DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES TO ILLEGAL CHAINSAW MILLING .
DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES TOILLEGAL CHAINSAW MILLING THROUGHMULTI-STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUE INGHANA AND GUYANA PROJECTGHANA CASE STUDY OF ILLEGALCHAINSAW MILLINGFORIG RESEARCH REPORT NO .Emmanuel Marfo, Kwame Asamoah Adam andBeatrice Darko-ObiriMAY 2009ii
Citation:Marfo, E., K. A. Adam and B. Darko-Obiri (eds.) 2009. Ghana country case studyreport on chainsaw milling.Developing alternative to illegal chainsaw milling throughmultistakeholder dialogue in Ghana and Guyana project. FORIG RESEARCHREPORT NO . CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana/Tropenbos International,NetherlandsPublished by Forestry Research Institute ofGhana/Tropenbos InternationalThis project was funded by European UnionLanguage editing and formatting by: PatriciaHalladayPrinted by:iii
TABLE OF CONTENTTABLE OF CONTENT . ivACKNOWLEDGEMENT. viiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . viiiLIST OF ACRONYMS. xiiiPART 1.1Chapter 1 .2GENERAL INTRODUCTION .21.2 The EU-chainsaw project .31.3 The role of the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana.41.4 Terms of Reference .41.5 Structure of the report.7Chapter 2 .7THE EVOLUTION OF POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OFCHAINSAW MILLING IN GHANA .72.1 Introduction .72.2 Evolution of the Policy Framework .72.2.1 Review of Chainsaw Policy Measures.92.2.2 Implementation and Challenges of the policy reforms .132.3 Institutional arrangements to enforce the ban.172.3.1 Evolution of institutions to deal with chainsaw lumbering .172.3.2 Current institutions involved in chainsaw ban enforcement.202. 4 Conclusion.22Chapter 3 .23STRUCTURE OF THE CHAINSAW LUMBER PRODUCTION ENTERPRISE .233.1 Introduction .233.2 Methodology .243.3 Characteristics of the chainsaw enterprise.253.4 Production and marketing of chainsaw lumber .253.4.1 Chainsaw lumber production.263.4.2 Transportation of chain sawn lumber .263.4.3 Marketing of chain sawn lumber .273.5 End-users and informal arrangements .283.5.1 Cross border trade in lumber and wood products.283.6 Conclusion and policy implication.29PART II .31Background to studies on drivers of chainsaw milling in Ghana .32Chapter 4 .48ANALYSIS OF POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF CHAINSAW MILLING ANDTRADING IN GHANA .484.1 Introduction .344.2 Methodology .354.3 The Chainsaw milling ban and domestic timber supply policies .354.4 A review of the legal framework of Chainsaw milling .374.4.1 Background .374.4.2 Prohibition of chainsaw milling .374.4.3 Vested rights in trees, chainsaw milling and the law .384.4.4 Transporting chainsaw lumber and the law.404.5 Conclusion and Recommendations .41Chapter 5 .43THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THECHAINSAW MILLING BAN .435.1 Introduction .435.2 Methodology .435.3 Results and Discussion.44iv
5.3.1 Stakeholder acceptability .445.3.2 Assessment of reasons for ineffective enforcement.465.3.3 FSD assessments of the social and political aspects of the enforcement of thechainsaw ban .495.4 Conclusion and recommendations.56Chapter 6 .58MARKET AND FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF CHAINSAW MILLING IN GHANA586.1 Introduction .586.2 Methodology .596.3 Results and Discussion.606.3.1 Market and financial drivers of chainsaw lumber production .606.3.2 Chainsaw lumber production and the emergence of community business666.3.3 Addressing the lumber supply deficit.686.4 Conclusions and Recommendations.72Chapter 7 .74FOREST AND TREE TENURE, ACCESS TO TIMBER AND THEIR IMPACT ONCHAINSAW OPERATIONS IN GHANA .1037.1. Introduction .747.2 Natural resource tenure, use rights and sustainable resource management.767.3. Data and Methods.807.4 Results and Discussion.807.4.1. Extent of timber resources and their availability to chainsaw operators .807.4.2. Tree tenure and accessibility to timber by chainsaw operators .857.4.3. Strategies adopted by chainsaw operators to get accepted in the communities theyoperate and to get access timber .957.4.4. Factors influencing the selection of site of operations by chainsaw operators.987.4.5. Impact of the activities of chainsaw operators on other land uses .1017.4.6. Constraints to chainsaw lumbering/milling.1027.5 Conclusions and Policy implications.1037.5.2 Implications for the management of forest resources.1047.5.3 Concluding remarks.109PART III.111General Introuduction to chainsaw milling compared to sawmilling.112Chapter 8 .114PROCESSING EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT MILLING TECHNIQUES: ACOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .1458.1 Introduction .1148.1.1 Background .1148.1.2 Objective .1158.1.3 Scope of the study .1168.2 Methodology .1168.2.1 Selection of timber species and site.1168.2.2 Selection of sawing equipment.1178.2.3 Timber Processing and Data Collection .1178.2.4 Cost efficiency of using available technologies to produce lumber .1178.2.5 Data Analysis .1208.3 Results and Discussion.1218.3.3 Comparison of the two Freehand- milling machines.1308.3.4 Comparison of the two Attachment milling machines .1328.3.5 Comparison of Freehand and Attachment milling machines .1348.3.6 Cost effectiveness ratios for four technologies.1368.3.7 Factors influencing processing efficiency .1378.3.8 Field observations.1388.4 Conclusion.139v
