Smoke Management For Prescribed Burning
Smoke Managementfor Prescribed BurningE-1008Oklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceDivision of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesOklahoma State UniversityExtension
Smoke Management for Prescribed BurningJohn R. WeirResearch AssociateNatural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityJ. D. CarlsonAssociate ResearcherBiosystems and Agricultural EngineeringOklahoma State University
We are always striving to better serve our stakeholders’ needs. Please provide us feedback aboutthis NREM document by completing a brief survey on the website: http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nremsurveys/ned. It should only require a couple of minutes of your time, and no identifyinginformation will be asked of you. Your comments will be used to provide a higher quality ofservice in the future. Thank you.Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972,Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, orstatus as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director ofOklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized bythe Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 2,340 for 1,500 copies.0111 Reprint. GH
IntroductionSmoke management should be an importantconsideration when planning all prescribedburns. Smoke can obstruct visibility, whichin turn can affect the safety of the personnelconducting the fire, public safety on roadways,and the recreational value of areas. Smokecan also impact public health, along with thepublic’s reaction to prescribed burning ingeneral. Nuisance smoke is smoke that causesproblems and is defined as the amount of smokein the air that interferes with a right or privilegecommon to members of the public, including theuse or enjoyment of public or private resources.That is why it is important to always managesmoke emissions so there are no problems oncurrent or future burns. The main goals of smokemanagement are to reduce emissions from a fire,improve the dispersion of smoke, and make suresmoke plumes do not affect smoke-sensitiveareas.Smoke is a by-product of incompletecombustion caused by the inefficient mixingof oxygen and fuel. There are four stages ofcombustion, and the amount of fuel consumedas well as the amount of smoke produced isdistinctive for each stage. pre-ignition: when fuel particles are initiallyheated, water vapor is expelled into theatmosphere. flaming: efficiency of combustion is relativelyhigh and the least amount of emissions areproduced in relation to the amount of fuelconsumed. smoldering: efficiency of combustion islower, thus resulting in greater particulateemissions. It has been documented that theamount of particulate emissions producedper amount of fuel consumed during thisstage is more than double that of the flamingstage.Smoke is a by-product of incomplete combustion caused by the inefficient mixing of oxygen and fuel.Ninety percent of smoke emissions from wildland fires are carbon dioxide and water vapor. (photoJohn Weir).Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning1
glowing stage: characterized by minimalsmoke because all of the volatile material inthe fuel has been driven out and oxygen cannow easily reach the fuel particles makingcombustion more efficient.Smoke is found in all stages of combustion,but it is greatest in the smoldering phase. Smokeis also more prevalent during smolderingcombustion of duff, decaying logs, and organicsoils than in grass, shrub, and small diameterwood.Smoke EmissionsCarbon dioxide is the largest single emissionfrom wildland fire. Although it is not consideredan air pollutant, carbon dioxide is an importantgreenhouse gas. Water vapor is the secondlargest emission from wildland fire. It is also notconsidered an air pollutant, but it does contributeto the total smoke load and causes reduction invisibility. Ninety percent of smoke emissionsfrom fires are carbon dioxide and water vapor.The remaining ten percent of smokeemissions consist of other compounds such ascarbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxidesand particulate matter (PM). Particulate matterconsists of small airborne particles. In wildlandfire smoke, 70 percent of these are less than 2.5microns in diameter. These particles degrade airquality by reducing visibility, absorbing harmfulgases and aggravating respiratory problems insusceptible individuals, along with collecting onsurfaces, causing damage and reducing aestheticappeal.How to Minimize SmokeProblemsThere are many methods that can be usedto reduce the impact of smoke outside of theburn unit. Some of the methods are easy toaccomplish, while others may require additionalSmoke management should be an important consideration when planning all prescribed burns. Smokecan obstruct visibility, which can affect public safety on roadways. (photo John Weir)2Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning
