmulti-turn coil5. Single- layer and double layer windings. Single- layer winding One coil-side occupies the total slot area Used only in small ac machinesone coil-side per slot Double- layer winding Slot contains even number (may be 2,4,6 etc.) of coil-sides in two layers Double-layer winding is more common above about 5kW machinesTop layerBottom layerTwo coil –sides per slot4-coil-sides per slot4
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlThe advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding are as follows:a.b.c.d.e.Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coilsFractional-slot winding can be usedChorded-winding is possibleLower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the machineBetter emf waveform in case of generators6. Pole – pitch. A pole pitch is defined as the peripheral distance betweenidentical points on two adjacent poles. Pole pitch is always equal to 180oelectrical.7. Coil–span or coil-pitch. The distance between the two coil-sides of a coil iscalled coil-span or coil-pitch. It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slotsor electrical degrees.8. Chorded-coil. If the coil-span (or coil-pitch) is equal to the pole-pitch, then the coil istermed a full-pitch coil. in case the coil-pitch is less than pole-pitch, then it is called chorded,short-pitch or fractional-pitch coil if there are S slots and P poles, then pole pitch 𝑸𝑸 if coil-pitch 𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺𝑷𝑷N𝑷𝑷slots per pole, it results in full-pitch winding in case coil-pitch 𝒚𝒚 fractional-pitch𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑷𝑷, it results in chorded, short-pitched orSNSPolepitchPolepitchCoilspanCoilspanFull-pitch coilShort-pitched or chorded coil5
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlIn AC armature windings, the separate coils may be connected in several differentmanners, but the two most common methods are lap and waveIn polyphase windings it is essential that The generated emfs of all the phases are of equal magnitude The waveforms of the phase emfs are identical The frequency of the phase emfs are equal𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 The phase emfs have mutual time-phase displacement of 𝜷𝜷 electrical𝒎𝒎radians. Here m is the number of phases of the a.c. machine.Phase spreadWhere field winding on the rotor to produce 2 poles and the stator carries 12conductors housed in 12 87B3-phase winding - phase spread is 120o6
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlE4E3EAE2ECE12E1E11E10E5E6E9E7E8EBTime phase angle is 120o between E A , E B and E C Maximum emf E m induced in conductor 1 𝐸𝐸1 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 Zero emf induced in conductor 4 (conductor 4 is cutting zero lines of flux)the emf generated in conductor 7 is maximum (conductor 7 is cuttingmaximum lines of flux from S pole)the polarity of emf in conductor 7 will be opposite to that in conductor 1,𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎 , opposite to E 1 𝟐𝟐similarly the emfs generated in conductors 2, 3, 5, 6 and in conductor 8 to 12can be represented by phasors E 2 , E 3 , E 5 , E 6 and E 8 to E 12 the slot angle pitch is given by 𝛾𝛾 if180 𝑜𝑜𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2180 𝑜𝑜6R 30𝑜𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝟏𝟏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝟐𝟐𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝟐𝟐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝟑𝟑 𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸1 𝐸𝐸2 𝐸𝐸3 𝐸𝐸4𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝟑𝟑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝟑𝟑Similarly, 𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 𝐸𝐸5 𝐸𝐸6 𝐸𝐸7 𝐸𝐸8 & 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 𝐸𝐸9 𝐸𝐸10 𝐸𝐸11 𝐸𝐸12 the phase belt or phase band may be defined as the group of adjacent slotsbelonging to one phase under one pole-pairConductors 1, 2, 3 and 4 constitute first phase groupConductors 5, 6, 7 and 8 constitute second phase groupConductors 9, 10, 11 and 12 constitute third phase group the angle subtended by one phase group is called phase spread, symbol σ𝜎𝜎 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 4 30𝑜𝑜 where𝑆𝑆𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃7
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlSequence of phase-belts (groups)Let12-conductors can be used to obtain three-phase single – layer winding having aphase spread of 60o (𝜎𝜎 60𝑜𝑜 )𝑆𝑆12 coil pitch or coil span y pole pitch τ 6𝑃𝑃2 for 12 slots and 2 poles, slot angular pitch γ 30o for 𝜎𝜎 60𝑜𝑜 , two adjacent slots must belong to the same E7SE6568B7A′3-phase winding, phase spread is 60o8
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahlabab1 A 2γ 30oA cdA1B1A2B2C1(a)E2-E8 AE7E1120oE5E9C-E4E10-E3-E11E6-E12B(b)Phase spread of 60o , 12 slots,2 pole winding arrangement(b) Time-phase diagram for the emfs generated in (a)9C2d