Chapter 9 .140INVESTMENT IN CHAINSAW MILLING COMPARED TO IMPROVED CHAINSAWMILLING IN EIGHT FOREST DISTRICTS IN GHANA .1719.1 Introduction .1409.2 Methodology .1419.3 Results and discussion.1449.4 Cost and revenue analysis of improved chainsaw milling compared with chainsaw milling.1569.5 Conclusion and policy implication.158Chapter 10 .159A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHAINSAW AND SAWMILL LUMBER SUPPLYTO THE DOMESTIC TIMBER MARKET IN GHANA .15910.1 Introduction .15910.2. Background to the Timber industry and the sawmill operations in Ghana .15910.3 Methodology .16310.4 Results and discussion.16410.5 Conclusion.174Chapter 11 .176SUSTAINABILITY OF JOBS CREATED BY CHAINSAW ACTIVITIES IN GHANA.17611.1 Introduction .17611.2 Methodology .17711.3 Results .18011.4 Conclusion.186PART IV.187Chapter 12 .190ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CHAINSAW MILLING ON RURAL AND NATIONALECONOMIES.24112.2 Methodology .19012.3 Results and Discussion .19112.4 Conclusion and Policy implications .204Chapter 13 .206ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CHAINSAW MILLING.26213.1 Introduction .20613.2 Methodology .20613.3 Results and discussions .20813.4 Recognition for protection of water bodies and sensitive ecological areas.21313.5 Recognition for protection of agricultural crops .21413.6 Conclusions .215Chapter 14 .217CHAINSAW CONFLICTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES AND OFFICIALS.21714.1 Introduction .21714.2 Methodology .21814.3 Results and discussion.21914.4 CONCLUSION .230Chapter 15 .232COUNTRY CASE STUDY ON CHAINSAW MILLING IN GHANA: SYNTHESIS,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.23215.1 Illegal Chainsaw milling and the Ghana case study .23215.2 Summary of results.23315.3 General Conclusions.24015.4 General Recommendations.243ANNEXES .326vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTMany people in diverse ways have contributed to the preparation of this country caseresearch report. The research team would like to express our appreciation to thesepeople.The Director of FORIG, Dr. Victor Agyeman was very instrumental in directing theresearch activities and ensuring that results meet FORIG quality standards. Thevarious farmers, chainsaw operators, community-level stakeholders, District andRegional FSD Managers and all those who participated in any of the researchactivities, we say a big thank you. The research Team is also very grateful for thepersonal involvement of Mr. Raphael Yeboah and Mr. Alex Boadu for respectivelyparticipating in the national expert round table meetings and in facilitating thenational FSD survey.Hasqvarna Company contributed to the project through the supply of chainsawequiptments and sharing of technical expertise with the team. We are particularlygrateful to Sanja Sevic, Peter Lasen and Lane Hilton all of Hasqvarna. The projectcollaborated with the ITTO project on processing and utilisation of trees on farmlandsand logging residues through collaboration with local communities (PD 431/06).Under this collaboration, the two projects shared data on the cost and recovery of logmilling using the M7 Logosol and chainsaw-with-free hand attachment equipments.The Team is also grateful to the National Project Coordinator, James Parker, and theProject Management Team in Ghana for technical and administrative support. TheGhana research benefited from discussions with our colleagues in Guyana and theNetherlands and would like to specifically thank Roderick, Maria, Margo, Vanessa,Sharon, Lawrence and Marieke for their suggestions and contributions in all forms.The research also benefited from the insightful comments of the EU-Chainsaw ProjectAdvisory Committee in Ghana.We cannot end this without thanking our reviewers, Dr. Sarfo Mensah and Dr Inkoomof KNUST for taking time to read through the reports and making very usefulsuggestions on addressing the terms of reference that have gone a long way toimprove the report. The authors are grateful to all those who assisted in organising theroundtable meeting and to the Judicial Service for nominating Justice Kwame AnsuGyeabour for his contribution.Finally, we would like to appreciate the contribution of the various technical andresearch assistants who worked tirelessly to support the scientists. In particular, wethank Robert, Ahmed Seidu, Mr. Kankam and Daniel Forson. We thank PatriciaHalladay for her professional input in editing and formatting the report.vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYGenerally, the 19994 Forest and Wildlife Policy set out a direction for