labor and can add expense to the burn. Thesimplest method to reduce smoke problems isto burn smaller units; reduced fuel loads createless smoke. This may require land managers toconduct more burns which can increase cost andtake more time, but if it is the only way smokeproblems can be mitigated, then it is the bestmethod. The following are additional methodsthat can be used to reduce smoke problems:Burn when weather conditions are likely toproduce the best dispersion: Burn when atmospheric conditions are bestfor rapid smoke dispersal; this is normallyafter the morning inversion layer has brokenand before the evening inversion layer forms.An inversion is a stable layer of air in whichtemperature increases with height and inwhich smoke dispersion is poor. Burn when the atmosphere is neutral tounstable, which enhances plume rise and thehorizontal and vertical dispersing of smoke. Burn at nighttime only if you have a favorableforecast, because nighttime temperatureinversions will cause smoke to hold atground level. Consider air pollution regulations and donot burn during pollution alerts, stagnantconditions, or ozone alert days becausesmoke will then aggravate an already badsituation. Burn only if minimal parameter valuesare met for acceptable smoke dispersal;these include minimum surface and upperlevel wind speeds, desired wind direction,minimum mixing height, category day, anddispersion index. Take into account down-drainage smokeflow, especially in complex terrain wheredownslope winds prevail at nighttime underlight wind conditions. Burn only after evaluating smoke dispersionwith a computer model (see OK-FIREwebsite, to be discussed later) or smokeplume trajectory plot. (see OSU Extensionpublication E-927, “Using Prescribed Fire inOklahoma”).Burn when fuel conditions are likely to producethe least amount of smoke: Burn with proper fuel moisture conditions.This can be accomplished by selecting thecorrect combination of fuel moisture andfuel size class that need to be removed toSmoke Management for Prescribed BurningConducting burns when atmospheric conditionsare best for rapid smoke dispersal or when theatmosphere is neutral to unstable will aid withthe smoke rising and dispersing (top photograph).The fire in the bottom photograph was conductedon a day when atmospheric conditions were notfavorable for smoke dispersal. Notice how thesmoke is trapped near the surface. (photos byJohn Weir) meet the burn objectives. For removal of finefuels, burn when the relative humidity islow enough for these fuels to burn and largerfuels are too wet to ignite. Consult the OKFIRE website for fuel moisture conditions ina specific area.Use test fires prior to burning to confirmfuel conditions and smoke behavior beforeigniting the entire unit. This is accomplishedby igniting a small area inside the burn unitthat can be easily contained and extinguished,then observing how well the smoke lifts anddisperses. If conditions are not favorable,extinguish the test burn and wait for betteratmospheric conditions.Estimate the amount of smoke fuels will3
Fuel type will make a difference in smoke emission. Hardwood leaf litter will typically produce moresmoke than grass fuels. (photo by John Weir) produce. This is sometimes difficult todetermine and comes with experience. Anarea that has not been burned in years willcreate greater amounts of smoke than areasthat are frequently burned.Fuel type will make a difference in emissionrates; fuels that have high moisture contents,high concentration of oils, or large fuelparticle size will have higher rates of smokeemissions.Utilize suitable ignition techniques for smokemanagement: Consider burning using backfires to reducethe amount of smoke produced. Backfiresconsume higher amounts of fuel in theflaming rather than the smoldering stage ofcombustion and thus produce less smoke perunit of time. Use mass ignition techniques like ring firingand headfires to create greater amounts ofheat which will create more lift for the smoke4 column. (see OSU Extension video VT112,“Using Prescribed Fire in Oklahoma” forexamples)Utilize mass ignition devices such as helitorch, DAIDS, or terra-torch to create highintensity fires that can limit the duration ofsmoke impacts and increase convection.Conduct post-burn mop-up to reduce nuisancesmoke: Outline what actions will be taken after theburn to reduce residual smoke, like promptmop-up, mop-up of certain fuels, or completemop-up of all smoking fuels. If residual smoke problems from logs, brushpiles, snags or stumps may be a problem,take steps to keep them from burning. If theydo ignite, extinguish them quickly. If post-burn smoke could be a problem,be sure to monitor the burn unit and havepersonnel in place to suppress any fuels thatbegin to smolder.Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning
Before the burn, outline what actions will be taken to reduce residual smoke. Measures such asprompt mop-up, monitoring the burn unit, and having personnel in place to suppress any fuels thatbegin to smolder are methods to reduce the impact of post-burn smoke. (photo by Stephen Winter)Reduce the amount of fuels to reduce smokeemissions: Use periodic maintenance-type prescribedburns that follow historic natural fire returnintervals. Consolidate non-merchandisable materialin commercial forestry areas, have timbersales of multiple products, use chemical ormechanical treatments, and allow firewoodcutting. Utilize single or multi-species grazing onrangelands to reduce fine fuels or use hayingpractices. Exercise care when using certain mechanicaltreatments because they can increase theamount of fuel and volatility of fuels withina burn unit.Reduce the impact of smoke on people: Notify all people that could possibly beaffected downwind, such as nearby residents,adjacent landowners, fire departments, andlocal fire control offices. This is a commoncourtesy and common sense.Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning Inform smoke-sensitive persons how to avoidsmoke exposure.Re-locate or provide clean-air facilities forsensitive persons until the risk is over.Mop-up along roads as soon as possible andpay special attention when roads are in areaswhere smoke can travel downslope or downdrainage.Use appropriate signage to inform the publicabout areas where smoke will impact them,such as highways, secondary roads, trailsand campgrounds.Initiate public education or public relationsprior to conducting burns.It is up to the fireboss to manage the smokeon each fire. The incorporation of one or moreof these smoke impact reduction methods canreduce both current and future problems on mostprescribed fires. Remember that even when thesmoke leaves the burn unit, it is still our smokeand we should do everything possible to reducethe impacts on people outside of the burn unit.5
Use appropriate signage to inform the public about areas where smoke will impact them. This willreduce prescribed fire smoke-related problems and conflicts. (photo by Adam Gourley)OK-FIRE: Weather-Based Toolsfor Smoke ManagementWildland fire managers in Oklahoma arefortunate to have a state-of-the-art automatedweather station network, the Oklahoma Mesonet.The network is jointly operated by the Universityof Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University.Operational since 1994, the Oklahoma Mesonetcurrently consists of 120 weather towers (10 mtall) with an average station spacing of 19 miles(Figure 1). Weather information is relayed every5 minutes and is available on Mesonet web siteswithin about 7 minutes of being sent. Thus, firemanagers can access current weather conditionscritical to smoke management with updatesevery 5 minutes.Fire managers can access this Mesonetweather information plus a wealth of otherweather-based fire management products on OKFIRE, a weather-based wildland fire decisionsupport system: http://okfire.mesonet.org6OK-FIRE, a program of Oklahoma StateUniversity in conjunction with the OklahomaMesonet, was developed as a result of a threeyear federal grant from the Joint Fire ScienceProgram. OK-FIRE products focus on three areas:fire weather, fire danger, and smoke dispersion.These products utilize the Oklahoma Mesonetfor current and recent conditions, and the NorthAmerican Model (NAM) of the National WeatherService for forecast conditions. The NAMforecasts, which predict 84 hours in the future,are incorporated by OK-FIRE every six hours,using the 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z operationalruns of the model.OK-FIRE products are available in thefollowing formats: (1) dynamic maps ofOklahoma, capable of zooming, animation,and overlays; (2) site-specific charts; and (3)site-specific tables. These products can beviewed from the previous five days throughthe latest 84-hour forecast period. TheSmoke Management for Prescribed Burning
