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GEOGRAPHY: (See activity page 17) Map Vulcan Park. Explore Red Mountain. Map the St. Louis World’s Fair.ART: (See activity pages 4, 15) Make a clay model of Vulcan, or one “before” and one “after.” Make posters to put up around school, community, etc., to enlist help for Vulcan. Make posters to send to other schools. Take photographs of Vulcan and compare to past photos. Make a photo collage of Vulcan pictures. Draw or paint pictures of Vulcan. Paint T-shirts with pictures of Vulcan. Have a Vulcan photography or painting contest and put the winning entry on a T-shirtor poster. Make a scrapbook of drawings, articles and photos of Vulcan. Create a Vulcan bulletin board collage. Paint hats or create hats with model Vulcans on top. Make puppets and write a puppet show depicting Vulcan’s troubles. Make videos of Vulcan’s history or problems. Use the computer to design a flyer publicizing Vulcan’s need for help. Distribute in the schooland community.CIVICS OR ECONOMICS:Lots of ideas for items to make and sell or fund-raising ideas: Car wash. Bake sale. Book marks. Just go around collecting ! Make and sell Beanie Baby T-shirts with Vulcan’s picture on them. WWJD type bracelets with a slogan about Vulcan instead. Pencils with a “Save Vulcan” slogan. Contact Hitachi, our sister city in Japan, for help and publicity. Get your church involved. Have a Vulcan party and charge admission. Have a raffle and sell tickets.HISTORY: (See activity pages 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20) Study symbols of other cities and how they have been preserved. Research the history of the iron and steel industries in our city and why Vulcan is here. Study the life of Giuseppe Moretti. Research exactly how Vulcan was made. Make a time line of Vulcan’s life with a “?” at the end.ALL CLASSES: Start a campaign to have every child in the city bring change to help Vulcan. Have a costume day when everyone designs and wears a Vulcan costume. Develop a culminating activity to share with other classes, the press and perhaps the general public.Birmingham Historical SocietyViveVulcan!

Questions & AnswersWhen was Birmingham founded?1871By what transportation did Vulcan arrivefor casting?By trainWhat kind of a city was it founded to be?Iron and steel centerWhat piece of Vulcan arrived first in St. Louis?A legWho created Vulcan?The Birmingham Commercial Club (Chamberof Commerce)At what Birmingham foundry was Vulcan cast?Birmingham Steel & Iron – the McWane foundryWhen?1903-1904Of what iron is Vulcan made?Sloss No. 2 pig ironWhy?To send a symbol of Birmingham and its resourcesand industry to the St. Louis World’s Fair in 1904Where was the iron ore from which Vulcan wasmade mined?Red MountainWho was Vulcan?Roman god of the forge, a smith who madeeverything the mythological gods neededIn what month were the final pieces of Vulcanshipped to St. Louis?April 1904Who sculpted him?Giuseppe MorettiWhere was Vulcan exhibited at the World’s Fair?Palace of Mines and MetallurgyHow long did the sculptor have?4 monthsHow large was this Palace?Nine acresWhat was the World’s Fair exhibit trying towidely promote?Birmingham and its industrial resourcesWhat was at his feet?Mounds of mineral resources; coal, iron oreand limestoneWhat are these resources?Coal, coke, iron, limestoneWere Vulcan’s ribs showing?No, sculptor Moretti applied a finish coat ofplaster for this presentation at the fairWho sponsored the exhibit?The Commercial ClubHow long did it take to make Vulcan?4 monthsWhere did Moretti make the plaster model forthe statue?Passaic, New Jersey, in an unfinished church; hisNew York studio was not big enoughHow was Vulcan popularized at the fair?Vulcan statuettes sold for 2 eachHow many visitors attended the World’s Fair inSt. Louis?20,000,000Was Vulcan made in a single piece?No, 21 piecesCan a carriage pass through Vulcan’s legs?YesBirmingham Historical SocietyHow did the Commercial Club finance the costof creating Vulcan?Opera performances by Moretti, Vulcan statuettes,and other public events and contributionsCViveVulcan!