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlDouble Layer Winding synchronous machine armatures and induction –motor stators above a fewkW, are wound with double layer windings𝑺𝑺 if the number of slots per pole per phase 𝒒𝒒 is an integer, then the𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎winding is called an integral-slot winding in case the number of slots per pole per phase, q is not an integer, thewinding is called fractional-slot winding. For example a 3-phase winding with 36 slots and 4 poles is an integral slot36winding, because 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ��𝑖3 4 a 3-phase winding with 30 slots and 4 poles is a fractional slot305winding, because 𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ��𝑖3 42 the number of coils C is always equal to the number of slots S, C S1- Integral Slot WindingExample: make a winding table for the armature of a 3-phase machine withthe following specifications:Total number of slots 24Double – layer windingNumber of poles 4Phase spread 60oCoil-span full-pitch(a) Draw the detailed winding diagram for one phase only(b) Show the star of coil-emfs. Draw phasor diagram for narrow-spread(σ 60o)connections of the 3-phase winding showing coil-emfs for phases A and B only.Solution: slot angular pitch, 𝛾𝛾 Phase spread,4 180 𝑜𝑜𝜎𝜎 60𝑜𝑜24 30𝑜𝑜Number of slots per pole per phase, 𝑞𝑞 Coil span full pitch 244 610243 4 2
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl(a)Detailed double layer winding diagram for phase A for 3-phase armaturehaving 24 slots, 4 poles, phase spread 60o11
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl(c) The star of coil emfs can be drawn similar to the star of slot emfs or star ofconductor emfsPhasor diagram showing the phasor sum of coil-emfs to obtain phase voltages Aand B12
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl2. integral slot chorded winding Coil span (coil pitch) pole pitch (y τ) The advantages of using chorded coils are: To reduce the amount of copper required for the end-connections (orover hang) To reduce the magnitude of certain harmonics in the waveform ofphase emfs and mmfs The coil span generally varies from 2/3 pole pitch to full pole pitchExample. Let us consider a double-layer three-phase winding with q 3,p 4, (S pqm 36 slots), chorded coils y/τ 7/9The star of slot emf phasors for a double-layer winding p 4 poles,q 3 slots/pole/phase, m 3, S 3613
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlDouble-layer winding: p 4 poles, q 3, y/τ 7/9, S 36 slots.14
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl3. Fractional Slot WindingsIf the number of slots qof a winding is a fraction, the winding is called a fractionalslot winding.Advantages of fractional slot windings when compared with integral slot windingsare:1. a great freedom of choice with respect to the number of slot a possibility toreach a suitable magnetic flux density2. this winding allows more freedom in the choice of coil span3. if the number of slots is predetermined, the fractional slot winding can beapplied to a wider range of numbers of poles than the integral slot windingthe segment structures of large machines are better controlled by usingfractional slot windings4. this winding reduces the high-frequency harmonics in the emf and mmfwaveformsLet us consider a small induction motor with p 8 and q 3/2, m 3.The total number of slots S pqm 8*3*3/2 36 slots. The coil span y isy (S/p) (36/8) 4slot pitchesFractionary q (q 3/2, p 8, m 3,S 36) winding- emf star,15
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl The actual value of q for each phase under neighboring poles is 2 and 1,respectively, to give an average of 3/2Fractionary q (q 3/2, p 8, m 3, S 36) windingslot/phase allocation & coils of phase ASingle – Layer Winding One coil side occupies one slot completely, in view of this, number of coils𝟏𝟏C is equal to half the number of slots S, 𝑪𝑪 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 The 3-phase single –layer windings are of two types1. Concentric windings2. Mush windingsConcentric Windings The coils under one pole pair are wound in such a manner as if these haveone center the concentric winding can further be sub-divided into1. half coil winding or unbifurcated winding2. Whole coil winding or bifurcated winding16
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlHalf coil winding For phase A only The half coil winding arrangement with 2-slots per pole per phase and forσ 60o A coil group may be defined as the group of coils having the same center The number of coils in each coil group the number of coil sides in eachphase belt (phase group) The carry current in the same direction in all the coil groupswhole coil winding For phase A only The whole coil winding arrangement with 2-slots per pole per phase The number of coil sides in each phase belt (here 4) are double the numberof coils (here 2) in each coil group There are P coil groups and the adjacent coil groups carry currents inopposite directionsExample. Design and draw (a) half coil and (b) whole coil single layerconcentric windings for a 3-phase machine with 24-slots, 4-poles and 60o phasespread.17
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlSolution: (a) half coil concentric winding𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ��𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝ℎ, 𝛾𝛾 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝ℎ 4 180 𝑜𝑜24244 30𝑜𝑜 6 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �Half-coil winding diagram for 24 slots, 4 poles, 60o phase spread singlelayer concentric winding (two – plane overhang)18