Figure 1. Location of Oklahoma Mesonet sites.map and chart products require the simpleinstallation of a plug-in, “WeatherScope,”available for download on the home page.Oklahoma Dispersion ModelThe Oklahoma Dispersion Model wasdeveloped to assess surface dispersion conditionsup to several miles downwind. It breaks theatmosphere into six dispersion categories:6 Excellent (EX)5 Good (G)4 Moderately Good (MG)3 Moderately Poor (MP)2 Poor (P)1 Very Poor (VP)In the map products, dispersion categories 4through 6 are colored in increasing shades ofgreen, while category 3 is colored in beige,category 2 in orange, and category 1 in red(Figure 2).The lower end of this scale (1 and 2) typicallyoccurs with inversion conditions, which inhibitmixing and lead to poor dispersion. During suchconditions, the smoke plume hangs togetheras it drifts downwind and anyone caught nearthe plume centerline could be smoked out. Theupper end of this scale (5 and 6) typically occurswith unstable atmospheric conditions, whenthe dispersion is good, both in the vertical andhorizontal directions. The Oklahoma DispersionModel can be interpreted as follows—for a givenSmoke Management for Prescribed Burningdistance downwind, smoke concentrations nearthe plume centerline will be least under theexcellent (EX) category and highest under thevery poor (VP) category. For further details,consult the OSU Extension publication BAE1739, “Movement of Odors Off-Farm.”Dispersion ProductsDispersion-related products are found in the“SMOKE” section of the OK-FIRE web site. Themap which appears upon entering this sectionis that of current dispersion conditions based onthe latest Mesonet data. Note also that there arethree major menu items on the left: “Current/Recent Surface Dispersion,” “Forecast SurfaceDispersion,” and “Forecast ceDispersion”contains products based on Oklahoma Mesonetdata and relevant to surface smoke dispersion.In “Site-Specific Dispersion,” one can click ona nearby Mesonet site to get the latest weatherinformation related to smoke dispersion (Figure3), including wind speed and direction, thevertical temperature difference if the towerhas two levels of temperature sensors (positivevalues denote a temperature inversion and poordispersion conditions), and the latest dispersionconditions from the Oklahoma DispersionModel.The “Surface Fire Weather Map” gives anoverall view of the wind, temperature, andrelative humidity conditions across the state.7
Figure 2. Example of a forecast dispersion conditions map from the OklahomaDispersion Model.The “Surface Inversion Map” shows the latestMesonet site to see current/recent dispersionMesonet tower vertical temperature differencesand wind conditions in chart and table format,(between 9 m and 1.5 m); again, positive valuesrespectively.denote surface inversions, which are indicative“Forecast Surface Dispersion” containsof poor dispersion conditions. In the “Dynamicproducts based on the latest 84-hour outputDispersion Maps” section, one can accessof the NAM model. In “Dynamic Dispersiondispersion condition and wind vector maps fromMaps” animations are available of the expectedthe previous 5 days; of more relevance, using thedispersion and wind vector conditions for theanimation feature, burn managers can see hownext 84 hours. In “Site-Specific Dispersiondispersion conditions and winds have changedCharts” and “Site-Specific Dispersion Tables,”over the past number of hours (Figure 4). In “Siteforecast dispersion and wind conditions for aSpecific Dispersion Charts” and “Site-Specificspecific Mesonet location are viewable in chartDispersion Tables,” one can click on a nearbyand table format, respectively (Figure 5).Figure 3. Example showing the latest dispersion conditions for Beaverbased on Mesonet data.8Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning
Figure 4. Example of a wind vector plot based on Mesonet data.Figure 5. Example of a forecast dispersion chart for Wister. Predicted dispersion conditions (green)are shown in the top graph, and wind speeds (blue) and directions (staff/barb symbols) in the bottomgraph.Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning9
