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Macmillan Education4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XWA division of Macmillan Publishers LimitedCompanies and representatives throughout the worldwww.macmillan-caribbean.comISBN 978-0-230-48220-3 Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC ) 2015www.cxc.orgwww.cxc-store.comThe author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with theCopyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.First published 2014This revised version published 2015Permission to copyThe material in this book is copyright. However, the publisher grants permission for copies to bemade without fee. Individuals may make copies for their own use or for use by classes of which theyare in charge; institutions may make copies for use within and by the staff and students of thatinstitution. For copying in any other circumstances, prior permission in writing must be obtainedfrom Macmillan Publishers Limited. Under no circumstances may the material in this book be used,in part or in its entirety, for commercial gain. It must not be sold in any format.Designed by Macmillan Publishers LimitedCover design by Macmillan Publishers Limited and Red Giraffe
CAPE Environmental Science Free ResourcesLIST OF CONTENTSCAPE Environmental Science Syllabus Extract3CAPE Environmental Science Syllabus4CAPE Environmental Science Specimen Papers:Unit 1 Paper 01Unit 1 Paper 02Unit 1 Paper 03/2Unit 2 Paper 01Unit 2 Paper 02Unit 2 Paper 03/277869399108116CAPE Environmental Science Mark Schemes/Keys:Unit 1 Paper 01Unit 1 Paper 02Unit 1 Paper 03/2Unit 2 Paper 01Unit 2 Paper 02Unit 2 Paper 03/2121122135145146167CAPE Environmental Science Subject Reports:May/June 2004May/June 2005May/June 2006May/June 2007May/June 2008 Trinidad and TobagoMay/June 2008 Rest of CaribbeanMay/June 2009May/June 2010May/June 2011May/June 2012May/June 2013May/June 2014180209238263286307326345365380393415
Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science is an interdisciplinary branch of science that deals with theinteractions among physical, chemical, and biological components of theenvironment. The subject employs qualitative and quantitative approaches to thestudy of environmental systems. The CAPE Environmental Science Syllabusprovides opportunities for students to acquire knowledge and skills to identify,prevent and solve problems and prepares them for careers in diverse fields relatedto environmental management and to sustainable development of the CaribbeanRegion. The aims of the syllabus include development of an understanding of theinterdisciplinary and holistic nature of the environment and the interactions betweenpeople and the environment.The subject is organised in two Units. A Unit comprises three Modules.UNIT 1: Ecology, Human Population and Natural ResourcesModule 1–Fundamental Ecological PrinciplesModule 2–Human Population and the EnvironmentModule 3–Sustainable Use of Natural ResourcesUNIT 2: Agriculture, Energy and Environmental PollutionModule 1–Agriculture and the EnvironmentModule 2–Energy and the EnvironmentModule 3–Pollution of the Environment
ciencyExaminationsCAPE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESYLLABUSEffective for examinations from May/June 2011
Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council 2010, Caribbean Examinations CouncilAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without priorpermission of the author or publisher.Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to:The Pro-RegistrarCaribbean Examinations CouncilCaenwood Centre37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I.Telephone: (876) 630-5200Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.orgWebsite: www.cxc.orgCopyright 2004 by Caribbean Examinations CouncilThe Garrison, St Michael BB14038, BarbadosCXC A25/U2/10
ContentsContentsIntroducRATIONALE .1tionAIMS .2SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED .2PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS.4STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS .4UNIT 1: ECOLOGY, HUMAN POPULATION AND NATURAL RESOURCESMODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES.5MODULE 2: HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT.10MODULE 3: SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES .16UNIT 2: AGRICULTURE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONMODULE 1: AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT .26MODULE 2: ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT .32MODULE 3: POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT .38OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT .49REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES .59REGULATIONS FOR RE-SIT CANDIDATES .59ASSESSMENT GRID.60GLOSSARY .61CXC A25/U2/10
This document CXCA25/U2/10 replaces CXC A25/U2/04 issued in 2004.Please note that the syllabus has been revised and amendments are indicated byitalics.First Issued 2004Revised 2010Please check the website www.cxc.org for updates on CXC’s syllabuses.CXC A25/U2/10
