CK-12 Chemistry
CK-12 Chemistry Intermediate Quizzes and TestsDonald Calbreath, Ph.D.Say Thanks to the AuthorsClick http://www.ck12.org/saythanks(No sign in required)
www.ck12.orgTo access a customizable version of this book, as well as otherinteractive content, visit www.ck12.orgAUTHORDonald Calbreath, Ph.D.CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission toreduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both inthe U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, andweb-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes thecreation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooksthat can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook textbooks).Copyright 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.orgThe names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and theterms “FlexBook ” and “FlexBook Platform ” (collectively“CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and internationallaws.Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium,in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution linkhttp://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) inaddition to the following terms.Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordancewith the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporatedherein by this reference.Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/terms-of-use.Printed: May 27, 2015iii
Contentswww.ck12.orgContents1Introduction to Chemistry Assessments1.1What is Chemistry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3Introduction to Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Matter and Change Assessments2.1Properties of Matter . . .2.2Classification Of Matter .2.3Changes in Matter . . . .2.4Matter and Change . . .345678iv.1259.1213161922Measurements Assessments3.1The International System of Units3.2Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . .3.3Uncertainty in Measurements . . .3.4Measurements . . . . . . . . . . .2526293236Atomic Structure Assessments4.1Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2The Nuclear Model of the Atom4.3Isotopes and Atomic Mass . . .4.4Atomic Structure . . . . . . . .4041444750Electrons in Atoms Assessments5.1Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2The Quantum Mechanical Model5.3Electron Arrangement in Atoms5.4Electrons in Atoms . . . . . . .5354586165The Periodic Table Assessments6.1History of the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . .6.2Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table6.3Periodic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6869727578Chemical Nomenclature Assessments7.1Ionic Compounds . . . . . . .7.2Molecular Compounds . . . .7.3Acids and Bases . . . . . . . .7.4Chemical Nomenclature . . . .8182858891Ionic and Metallic Bonding Assessments8.1Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9495.
www.ck12.org8.28.38.49ContentsIonic Bonds and Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Metallic Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Ionic and Metallic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Covalent Bonding Assessments9.1Lewis Electron Dot Structures . .9.2Molecular Geometry . . . . . . .9.3Polarity and Intermolecular Forces9.4Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals .9.5Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . .108109113117120124.12812913213714111 Chemical Reactions Assessments11.1Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2Types of Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.3Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14514614915212 Stoichiometry Assessments12.1Mole Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.2Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . .12.3Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield12.4Chapter Twelve Exam . . . . . . . .10 The Mole Assessments10.1The Mole Concept . . . . . .10.2Mass, Volume, and the Mole10.3Chemical Formulas . . . . .10.4The Mole . . . . . . . . . .15515615916116613 States of Matter Assessments13.1Kinetic - Molecular Theory and Gases13.2Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.3Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.4Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . .13.5States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . .16917017317618018414 The Behavior of Gases Assessments14.1Gas Properties . . . . . . . . . . . .14.2Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14.3Ideal Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . .14.4Gas Mixtures and Molecular Speeds14.5The Behavior of Gases . . . . . . .18818919219620020315 Water Assessments15.1Properties of Water . . .15.2Aqueous Solutions . . . .15.3Colloids and Suspensions15.4Water . . . . . . . . . .20720821121421816 Solutions Assessments16.1Solubility . . . . . . .16.2Solution Concentration16.3Colligative Properties .16.4Net Ionic Equations . .221222225228231.v