From 1906 to the early 1930s, what was Vulcan’sBirmingham home?Alabama State FairgroundsWho coordinated the original mountaintop parkconstruction and when did it occur?Kiwanis Club leaders, 1934-1938Was Vulcan correctly assembled there?No, the arms were misassembled. No historicdocumentation guided the difficult assemblyAs the statue was put into place on the top ofthe tower, with what was it filled to ballast it?ConcreteWhat uses did he serve during those early years?The promotion of ice cream, overalls and ketchup;lost and found for childrenWhat is creating Vulcan’s crack up?Disparity in expansion rates between iron andconcrete. Also, water held by concrete weakensand rusts the statueWhere is Vulcan Park located?At the corner of Valley Avenue and 20th StreetSouth on Red MountainDescribe the original Vulcan tower.StoneDid it fit into the natural setting?YesWhat did Vulcan hold aloft in his handat completion of the tower?A new spear point, the original one was lost enroute home from the World’s FairWhat were the principal features of the1930s park?A natural landscape built from the rock of themountain, views of and from Vulcan, cascades,open observation deck, tower in proportion toVulcan himself; right on major paved highwayWho was Vulcan’s sweetheart?Electra, atop the Alabama Power CompanyBuildingWhat was the principal reason Vulcan Parkbecame a major tourist destination?Vulcan was on the major U.S. highway, oldU.S. 31–20th Street, the only all-paved four-lanehighway in AlabamaWhat is the preferred approach for restoringthe statue?To remove it in pieces, remove the concrete withsolvent, recast ruined pieces and replace concretewith well-draining steel framework/armatureWill this tear up the park?Yes, quite a bit. Road construction and cranes willbe necessary for the take-downHas such an armature been tried before?Yes, Statue of LibertyDoes the original Vulcan Tower remain?Yes, behind the marble claddingDoes the original cascade remain?HopefullyCan an elevator and a staircase be fitted into theoriginal Vulcan tower?YesHow many stairs are there in the towerstaircase?157Would a visitor center enhance and improve ourunderstanding of Vulcan and of the city?YesWhere did the stone for the Vulcan towercome from?Quarries opened for construction of U.S. 31,cut by Italian masonsBirmingham Historical SocietyViveVulcan!

Quiz & ANSWERSThe mythological god, Vulcan is the R O M A N god of T H E F O R G E.A S M I T H by profession, his S M I T H Y was located on the Sicilian Island ofM T. A E T N A. Here, he and the C Y C L O P E S made E V E R Y T H I N Gfor T H E G O D S. His father J U P I T E R was so pleased with theT H U N D E R B O L T S Vulcan created that he gave his son V E N U S to behis wife.The (original) statue of VulcanThis statue depicts a male figure, his left foot forward and his right arm uplifted holdinga S P E A R P OI N T. His left hand holds a H A M M E R. He wears sandals and isclothed (in the tradition of classical sculpture) with a blacksmith’s A P R O N. He isstanding at an A N V I L block. His gesture indicates a mood of T R I U M P H. He isproud to have just C R E A T E D S T E E L.Birth/CreationBirmingham’s Vulcan was created by the city’s B U S I N E S S leaders to promote thecity to the W O R L D. Vulcan served as Alabama’s E X H I B I T at the 1 9 0 4(date) W O R L D’ S Fair in S T. L O U I S, M I S S O U R I.Materials used in the statueVulcan is made of I R O N. The metal is made from I R O N O R E heated in furnacessuch as the S L O S S F U R N A C E S (now closed and a National Historic Landmark).C O A L and limestone are also needed to make I R O N. (Steel is made from this metal.)Birmingham has these minerals in A B U N D A N C E. The City of Birmingham wasestablished to mine these minerals and to make iron and steel products. That manufacturing industry formed the economic reason for the city’s founding in 1871.Cast from I R O N ore in a B I R M I N G H A M foundry, the statue was designed by anI T A L I A N (nationality) sculptor named G I U S E P P E M O R E T T I. He usedan unfinished C H U R C H in Passaic, New Jersey, to build the P L A S T E R castfrom which the statue was made.Birmingham Historical SocietyDViveVulcan!