Fuel Moisture ProductsAs mentioned earlier, fuel moisture affectssmoke production - generally, the more water agiven fuel possesses, the more smoke will be givenoff. With high fuel moisture, most of the energy inthe flaming phase will go into vaporizing waterrather than burning dry matter, leaving moredry matter to burn in the smoldering phase. Ofcourse, if fuel moisture is too high, the fuel won’tburn; if fuel moisture is too low, dangerous andintense fire behavior can result.Fuel moisture is therefore an important topicboth for fire behavior and smoke management. Inparticular, dead fuel moisture (DFM) is importantas it is the dead fuels which are most prominentduring the prescribed burn and wildfire seasonsin Oklahoma. For purposes of fire modeling,dead fuels are often broken into four categories:1-hour fuels (less than 1/4-inch in diameter),10-hour fuels (1/4-inch to 1-inch diameter),100-hour fuels (1-inch to 3-inch diameter), and1,000-hour fuels (3-inch to 8-inch diameter). Asa general rule, with respect to fire behavior andsafety issues, the preferred range of 1-hour DFMshould be between 7 percent and 20 percentand 10-hour DFM between 6 percent and 15percent. Higher fuel moisture values may resultin low ignition and very little fire spread, whilelower values may result in extreme fire behavior.Consult the OSU Extension publication NREM2878, “Fire Prescriptions for Maintenance andRestoration of Native Plant Communities,” formore details.OK-FIRE offers a wealth of fuel moistureproducts for the previous 5 days through the latest84-hour forecast period. As with other products,they are available in map, chart, and table format(Figure 6). These fuel moisture products can befound in the “FIRE” section of OK-FIRE under“Current/Recent Fire Danger” and “Fire DangerForecasts.”Fire Prescription PlannerThe “Fire Prescription Planner” on OK-FIREallows the fire manager to specify lower and/or upper limits for various variables pertainingto weather, dispersion conditions, dead fuelmoisture, and fire danger. After the prescribedvalues are entered, the user chooses a Mesonetsite. Then, using output based on the latest 84hour forecast, a table is produced for each hourof the forecast period showing which hours theprescription is met (for each prescribed variableand for all of them combined). Times when theFigure 6. Forecast chart of 1-hour and 10-hour dead fuel moisture for Haskell from OK-FIRE.10Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning
criteria are met are shaded green, and thosehours when they are not met are shaded red. Thisproduct is accessible from the home page as wellas from the “WEATHER,” “FIRE,” and “SMOKE”sections.As an example, a fire manager near Skiatookis considering a prescribed burn during the nextthree days and wishes to see when conditionsmight be suitable. The burn prescription callsfor relative humidity between 30 and 60 percentand wind speeds between 5 and 15 mph. Inaddition, winds out of the westerly sectors(southwest, west, northwest) are desired. Withrespect to smoke management, the burn managerputs a lower limit on dispersion conditions of“Moderately Good”. Finally, the dead fuelmoisture for the burn is prescribed between7 and 20 percent for 1-hour fuels and between6 and 15 percent for 10-hour fuels. The firststep in the Fire Prescription Planner involvesthe entry of this information for the prescribedelements. Note that not all data fields need beentered (Figure 7).After the selection of the Mesonet siteSkiatook (not shown), a table is created showingwhich hours of the 84-hour forecast period meetor do not meet the prescription criteria. Theresulting table for Skiatook indicates a suitableperiod for such a burn between 8 a.m. and 4p.m. the next day (Figure 8). Note that the firstcolumn after the date/time column is entitled“Criteria Met?” and that for these hours thosecells are shaded green, indicating all prescribedvariable criteria are met during these hours.Also, wind directions are expected to be steadyduring this period (out of the west-northwest),which is important during prescribed burns.Smoke Management Products fromthe National Weather ServiceIn addition to the Oklahoma Dispersion Modelwhich is designed to model surface dispersionup to several miles downwind, another systemcan be used for smoke management which dealswith the ability of the atmosphere to mix andtransport smoke over large distances throughoutFigure 7. Example of selecting values for prescription forecast elements in the Fire PrescriptionPlanner.Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning11
Figure 8. Resulting forecast table for Skiatook in the Fire Prescription Planner.the boundary layer (the mixed layer), which canextend upwards of 5,000 feet above the surface.The “Mixing Height” is the depth of the layerabove the ground throughout which smoke canbe dispersed. “Transport Wind” is the averagewind speed through the depth of that layer.Multiplying these two variables gives “VentilationRate” (VR), which is an estimate of the ability ofthe atmosphere to ventilate the area. A variablecalled “Category Day,” which is a function of VRand ranges from 1 to 5, has been developed as asmoke management index to provide guidance asto when and when not to burn. A Category Dayvalue of 1 represents the worst boundary-layerdispersion conditions during