Contents16.5www.ck12.orgSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23417 Thermochemistry Assessments17.1Heat Flow . . . . . . . . .17.2Thermochemical Equations17.3Heat and Changes of State17.4Hess’s Law . . . . . . . .17.5Thermochemistry . . . . .23823924224524825418 Kinetics Assessments18.1Rates of Reactions . .18.2Rate Laws . . . . . .18.3Reaction Mechanisms18.4Kinetics . . . . . . .258259263267270.19 Equilibrium Assessments19.1The Nature of Equilibrium19.2Le Châtelier’s Principle . .19.3Solubility Equilibrium . . .19.4Equilibrium . . . . . . . .27427527928328720 Entropy and Free Energy Assessments20.1Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20.2Spontaneous Reactions and Free Energy20.3Free Energy and Equilibrium . . . . . .20.4Entropy and Free Energy . . . . . . . .29229329730030321 Acids and Bases Assessments21.1Acid-Base Definitions . .21.2The pH Concept . . . . .21.3Acid and Base Strength .21.4Acid-Base Neutralization21.5Salt Solutions . . . . . .21.6Acids and Bases . . . . .307308312315320323327.33133233634034323 Electrochemistry Assessments23.1Electrochemical Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.2Cell Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.3Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34734835135524 Nuclear Chemistry Assessments24.1Nuclear Radiation . . . .24.2Half Life . . . . . . . . .24.3Fission and Fusion . . . .24.4Nuclear Chemistry . . . .359360363366369.22 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Assessments22.1The Nature of Oxidation and Reduction22.2Oxidation Numbers . . . . . . . . . . .22.3Balancing Redox Reactions . . . . . . .22.4Oxidation-Reduction Reactions . . . . .25 Organic Chemistry Assessmentsvi.372
www.ck12.org25.125.225.325.4Hydrocarbons . . .Functional Groups .Organic Reactions .Organic ChemistryContents.37337637938226 Biochemistry Assessments26.1Carbohydrates . . . . . . .26.2Amino Acids and Proteins .26.3Lipids . . . . . . . . . . .26.4Nucleic Acids . . . . . . .26.5Biochemistry . . . . . . .385386389393396399vii
www.ck12.orgChapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry AssessmentsC HAPTER1Introduction to ChemistryAssessmentsChapter Outline1.1W HAT IS C HEMISTRY ?1.2T HE S CIENTIFIC M ETHOD1.3I NTRODUCTION TO C HEMISTRY1
1.1. What is Chemistry?1.1 What is Chemistry?Lesson QuizName Class DateMultiple Choice:1. Copernicus studieda.b.c.d.anatomypaintingmovement of the sunmovement of the planets2. Our major source of energy today isa.b.c.d.windfossil fuelsnuclear energysolar power3. Genetic information is contained ina.b.c.d.proteinsenzymesDNAlipids4. Which one of the following is not a material created by chemists?a.b.c.d.liquid crystalsenzymesplasticsceramics5. Chemists contribute to the growth of food by all of the following excepta.b.c.d.developing new fertilizerscausing soil erosioncreating new pesticidesmaking new soil supplements6. Algae blooms in water are caused bya.b.c.d.excess oxygen in the waterdeath of fishdecrease in oxygen in the waterfertilizer run-off from the ground7. Many scientists believe that global warming is caused bya. sun spotsb. increase in carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels2www.ck12.org
www.ck12.orgChapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessmentsc. lowered carbon dioxide due to increased use by plantsd. forest fires8. Improved rubber compounds for tires might be developed bya.b.c.d.an inorganic chemista biochemistan organic chemista physical chemist9. There is often overlap between the disciplines of biochemistry anda.b.c.d.inorganic chemistryanalytical chemistryorganic chemistryphysical chemistry10. All of the following are body parts developed by chemists excepta.b.c.d.hip replacementartificial skinplastic blood vesselsartificial oscopic refers to the small particles that make up all matter.Observing the rusting of iron is a microscopic process.Chemistry is the study of planetary orbits.The alchemists were never successful in their attempts to make gold.The elixir of life was supposed to convey immortality to humans.Pure chemistry always has a practical goal.The development of wrinkle-free fabrics is an example of applied chemistry.Studying how fast crystals form from salt solutions would be done by a physical chemist.A biochemist would do research on glucose use by the liver.Mercury is not toxic to humans.Fill in the blanks:21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.Chemistry is the study of the of matter and the that matter undergoes.Matter is anything that has and takes up space.A would study the structure of the hemoglobin molecule and how it transports oxygen.An organic chemistry works mainly with compounds.The chemist would be interested in the analysis of rubies.chemistry is the study of the composition of matter, with a focus on separating, identifying,and quantifying chemical samples.One element known to cause brain damage in children is .Nuclear is a process that occurs in the sun and stars.Alchemy contributed to the production of .The first attempts to classify substances were made by .Iron is caused to rust by exposure to and .Short Answers:32. Rock salt sprinkled on ice will cause the ice to melt. Is this a macroscopic or microscopic process?3
1.1. What is Chemistry?www.ck12.org33. Some scientists study the chemical processes that take place in the sun. Is this pure or applied chemistry?Explain your answer.34. Why are some people concerned about using nuclear power plants to generate electricity?Answer position, fusiongunpowderalchemistsrainwater, oxygen in airmacroscopic - we can observe the melting directlypure chemistry since there is no immediate application. However, some aspects could be applied to developnew energy sources.34. Nuclear power can generate a lot of electricity. The drawback is that the nuclear wastes remain radioactive fora long period of time and are hazardous.4