WORD SEARCH KEY1. Vulcan spent 30 years here after leaving theWorld’s Fair8. Site of the 1904 World’s Fair2. Vulcan’s mythological mother9. Vulcan is the largest iron statue inthe world3. Vulcan’s mythological father10. Vulcan’s height4. Birmingham’s nickname11. Item Vulcan now holds in his right hand5. The sculptor who created our statue of Vulcan12. Vulcan’s estimated weight6. Vulcan’s current home13. Item Vulcan originally held in his right hand7. Vulcan is the god of the forgeCourtesy Beverly and Abbey MillerBirmingham Historical SocietyEViveVulcan!

Map of the Ancient World KEYBD6C 4EH 5F 3A1 2GINSTRUCTIONS: Place names below in appropriate locations on the map.A. Mediterranean SeaB. Rome, ItalyC. Athens, GreeceD. Mt. Olympus, Macedonia(home of the mythological gods)E. Mt. Aetna (on a volcanic isle off Sicily)F. Rhodes (on the isle of) CreteG. Thebes (Luxor) EgyptH. TarentumColossi1. Colossi of Memnon2. Colossi of Ramesses II3. Colossus of Rhodes4. Athena Parthenos5. Heracles6. Constantine The Greatboundary of the Roman EmpireBirmingham Historical SocietyFViveVulcan!

The Resumé ofa Man of IronConception: Vulcan was born from a burning desireon the part of Birmingham businessmen to promotethe area’s industrial potential at the 1904 St. LouisWorld’s Fair. Presenting the world’s largest castmetal structure — largest statue in the UnitedStates after the Statue of Liberty — would surelymake an impression. And it did.Gestation: A dramatic story, chronicled on thefront pages of major New York newspapers: SculptorGiuseppe Moretti, Italian immigrant, had 40 daysto create the model of Vulcan in an unfinishedNew Jersey church in the dead of winter. Moretti, apopular figure on the art scene, shipped Vulcan’splaster cast “parts” to Birmingham foundries in segments. Meanwhile, the art world swooned withadmiration over the work in progress.D.O.B.: Birmingham Steel and Iron, operated byJames R. McWane, went into action. The largestcastings ever made, supported by money from theBirmingham public, began to form the Man of Iron.Time span from Vulcan’s conception to his dedication at the World’s Fair: 9 months. Total cost: 20,000. A near miracle of technology and desire.Triumph of the Fair: Vulcan “held court” in the center of the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy (amajor pavilion), surrounded by other exhibits touting Alabama’s minerals and industries. Fairattendance: 20 million. Awards: Best Exhibit in Palace (for Vulcan himself), silver medals forMoretti and McWane.Homecoming: After 7 months in St. Louis, Vulcan returned to Birmingham. But where? AlthoughBirmingham ladies objected to his bare bottomed torso, the Alabama State Fairgrounds warmlyaccepted him. For 30 years, he was a popular meeting place for families gathering at the fair.Graduation: Finally, Vulcan truly returned home to the crest of Red Mountain from which hisoriginal materials had been mined. Perched atop a pedestal with a museum in his base, he becamea highly visible landmark on the Birmingham skyline.All Eyes on Vulcan: Once moved, he became the man to visit in Birmingham, the city’s only realtourist attraction, and the premier place for first kisses and marriage proposals. The neon torch(shining green in times of traffic safety, red when fatalities occur) was added in the 1940s. Vulcanis the city symbol to all.Birmingham Historical Society1ViveVulcan!