which no burningshould occur, while a Category Day value of 5represents the best boundary-layer dispersionconditions. This system is more fully describedin the OSU Extension publication E-927, “UsingPrescribed Fire in Oklahoma.”Category Day forecasts can be obtained fromlocal National Weather Service (NWS) offices12serving Oklahoma (Amarillo, Norman, Tulsa,and Shreveport). Links to their fire weather webpages can be found on the OK-FIRE site in the“SMOKE” section under “Forecast BoundaryLayer Conditions” and “National WeatherService.” The fire manager can click on theNWS office serving the area of concern and viewpredictions of Category Day through the 84-hourperiod.It is important to consult both the OklahomaDispersion Model, which relates to surfacedispersion conditions, and the Category Daysystem, which relates to the capacity of theboundary layer to disperse the smoke. Undersome circumstances the Oklahoma DispersionModel could show good to excellent conditionsat the surface, but the mixing height and/ortransport wind could be so low that the smoke istrapped in a relatively small vertical layer abovethe surface (refer to earlier picture of entrappedsmoke in the boundary layer).Smoke Management for Prescribed Burning
ReferencesBidwell, T.G., D.M. Engle, J.R. Weir, R.E. Masters,and J.D. Carlson, 2004. Fire Prescriptionsfor Maintenance and Restoration of NativePlant Communities. OSU Extension FactSheet NREM-2878, Oklahoma y, 7 pp.Bidwell, T.G., J.R. Weir, J.D. Carlson, M.E.Moseley, R.E. Masters, P. McDowell, D.M.Engle, S.D. Fuhlendorf, J. Waymire, andS. Conrady, 2003. Using Prescribed Firein Oklahoma. Circular E-927. OklahomaCooperative Extension Service, OklahomaState University, 30 pp.Smoke Management for Prescribed BurningHamilton, D. W., and J. D. Carlson, 1999.Movement of Odors Off-Farm, OSUExtension Fact Sheet BAE-1739, OklahomaCooperative Extension Service, OklahomaState University, 4 pp.Hardy, C.C., R. D. Ottmar, J.L. Peterson, J. E. Core,P. Seamon, ed, 2001. Smoke ManagementGuide for Prescribed and Wildland Fire (2001Edition). National Wildfire CoordinatingGroup, PMS 420-2, NFES 1279, 226 pp.Using Prescribed Fire in Oklahoma VT112, 2007.DVD video. Oklahoma Cooperative ExtensionService, Oklahoma State University.13
Extension
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been p
Habitat Management Fact Sheet Prescribed Burning Introduction Prescribed burning can be defined as the thoughtful and skillful application of fire to a specific site under selected weather conditions to accomplish specific land management objectives. Prescribed burning is one of the most cost effective methods for managing plant
ADOT Vegetation Management Guidelines – Prescribed Burning . 33 . 1.0 Purpose of Prescribed Burning . Prescribed burning is used for removing unwanted plant material or waste such as brush, tumbleweeds, and forest litter to reduce fuel sources for wildfires, or to control brush by non-chemical means. It is also an economic way to
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
Smoke control manages smoke movement to reduce the threat to life and property. This chapter describes: Methods of smoke control Applications of smoke control methods Smoke detection and system activation Design approaches to smoke control Design considerations for smoke control
indigo snake, red-cocked woodpecker, wire grass, and pitcher plants. When an area is burned regularly these species may increase in numbers. Preparation for Burns 1. Have a professional who is certified in prescribed burning develop a prescribed burning plan and provide onsite supervision while burning is done. 2. Prepare necessary firebreaks .
Neptune Smoke Evacuator ULPA/Charcoal Filter.0702-040-000 Smoke Tubing, /8 inch x 10 feet.0702-045-02 Smoke Tubing, 7/8 inch x 6 feet.0702-045-025 . filter controls the amount of smoke evacuation based on the amount of smoke present. The smoke evacuator has three distinct modes: off, manual and automatic. The smoke evacuator .
Generator is driven by a microprocessor control system that carefully regulates temperature, smoke volume and density. A variety of smoke settings can be . Smoke Production 4000 ft 3 (1219.2 m ) /min of smoke to zero visibility at 3 ft. (0.9 m) 6 SMOKE GENERATOR WWW.LIONPROTECTS.COM 3. OVERVIEW OF THE SMOKE GENERATOR
A smoke detector alarm is a fire protection device that automatically detects smoke and also gives us warning. In the proposed system, a smoke detector upon senses smoke activates its alarm, sends a low voltage signal to all other smoke detectors in the vicinity. This low voltage signal activates the individual relays in the other smoke
