Wastewater Characterization Lecture 2 Wk1
Wastewater Characterizationlecture #2March 30, 2007CEE484
PathogensWater-borne – caused by ingestion of infectious organismsBacteriaVirusProtozoaHelminthsTyphoid and Paratyphoid fever – Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella ParatyphiBacillary dysentery – Shigella sp.Cholera – Vibrio choleraeYersiniosis – Yersinia sp. (e.g. Y. enterocolitica)Gastroenteritis – bacteria, viral infection (e.g. rotavirus, Norwalk Virus, Salmonella)Infectious hepatitis – types A, B, C, D, EPoliomyelitis - poliovirusAmebic dysentery – Entamaoba histolyticaGiardiasis – Giardia intestinalis AKA Giardia lambliaCryptosporidiosis – Cryptosporidium parvumAscariasis – parasitic roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoidesAncylostomiasis –hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanusEnterobiasis – pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis or E. gregoriiWater-washed – caused by lack of water for hygienic purposesTrachoma – bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatisWater-based – have fresh water as intermediate hostSchistosomiasis – five Schistosoma sp. of flat wormsWater-related – water provides breeding place for insect vectorsEncephalitis – number of different virusesYellow fever – an Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquito, Aedes aegyptiMalaria – protozoan parasite, Plasmodium sp., transmitted by mosquito, AnophelesDengue fever – Flavivirus, transmitted by mosquito, Aedes
Waterborne gastroenteritisoutbreaks in U.S.drinking water,2001-2002 chia coli7511111872710 (403,000 in 1994)132
Organism concentration in raw wastewaterOrganismMPN/100 mLTotal coliform107-109Fecal coliform105-108Enterococci104-105Fecal 4Crytosporidium parvum oocysts101-105Giardia lambilia cysts101-104Helminth Ova101-104Giardia lambilia cysts101-104Enteric Virus103-104
Log removal concept Fecal coliform 107/100 mL After disinfection 102/100 mL What was the log removal? Log(107) – Log(102) 7Log10 – 2Log10 7 – 2 5A 5 log reduction in disinfection
Wastewater flows and constituentloadings in book table for variousapplications Summarize tables and flow ranges Table 4-10 flow/capita Table 4-11 lb/capita-dNote: “avg flow per capita”with water conservation 50 gal/cap-dWithout water conservation 70 gal/cap-d
Table 4 (EPA OnSite Curriculum Matl)Residential Wastewater Flows (3)StudyNumber ofResidencesStudy Duration(months)Study Average(gal/person/day)Study range(gal/person/day)66.2 (250.6)a57.3 – 73.0(216.9 – 276.3)b370.8 (268.0)65.9 – 75.6(249.4 – 289.9)25250.7 (191.9)26.1 – 85.2(98.9 – 322.5)Mayer et al.(1999)11881c69.3 (252.3)57.1 – 83.5(216.1 – 316.1)WeightedAverage153Brown& Caldwell(1984)210Anderson &Siegrist (1989)90Anderson, etal. (1983)aBased68.6 (259.7)Based on indoor water use monitoring and not wastewater flow monitoringmonitoringLiters per person per day in parenthesesc Based on two weeks of continuous monitoring in each of two seasons at each homebLiters
Raw Sewage CharacteristicsComponentRange ofConcentrationsTypical ConcentrationTotal Suspended Solids, TSS155 – 330 mg/L250 mg/LBOD5155 – 286 mg/L250 mg/LpH6 -9 s.u.6.5 s.u.Total Coliform Bacteria108 – 1010 CFU/100mL109 CFU/100mLFecal Coliform Bacteria106 – 108 CFU/100mL107 CFU/100mLAmmonium-Nitrogen, NH4-N4 - 13 mg/L10 mg/LNitrate-Nitrogen, NO3-NLess than 1 mg/LLess than 1 mg/LTotal Nitrogen26 – 75 mg/L60 mg/LTotal Phosphorus6 - 12 mg/L10 mg/Lmg/L milligrams per liters.u. standard unitsCFU/100 mL Colony-Forming Units per 100 millilitersAdapted From: US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, EPA/625/REPA/625/R-00/008, US EPA Office of Water,2002
Concept of load and conc. Average Load(50 people)(0.20 lb BOD/cap-d) 10 lb/d Load concentration times flow Average concentrationAvg flow (50 people)(60 gal/cap-d) 3000 gal/dAvg BOD concentration load/flowC (10 lb/d)/3000 gal/d) 0.00333 lb/gal 400 mg/L
Diurnal flowrate variation fordecentralized wastewater treatment system1.2Flowrate, Mgal/d1.00.80.60.40.20.0051015Time, hrs2025
Variation in influent BOD and TSSconcentration for decentralized system atabout 0.50 Mgal/d average flow300.0BOD, mg/L250.0200.0150.0100.0BOD, mg/LTSS, mg/L50.00.0051015Time, hrs2025
Accumulative loading and flow vs time100.0% Total80.060.040.0% Total Flow% Total BOD Load% Total TSS Load20.00.0051015Time, hrs20
Hourly Variation in Wastewater Flow
Comparison of home unitand decentralized diurnal flowsPercent of total flow100.080.060.040.0Home unitDecentralized System20.00.0051015Time, hrs2025
Other sources and activitiesaffect wastewater flows andcharacteristics
Non-domestic wastewatersources Food Service Facilities:– restaurants– convenience stores including service stations andtruck stops with food preparation facilities Important concerns:– Cooking oils and animal fats– Detergents, cleaning agents (TSP)
Non-domestic wastewatersources Dairy bars– Milk products Meat processing facilities/ slaughterhouses– Blood– Hair– cleaning agents (possibly acidic, caustic or both)– fats, oil and grease.– High nitrogen
Non-domestic wastewatersources Hospitals, clinics, veterinary facilities– Antibiotics– Heavy Metals– Pathogens– Pharmaceuticals
Non-domestic wastewatersources Car Washes– Soap– Grit– Particulates– “Road tar”– Petroleum wastes
Non-domestic wastewatersources Photography laboratories– Photographic chemicals– Heavy Metals– Solvents Beauty salons– Hair treatment chemicals Dyes, hydrogen peroxide– soap and shampoo
Non-domestic wastewatersources Laundries and dry cleaners– Lint– Particulates– Dry cleaning agents– Acidic and caustic compounds– Soaps– Dyes
Non-domestic wastewatersources Schools– cafeterias– chemistry and biology laboratories– photography and journalism laboratories– home economics laboratories– TSP from “chemical dishwashers.”
Determining WastewaterCharacteristics Sampling– Grab Samples– Composite Samples 24-hour composites One-hour compositesi 24Cavg QiCii 1i 24 Qii 1
Summary Types of wastewater characteristicsidentified Per capita loading ranges available Per capita total daily flow may be from 50to 70 gal/day About 70-80% of flow is between 7 amand 8 pm For decentralized systems other sourcesmay need to be identified and sampled
Organism concentration in raw wastewater Helminth Ova 101-104 Giardia lambilia cysts 101-104 Enteric Virus 103-104 Giardia lambilia cysts 101-104 Crytosporidium parvum oocysts 101-105 Salmonella 102-104 Shigella 100-103 Fecal Streptococci 104-106 Enterococci 104-105 Fecal co
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Principal Notation xv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii 1 What is Domestic Wastewater and Why Treat It? 1 Origin and composition of domestic wastewater 1 Characterization of domestic wastewater 2 Wastewater collection 5 Why treat wastewater? 5 Investment in wastewater treatment 6 2 Excreta-related Diseases 8
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