www.ck12.orgChapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessments1.2 The Scientific MethodLesson QuizName Class DateMultiple Choice:1. Copernicus made the following contribution to scientific progressa.b.c.d.research on the behavior of solar flaresmeasured the path of the moondeveloped the idea of the heliocentric solar systemdiscovered the double helix2. The Renaissance wasa.b.c.d.a time of scientific progressa medieval faira time when science was not importanta form of music3. Experiments are important because theya.b.c.d.provide jobs for scientiststest the laws of sciencetest the hypothesisidentify the control group4. A theory has beena.b.c.d.repeatedly tested and shown to be truerepeatedly tested without clear conclusionstested once and acceptedpoorly accepted by other scientists5. All but one statement below tell why scientists work in groupsa.b.c.d.problems are complexresearch progress takes a lot of time and moneysome scientists are lazy and steal the ideas of othersresearch progress occurs in small steps, so many people are needed6. What does peer review do for science?a.b.c.d.allows reviewers to eliminate research they don’t agree withmakes sure research papers have reliable informationcosts extra moneyhelps get a textbook written7. A scientific lawa. is always trueb. might be disproved at some point in the future5
1.2. The Scientific Methodwww.ck12.orgc. is another term for a hypothesisd. does not have a lot of data to support it8. The independent variablea.b.c.d.always increases with an increase in temperatureis never affected by temperatureis changed during the experimentstays the same throughout the experiment9. In order to accept the results of an experimenta.b.c.d.other scientists must have failed to repeat itit must be repeatablea report needs to be writtenonly a few people need to agree with the data10. The control group for an experimenta.b.c.d.checks the reproducibility of the experimentserves as the dependent variableserves as the independent variabledoes not experience the variable being testedTrue/False:11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.A theory has been widely testedA theory never changesThe control group also has the experiment run on itThe Renaissance put an emphasis on observation and experimentationThe National Science Foundation is the only agency that funds research.The dependent variable is the one that is changed during the experiment.If experimental results are inconsistent with a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be changed or discarded.An experiment must only be repeated by the group originally proposing the hypothesis in order for thehypothesis to be accepted.19. Publishing research in a scientific journal is not the only way to get the information out to others.20. A valid explanation for an observation does not need to be tested if it sounds reasonable.Matching:21.22.23.24.25.26.I develop an initial explanation that answers the question I ask.My final explanation has been repeatedly tested and is accepted by many scientists.I see something that is puzzling and that I cannot explain.what I get when I run an experimentvariable observed during an experimentno known exceptionsa. observationb. theoryc. hypothesisd. dependente. resultsf. lawFill in the blanks:6
www.ck12.org27.28.29.30.31.Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry AssessmentsThe Renaissance was a time of great in Europe.Leonardo da Vinci carried out systematic studies of and .Great advancements in , , and were made during the Renaissance period.The model said that the Earth revolved around the Sun.The scientific method is a and approach to the acquisition of knowledge.Critical Write Question:32. I want to study the effect of chocolate chips on the baking time of cookies. My experiment involves mixingdifferent amounts of chocolate chips into cookie dough and baking the cookies in the oven at 350 F for 30minutes. I will assess the effect by observing the hardness of the final product.a.b.c.d.What is the independent variable in this experiment? Explain your answer.How many dependent variables are there? List them and explain your answer.Should I carry out my cookie research by myself or have other people help? Explain your answer.Briefly describe two ways I can share my cookie research with other scientists.Answer pheaval.movement and aerodynamics.art, music, culture.heliocentricsystematic, logical7
1.2. The Scientific Methodwww.ck12.orga. The independent variable is the amount of chocolate chips because we choose to vary this amount ineach experiment.b. There are three depen
1.1. What is Chemistry? www.ck12.org 33.Some scientists study the chemical processes that take place in the sun. Is this pure or applied chemistry? Explain your answer. 34.Why are some people concerned about using nuclear power plants to generate electricity? Answer Key 1.d 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.b 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.c 10.d 11.true 12.false 13.false 14.true .
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