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl(b) Whole-coil concentric windingFor slot pitch γ 30o & phase spread σ 60o, The number of coils per phase belt 2 The number of coils in each coil group 1 The pole pitch 6 The coil pitch of 6 slot pitches does not result in proper arrangement ofthe winding In view of this, a coil pitch of 5 is chosenWhole-coil winding arrangement of 24 slots, 4 poles, 60o phase spread, singlelayer concentric winding (three-plane overhang)Mush Winding The coil pitch is the same for all the coils Each coil is first wound on a trapezoidal shaped former. Thenthe short coil sides are first fitted in alternate slots and the longcoil sides are inserted in the remaining slots The number of slots per pole per phase must be a whole number The coil pitch is always odd19
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlFor example, for 24 slots, 4 poles, single-layer mush winding, the pole pitch is 6slots pitches. Since the coil pitch must be odd, it can be taken as 5 or 7. Choosinghere a coil pitch of 5 slot pitches.Single – layer mush winding diagram for 24 slots, 4 poles and 60o phasespreadH.W: Design and draw1. 3-phase, 24-slots, 2-poles single-layer winding (half coil winding)2. a.c. winding: 3-phase, 4 -pole, 24- slots, double layer winding with fullpitch coils (phase B& phase C)3. a.c. winding: 3-phase, 4 -pole, 24- slots, double layer winding with chordedcoils y/τ 5/64. 10 -pole, 48- slots, fractional 3-phase double layer winding20
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlRotating Magnetic Field When balanced 3-phase currents flow in balanced 3-phase windings, arotating magnetic field is produced. All 3-phase ac machines are associated with rotating magnetic fields in theirair-gaps.For example, a 2-pole 3-phase stator winding The three windings are displaced fromeach other by 120o along the air-gapperiphery. Each phase is distributed or spread over60o (called phase-spread σ 60o) The 3-phase winding a, b, c is representedby three full pitched coils, aa′ , bb′ , cc′ For instance, the concentrated full-pitched coil aa′ represents phase a windingin all respects A current in phase a winding establishes magnetic flux directed along themagnetic axis of coil aa′ Positive currents are assumed to be flowing as indicated by crosses in coil-sidesa′ , b′ , c′21
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlMagnetic flux plot At the instant 1, the current in phase a is positive and maximum I m𝑰𝑰 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃 𝒊𝒊𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎 At the instant 2, 𝒊𝒊𝒂𝒂 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 At the instant 3, 𝒊𝒊𝒂𝒂 , 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃 d 𝒊𝒊𝒄𝒄 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎, 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎 and 𝒊𝒊𝒄𝒄 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐Production of rotating magnetic field illustrated by magnetic flux plot The 2 poles produced by the resultant flux are seen to have turned throughfurther 60o The space angle traversed by rotating flux is equal to the time angletraversed by currents The rotating field speed, for a P-pole machine, is𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷 revolution in one cycle 𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐revolutions in f cycles22
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl𝒇𝒇 𝑷𝑷 revolutions in one second [because f cycles are completed in one 𝟐𝟐second]Here f is the frequency of the phase currents. If n s denotes the rotating field speedin revolutions per sec, then𝑓𝑓2𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃 2Or𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 120𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟. 𝑝𝑝. 𝑚𝑚 [The speed at which rotating magnetic field revolves iscalled the Synchronous speed]Space phasor representation When currents i a , i b , i c flow in their respective phase windings, then the 𝑏𝑏 , 𝐹𝐹 𝑐𝑐 combine to give the resultantthree stationary pulsation m.m.fs 𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎 ,𝐹𝐹 m.m.f. 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 which is rotating at synchronous speed.Production of rotating magnetic field illustrated by space phasor m.m.fs. At the instant 1,𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎 ��𝑚 𝑚𝑚. 𝑚𝑚. 𝑓𝑓. 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚2𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚. 𝑚𝑚. 𝑓𝑓. � 𝐹𝐹 𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹 𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚2 𝒃𝒃 , 𝑭𝑭 𝒄𝒄 is 𝑭𝑭 𝑹𝑹 and its magnitude is given by 𝒂𝒂 , 𝑭𝑭The resultant of m.m.fs. 𝑭𝑭𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 2𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚3cos 60𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚22 𝒃𝒃 & 𝑭𝑭 𝒄𝒄 cancel each other.The vertical component of 𝑭𝑭23