A Victim of Age: Following the common practice of the 1930s, Vulcan’s interior was filled withconcrete, a substance which expands at a rate 20% greater than iron. With the passage of time,contracting with the cold, expanding with the heat, Vulcan’s exterior cracked. He must now berepaired so that his long life may continue.Help on the Way: Measures will be taken to repair Vulcan by removing him — temporarily —from his high perch over Birmingham, extracting the concrete, and stabilizing his structure. At thesame time, his base will also be strengthened with a new steel frame.STATS AT BIRTHClaims to fame: Largest cast metal statue in world; second-largest U.S. statueHeight of statue: 56 feetBirth: Difficult and heroic; iron molders worked night and dayWeight: 120,000 lbs.Foot size: 6 feet (can sleep one reclining person)Circumference of chest: 22 feet, 6 inchesCircumference of waist: 18 feet, 3 inchesSum of his parts: Cast of iron in 21 pieces with connecting flangesHeight of pedestal: 123 feetHeight above Birmingham: 390 feet in elevation— Carolanne Roberts, Southern Living editor and Birmingham Historical Society volunteerBirmingham Historical SocietyViveVulcan!

Birmingham at the Turnof the 20th CenturyThis 1908 view looks north on 20th Street toward Linn Park.The First National Bank skyscraper (now the Frank NelsonBuilding) is on the right, bursting above the late-19th century buildings of the city center. Alvin Hudson Collection.For Alabama and the South, Birmingham at theturn of the 20th century was certainly an upstart.Minerals for a promising future had lain underground for eons, but the mapping of these resourcesand the development of railroads connecting thesparsely settled area to distant markets came after theCivil War. After the city’s founding in 1871, the newindustrial area struggled. In the 1880s, growth beganin earnest and, by 1900, this out-of-nowhere “MagicCity” had become the state’s largest with a populationof more than 38,000, not counting the soon-to-beconsolidated suburbs and other settlements across theemerging region. By 1910, Birmingham’s populationhad risen to 132,685.Birmingham Historical Society2ViveVulcan!

The Big Idea“Birth of a Birmingham Pig” These photographs show the stagesof pig iron production at Woodward Iron Company — frommining the ore within Red Mountain (top left) to tapping thefurnaces and casting the pig iron (bottom right). The photographs appeared in The Birmingham News-The BirminghamAge-Herald on July 24,1938 as the Vulcan Monument onRed Mountain was nearing completion. In the 1930s,Birmingham was America’s leading foundry ironmaker.Birmingham Public Library Archives.In the fall of 1903, industry in Birmingham and inthe entire nation was in full bloom. The BirminghamDistrict was proven as a major producer of iron andhad begun to produce steel rail.The opportunity to advertise Birmingham to thenation and the world with an exhibit at the 1904St. Louis World’s Fair was presented to the CommercialClub (predecessor of the Chamber of Commerce).Journalist and promoter, James MacKnight suggested asculpture of iron, the largest in the world, as an appropriate means of attracting “wide attention . . . and tosymbolize Alabama’s supremacy in the productionof iron.”Birmingham Historical Society3ViveVulcan!

THE ART SCENEIn the art world, the turn of the 20th century was aperiod of heroic sculpture. Frederic Bartholdi’s Statueof Liberty was completed in 1886. Such large statueswere frequently commissioned for homes and publicparks, and especially for world fairs.For Birmingham’s heroic statue, the CommercialClub chose a most unheroic figure: Vulcan, the Romangod of the forge, a working man, usually pictured insooty, dirty surroundings and engaged in hard labor.Perhaps because Vulcan reflects reality and industrialBirmingham, rather than unworldly mythology, he hasbeen a popular sculpture through the years. His imageappeals to everyone. Birmingham experienced muchfavorable publicity during 1903 and 1904, as the worldwas introduced to Vulcan, the new symbol of the city’sindustrial success and potential.Sculpture was in high demand. Italian firms marketed thesepieces in the St. Louis Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, thesame palace where the Vulcan statue was displayed. Everythingin this photograph was for sale. Birmingham Public LibraryBirmingham Historical Society4ViveVulcan!