regulatingtimber harvesting within sustainable levels. Act 547 and the LI 1649 specificallycriminalize the use of chainsaw to convert logs to lumber and the transportation andsales of chainsaw lumber. The FSD is the frontline agency in charge of enforcing theban. This effort is expected to be complimented by the judiciary, policy, CEPS,communities and District Assemblies playing different roles of monitoring,prosecution and administration of justice. However, current levels of illegaloperations as evidenced by the proliferation of timber markets, mainly sellingchainsaw timber suggest that the enforcement of the ban has not been effective.Under the EU funded project on developing alternatives for illegal chainsaw millingin Ghana and Guyana through multi-stakeholder dialogue, a number of researchactivities were carried out by the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana. The researchactivities focussed on some key issues that can be summarised as follows: What is policy, legal and institutional framework within which chainsawmilling takes place and how has the enforcement of chainsaw ban and policymeasures to contain the situation been effective? What are the markets, socio-economic, political and environmental factors thathave driven chainsaw milling in Ghana? How does chainsaw milling compare with other ‘improved’ techniques interms of their investment cost, milling efficiencies, contribution to locallivelihoods and supply of timber for domestic consumption? What are the social, economic and environmental impacts of chainsawmilling? And What lessons can we draw from these in order to inform a policy-dialogueprocess?These questions have been broadly answered in this report which contains severalresearch reports (chapters) written by several authors and presented in a style thatmakes each chapter able to stand on its own. Generally, the case studies for theresearch were carried out in the eight project areas; Nkawie, Juaso, Begoro, AssinFosu, Kade, Oda, Goaso and Sunyani Forest Districts of Ghana. However, somestudies were supplemented by a national survey. The specific methodologicalapproach used for each study is captured in the respective reports even though deskstudy, survey interviews, actor narratives, expert round table meetings, fieldexperiment and market surveys using structured questionnaires were the main datacollection techniques. Data analysis has involved content analysis and the use ofSPSS to present results in tables, graphs and charts.The report is organised into four parts, the first is more on background issues derivedfrom a desk review of literature while the other three are based on empirical research.Part 1 contains three chapters, the first chapter is a general introduction that gives thebackground, terms of reference of the research and how the entire report is organised.The other two chapters are mainly reports obtained from desk study and expertconsultation in order to give a general background on the policy, legal andinstitutional framework and the genesis and structure of chainsaw milling in Ghana.Part 2 contains four reports that to a large extent explain the driving forces behindchainsaw milling in Ghana. The first, chapter 4, is on the report of a national expertviii
roundtable which attempts to give a general interpretation of the relevant laws andhow they respond to various scenarios in practice in order to help deal with the legalcomplexities associated with enforcement. Chapter 5 looks at situation of the marketand financial environment that complicates the enforcement of chainsaw milling andtrade, and in fact drive the activity. In chapter 6, the social and political factors thatinfluence chainsaw milling and its enforcement are identified, mainly based onstakeholder perceptions and assessment. Chapter 7 takes a look at the issueaccessibility to timber within the context of the existing land use and land and treetenure systems and how these realities drive chainsaw milling.In part III, all the reports attempt to give a comparison between chainsaw milling andother ‘improved’ techniques of milling such as the use of chainsaw-with-attachments,such as Logosols and Wood Mizers in terms of their cost of investment, processingefficiency, employment generation and lumber supply to the domestic market.Chapter 8 looks at cost and investments, comparing free-hand chainsaw with Logosolmilling. Chapter 9 is a report on a comparative study of milling efficiencies usingthree (four) milling machine techniques; free-hand chainsaw, chain-with-millingguide attachment, Logosol and the wood Mizer. Chapter 10 looks at lumber supply,comparing the contribution of chainsaw lumber and saw mill to the domestic market.Chapter 11 attempted to validate the level of jobs created by chainsaw millingactivities and assess the sustainability of these jobs against the background of the risksimposed by the ban. In all, the chapters in part III are meant to contribute to discourseon developing alternatives to addressing the