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl At the instant 2,𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚 & 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚2𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚. 𝑚𝑚. 𝑓𝑓. � 𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚 & 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹 𝑐𝑐 ��𝑚 𝑚𝑚. 𝑚𝑚. 𝑓𝑓. 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚32The resultant m.m.f. 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 [it rotate by a space angle of 60o clockwise] At the instant 3,𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚22&3𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚The resultant m.m.f. 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 [The resultant m.m.f. has turned through a2further space angle of 60o from its position occupied at instant 2]A constant-amplitude rotating m.m.f. orrotating field is produced in the air-gap of athree-phase machines at synchronous speedSinusoidal rotating mmf wave creates in phase sinusoidal rotating flux densitywave in the air gap; the peak value of B- wave is given byWhere g is air-gap lengthExample: Prove that a rotating magnetic field of constant amplitude isproduced when 3-phase balanced winding is excited by three-phase balancedcurrents.Solution: three – phase balanced currents given by------ (1)24
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlThe three mmfs F a , F b and F c can be expressed mathematically asAngle α is measured from the axis of phase aThe mmf of phase a can be expressed as------ (2)Similarly, for phases b & c,------ (3)------ (4)The resultant mmf 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 (𝛼𝛼, 𝑡𝑡) can be obtained by adding the three mmfs given byEqs. (1), (2) and (3).------ (5)25
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlButmmfEq.(5), therefore, reduces to------ (6)It can be shown that Eq.(6) represents a travelling mmf wave of constant : A three-phase, Y-connected winding is fed from 3-phase balanced supply,with their neutrals connected together. If one of the three supply leads getsdisconnected, find what happens to the m.m.f. wave .26
Introduction to AC MachinesDr. Suad Ibrahim ShahlElectromotive Force (EMF) Equation A wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field.– N is the number of turns in the loop– L is the length of the loop– D is the width of the loop– B is the magnetic flux density– n is the number of revolutions per seconds A wire loop is rotated ina magnetic field. The magnetic flux throughthe loop changes by the positionΦ (t ) B D L cos (ω t )ω 2π n Position 1 all flux links withthe loopPosition 2 the flux linkagereducedThe change of flux linkageinduces a voltage in the loopEV (t ) N dΦ (t )d [cos (ω t )] N BDL N B D L ω sin (ω t )dtdtThe induced voltage is an ac voltageThe voltage is sinusoidalThe rms value
electrical radians. Here m is the number of phases of the a.c. machine. Phase spread . Where field winding on the rotor to produce 2 poles and the stator carries 12 conductors housed in 12 slots. 2. 8. 3-phase winding - phase spread is 120. o A B C E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4 E 5 E E 6
OTHER USEFUL BOOKS J.B. GuptaA Course in Electrical Technology J.B. GuptaBasic Electrical Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 1] J.B. GuptaElectrical Machines [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 2] J.B. GuptaElectronics Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 3] J.B. GuptaTheory and Performance of Electrical Machines [DC Machines, AC Machines and Polyphase Circuits]
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL MACHINES ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERTERS AND TRANSFORMERS Lectured for IVth semester students by Wiesław PARTYKA, Ph.D., M.Sc. El. Eng. Institute of Electrical Machines Electrical Machines Division Building beneath Chimney, room #19 (BpK19)
Electrical Infrastructure includes an electrical installation, electrical equipment, electrical line or associated equipment for an electrical line. 1.9 Electrical installation As per the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (s15) (a) An electrical installation is a group of items of electrical equipment that—
IEC 60034-8 Rotating electrical machines - Part 8: Terminal markings and direction of rotation. IEC 60034-9 Rotating electrical machines - Part 9: Noise limits. IEC 60034-11-1 Rotating electrical machines - Part 11-1: Thermal protection. IEC 60034-12 Rotating electrical machines - Part
IEC 60034-15, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 15—Impulse Voltage Withstand Levels Of Rotating A.C. Machines With Form-wound Stator Coils IEC 60034-18, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 18—Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems IEC TS 60034-27, Rotating Electrical Machine
Tools and machines Worksheet 6.1 Simple machines 1. Complete the sentences. tools one two Simple machines have one or two parts. Simple machines are called tools. 2. Write the names of these simple machines. 3. Match. pulley wheel and axle lever wedge screw inclined plane screw lever pulley inclined plane wedge wheel and axle .
answer questions 2.1 - 2.13 Note: You are studying only simple machines in this course. The other category of machines is compound machines, which are made up of two or more simple machines working together. Cars and dishwashers are examples of compound machines. Note: Ask your instructor for a copy of the worksheet, Classes of Levers, to .
distance needed to do work. Simple machines do not change the amount of work done 2) Identify examples of simple machines in everyday objects. 3) Identify simple machines within complex machines. 4) Choose appropriate simple machines to solve a mechanical problem. 5) a) Define engineering design as the process of creating