TIME LINEVULCANOctober 13, 1903Commercial Club chooses Vulcan torepresent Birmingham.BIRMINGHAM18711880November 24, 1903Moretti commissioned to sculpt thecolossal iron man.1890January-February, 1904Full-size plaster casts poured at St.Stephen’s Church, Passaic, New Jersey.March 12-May 7, 19041900Birmingham Steel and Iron foundry caststhe Iron Man of Sloss No.2 Pig Iron.1910May 1-December 1, 19041920Vulcan reigns in the Palace of Mines andMetallurgy, St. Louis World’s Fair.1930October 1906-1935Vulcan at the Alabama State Fairgrounds.19401935-1938Kiwanis Club spearheads public-privatecampaign to build the Red Mountainmonument, museum and park1968-1971Vulcan Park modernized as part ofBirmingham’s Bicentennial Celebration.195019601993-941970The Historic American EngineeringRecord-National Park Service documentsthe statue and park as a possible NationalHistoric Landmark site.198019991990Statue in peril.20042000Vulcan turns 100.Birmingham Historical Society5December 19, 1871City established by southerners as a “Magic City”that would grow from the ashes for the Civil Warinto the industrial and transportation center ofa mineral rich region. Population 0.By the late 1880sIron furnaces and foundries flourish, populationgrows to 26,178.By 1900Birmingham becomes the world’s largestproducer of pig iron and pipe and also makessteel for rails. Population; 38,415.1910Annexation of surrounding industrial communities makes Birmingham the industrial centerof the South and one of the fastest growingcities in America. Population: 132,685.1920sJones Valley from Bessemer to Roebuck fillswith residences as Jefferson County grows to431,493. Birmingham population: 259,678.1930sAlabama’s first all-paved four-lane highwayU. S. 31 extends across the city and to VulcanPark. Nucleus of today’s University of Alabamaat Birmingham medical center established.1956-1964Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and the AlabamaChristian Movement for Human Rights testsegregation laws and win Civil Rights forall Americans.1971Birmingham turns 100.1980s-1990sWhile retaining its strong base in heavy industry,city grows as a center of medicine, engineering,banking, insurance and historic preservation.1999Community unites to save our symbol and planthe full restoration of the statue and park.ViveVulcan!

MAP OF THE ANCIENT WORLDINSTRUCTIONS: Place names below in appropriate locations on the map.A. Mediterranean SeaB. Rome, ItalyC. Athens, GreeceD. Mt. Olympus, Macedonia(home of the mythological gods)E. Mt. Aetna (on a volcanic isle off Sicily)F. Rhodes (on the isle of) CreteG. Thebes (Luxor) EgyptH. TarentumColossi1. Colossi of Memnon2. Colossi of Ramesses II3. Colossus of Rhodes4. Athena Parthenos5. Heracles6. Constantine The Greatboundary of the Roman EmpireBirmingham Historical Society7ViveVulcan!

VULCAN’S FAMILYVulcan, being the Roman god of the forge, was a popularclassical theme pursued in art beginning with the Renaissance.Here, the muscular Vulcan is shown at his forge by Flemishpainter Hendrick Van Balen. About him are spread things hehas made. In classical tradition, the gods were draped, but seldomclothed. Venus at the Forge of Vulcan, based on a work by JanBrueghel, the Younger (1568-1625), John Woodman HigginsArmory, Worcester, MA, photographed by Don Eaton.In ancient Roman mythology, Vulcan stood out forbeing useful. Born of Jupiter and Juno, he was, depending on the account, thrown from Mt. Olympus by hismother because he

Objective: Students will be aware of the importance of symbols. Activity: The teacher displays or draws images of var-ious symbols. The symbols may be geared to the specific subject matter, i.e., punctuation marks in English or mathematical symbols for math. (Other sugges