supply of timber to the domestic marketby highlighting the comparative merits of the different milling techniques includingchainsaw. To support any possibility of accepting chainsaw milling, understanding itsimpact on the environment and society is crucial. Part IV contains four reports gearedtowards this goal. Chapter 12 looks at social impact in terms of conflicts related toaccess to timber, harvesting and milling and transportation of chainsaw lumber withinthe context of the enforcement of the ban. Specifically, it assess the impact in terms oftime and money cost to farmers/landowners, operators and officials at the communitylevel. Chapter 13 looked at the economic impact, particularly on rural economy whileChapter 14 highlighted some of the observed ecological impact of chainsaw millingactivities. Chapter 15 though under part IV, is a conclusion chapter of the report thatattempts to highlight the main conclusions of the various studies in the light of theunderlying research questions in the terms of reference and draw lessons. Particularly,the lessons drawn are those that are targeted to inform the multi-stakeholder dialogueprocess in its attempt to evolve policy options and develop specific alternatives andmechanisms for addressing resource conflict and sustainable timber supply fordomestic consumption.The following are the main general conclusions drawn from the studies: The 1994 Forest and Wildlife policy of Ghana opens political space for allpossible options that have been suggested by previous study in dealing withthe chainsaw issue. It supports strict enforcement of the ban as well as apossible regularisation and integration of chainsaw milling into mainstreamforest management. However, the legal framework criminalises the use of chainsaw milling andtrading for commercial purposes but its enforcement has been fraught withdifficulties and some inconsistencies in the interpretation of the law.ix
The legal analysis of this study does not support criminalisation of usingregistered chainsaw to mill timber for domestic use. However, the proceduresin the FSD’s Manual of Operations do not adequatel
report on chainsaw milling.Developing alternative to illegal chainsaw milling through multistakeholder dialogue in Ghana and Guyana project. FORIG RESEARCH REPORT NO . CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana/Tropenbos International, Netherlands Published by For
Your Remington Cordless Polesaw and Cordless Chainsaw may have been purchased together (as a 2-in-1 polesaw/chainsaw) or seperate (chainsaw only). If the chainsaw was purchased separately, the pole is available as an accessory and may be purchased by visiting the "On-Line Outlet" at www.remingtonpowertools.com.
the chainsaw, make sure the saw chain is not contacting anything. A moment of inattention while operating chainsaws may cause entanglement of your clothing or body with the saw chain. v Always hold the chainsaw with your right hand on the rear handle and your left hand on the front handle. Holding the chainsaw with a reversed hand
have tons of used partner chainsaw parts. we have also bought out 3 partner dealerships in the last year and have lots of nos partner c maxtra chainsaw parts store maxtra gas pole saw, 42.7cc 2-cycle 8.2ft to 11.4 ft extendable cordless gas chainsaw,powerful long reach tree tr
Carry the chainsaw by the front handle with the chainsaw switched off and away from your body. When transporting or storing the chainsaw always fit the guide bar cover. Proper handling of the chainsaw will reduce the likelihood of accidental contact with the moving saw chain. Follow instructions for lubricating, chain tensioning and
Thank you for buying a Ryobi chainsaw. Your chainsaw has been engineered and manufactured to Ryobi’s high standard for dependability, ease of operation, and operator safety. Properly cared for, it will give you years of rugged, trouble-free performance. Some regions have regulations that restrict the use of the product to some operations.
Arrangement of the manual This workshop manual can be used in two different ways. To repair a specific sub-assembly on a chainsaw. To dismantle and reassemble a complete chainsaw. Repairing a specific sub-assembly If a specific sub-assembly on the chainsaw needs to be repaired: 1. Look up the page referring to the relevant sub-assembly. 2.
TIP : Make sure that the bar-adjustment stud on the chainsaw fits snugly into the lower slot of the Powerhouse Chainsaw Winch. To adjust the position, turn the bar-adjustment screw of the chainsaw until aligned. 6. Re-attach the bar-mounting nuts on the bar studs of
According to ASTM E562-08 [8] a manual point-count on 30 evenly distributed fields with a 100-point-layer each on a Olympus BX60M with a JVC TK-C181 Color-video-camera, using the Piscara 9.4-software was conducted, from which the porosity could be calculated. adhesion (glue and braze testing) According to ASTM C633 [9] a tensile-strength-test on glued and brazed coatings with a surface .