TIntroductionThe Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE) are designed to provide certification ofthe academic, vocational and technical achievement of students in the Caribbean who, havingcompleted a minimum of five years of secondary education, wish to further their studies. Theexaminations address the skills and knowledge acquired by students under a flexible and articulatedsystem where subjects are organised in 1-Unit or 2-Unit courses with each Unit containing threeModules. Subjects examined under CAPE may be studied concurrently or singly.The Caribbean Examinations Council offers three types of certification. The first is the award of acertificate showing each CAPE Unit completed. The second is the CAPE diploma, awarded tocandidates who have satisfactorily completed at least six Units, including Caribbean Studies. Thethird is the CAPE Associate Degree, awarded for the satisfactory completion of a prescribed clusterof seven CAPE Units including Caribbean Studies and Communication Studies. For the CAPEdiploma and the CAPE Associate Degree, candidates must complete the cluster of required Unitswithin a maximum period of five years.Recognized educational institutions presenting candidates for a CAPE Associate Degree in one ofthe nine categories must, on registering these candidates at the start of the qualifying year, havethem confirm in the required form, the Associate Degree they wish to be awarded. Candidates willnot be awarded any possible alternatives for which they did not apply.CXC A25/U2/10
CXC A25/U2/10
TEnvironmental ScienceSyllabus RATIONALEScience plays a major role in the evolution of knowledge by empowering us with the skillsrequired for creative and independent problem-solving. It arouses our natural curiosity,encourages our ability to enquire, to pose questions, and to conduct research required to obtainanswers. This approach leads to the construction of hypotheses, theories and laws that help us toexplain natural phenomena, to understand human activities in relation to natural phenomena, andthrough this to meet the challenge of survival and progress in a diverse and changing world.The environment and natural resource base of the Caribbean are critical for the welfare of Caribbeanpeople. Natural resource and environmental management and conservation are pre-requisites forsustainable development in the region. Achieving sustainable development requires an appreciation ofthe value of natural resources and the environment, and the development of the knowledge base andskills required for effective management. A firm grounding in these skills, knowledge and attitudes isprovided through a study of Environmental Science.Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary subject which draws on the content of several disciplinesto offer a balanced scientific and holistic perspective of environmental issues. It provides knowledge,skills and attitudes to identify, prevent and solve environmental problems and thereby prepares studentsfor ultimate careers in diverse fields of relevance to environmental management and to sustainabledevelopment of the Caribbean Region.This CAPE syllabus in Environmental Science presents a coherent course of study which provides aspecific knowledge base of the environment and which facilitates the development of related skills andattitudes. The syllabus takes into account the requirements for tertiary education at regional andinternational institutions. It is intended for a wide range of students, including traditional sixth formstudents, part-time, mature and private students.This syllabus will contribute to the development of the Ideal Caribbean Person as articulated by theCARICOM Heads of Government in the following areas: respect for human life and awareness of theimportance of living in harmony with the environment; multiple literacies; independent and criticalthinking and the innovative application of science and technology to problem solving. Based on theUNESCO Pillars of Learning, this course of study will also contribute to a person who will learn howto do, learn to live together and learn to transform themselves and society.CXC A25/U2/101
AIMSThe syllabus aims to:1.stimulate interest in the environment;2.develop an understanding of the interdisciplinary and holistic nature of the environment;3.develop knowledge and understanding of environmental issues and principles and the abilityto apply these to environmental management, particularly in a Caribbean context;4.develop the ability to identify critical research questions and formulate hypothesis or guidingstatements.5.develop the ability to collect, collate, analyze and interpret environmental data;6.develop the ability to communicate environmental information and ideas logically andconcisely in a variety of forms;7.provide an understanding of interactions between people and the environment;8.increase an awareness of the importance of living in harmony with the environment;9.recognize and evaluate the socio-economic, political and ethical issues in EnvironmentalScience;10.foster positive attitudes, values and commitment to identifying, solving and preventingenvironmental problems;11.develop an understanding of how natural resources and the environment affect quality of lifeand the quest for sustainable development in the Caribbean. SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSEDThe skills and abilities which students are expected to develop on completion of the syllabus havebeen grouped under three main headings:(i)(ii)(iii)Knowledge and Comprehension;Application of Knowledge;Practical Abilities.CXC A25/U2/102
Knowledge and ComprehensionThe examination will test candidates’ skills and abilities to:(i)Define terms and explain concepts;(ii)describe processes;(iii)state principles and properties;(iv)explain interactions and inter-relationships.Application of KnowledgeThe examination will test candidates’ skills and abilities to:(i)analyze and discuss different environmental situations;(ii)evaluate and justify options (for the use of resources);(iii)compare and contrast alternative solutions to environmental problems;(iv)select techniques and methodologies appropriate to different environmental situations;(v)suggest possible solutions to specific environmental problems;(vi)draw inferences from environmental data.Practical AbilitiesThe examination will test candidates’ skills and abilities to:(i)select techniques, designs, methodologies and instruments appropriate to differentenvironmental situations;(ii)use instruments to measure environmental parameters;(iii)collect and collate data;(iv)analyze, interpret and present data;(v)use quantitative techniques appropriately;(vi)develop appropriate solutions to specific environmental problems.CXC A25/U2/103
PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUSAny person with a good grasp of the contents of the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate(CSEC) Integrated Science or Physics or Chemistry or Biology or Geography or Agricultural Sciencesyllabuses, or the equivalent, should be able to pursue the course of study defined by the syllabus.However, successful participation in the course of study will also depend on the possession of goodverbal and written communication skills. STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUSThe subject is organised in two Units. Each Unit contains a body of knowledge and skills drawnfrom several disciplines that impact on the environment. Unit 1 addresses Ecology, HumanPopulation and Natural Resource Use, while Unit 2 deals with Agriculture, Energy, andEnvironmental Pollution.A Unit comprises three Modules, each requiring 50 hours. The total time for each Unit, is therefore,expected to be 150 hours. Each Unit can independently offer students a comprehensive programmeof study with appropriate balance between depth and coverage to provide a basis for further study inthis field.UNIT 1:Ecology, Human Population and Natural ResourcesModule 1Module 2Module 3- Fundamental Ecological Principles- Human Population and the Environment- Sustainable Use of Natural ResourcesUNIT 2:Agriculture, Energy and Environmental PollutionModule 1Module 2Module 3- Agriculture and the Environment- Energy and the Environment- Pollution of the EnvironmentIn this syllabus, the specific objectives which are denoted by an asterisk (*) are particularlysuitable for practical exercises. However, the project need not be limited to these objectives.CXC A25/U2/104
UNIT 1: ECOLOGY, HUMAN POPULATION AND NATURALRESOURCESMODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLESGENERAL OBJECTIVESOn completion of this Module, students should:1.understand the basic ecological concepts;2.understand the processes that govern the interactions of organisms with the biotic and abioticcomponents of their environment;3.understand the relationship between people and the environment;4.acquire knowledge and develop practical and analytical skills.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESEXPLANATORY NOTESStudents should be able to:1.differentiatebetweenkeyecological terms and concepts;Ecology: species, population, re, lithosphere, habitat, niche, biome,ecotone.2.explain the relationship betweenlivingorganismsandtheirenvironment;(i)The biotic and abiotic environments.(ii)Tolerance ranges and limiting factors.(iii)Ecological niches:CXC A25/U2/105(a)fundamental niche;(b)realised niche.
UNIT 1MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (cont’d)SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESEXPLANATORY NOTESStudents should be able to:3.outlinetheimportancebiogeochemical cycles;of(i)Carbon Cycle.(ii)Nitrogen Cycle.(iii)Phosphorus Cycle.(iv)Water Cycle.Include basic chemical equations and formulafor biogeochemical cycles.4.Explainthesignificanceofbiogeochemical cycles to organisms;5.explain how energy and nutrientsflows within ecosystems;6.discuss types of interactions betweenorganisms in communities;(i)Productivityecosystems.of(ii)Food chains and webs.(iii)Trophic levels.(iv)Ecological producersand7.explain how ecosystems are selfsustaining;Ecological succession and climax communities.8.explain the process of natural selectionand adaptation to the environment;Natural selection, evolution and adaptation.CXC A25/U2/106
UNIT 1MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (cont’d)SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESEXPLANATORY NOTESStudents should be able to:9.determine population sizeappropriate sampling methods;10.calculate species diversity;usingPopulation sampling methods for moving andnon-moving organisms (for example, quadrats,transects, capture, mark, release, recapture).Where11.12.analyse the relationship betweenspecies diversity and ecosystemstability;identify factors affecting populationgrowth in a natural ecosystem;13.explain the concept of carryingcapacity;14.evaluate human interactions withinnatural ecosystems;15.investigate at least two ecosystemsin a territory;*CXC A25/U2/10(i)D – species DiversityN – total number of organism of allspeciesn - total number of organism of aparticular speciesDiversity within species.(ii)Diversity between species.(iii)Community and ecosystem stability.(i)Biotic potential.(ii)Exponential population growth.(iii)Environmental resistance.(i)Human beings as part of the naturalecosystems.(ii)Benefits of natural ecosystems.(iii)Anthropogenic impact on ecosystems andbiodiversity and the need to maintain itsintegrity.Consider both terrestrial and aquatic (freshwaterand marine) ecosystems.7
UNIT 1MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (cont’d)16.measure and discuss environmentalparameters in a given habitat;*17.applyscientificmethodtoexperimental design and analysis;18.Present and interpret data usingappropriate charts, table, graphs.See suggested teaching-learning activities.Suggested Teaching and Learning ActivitiesTo facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives of this Module, teachers are advised to engagestudents in the teaching and learning activities listed below.1.Define environmental science2.Formulate hypothesis, develop guiding statements and generate and interpret data.3.Discuss current environmental issues and highlight the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach.4.Sample an ecosystem to determine population density and distribution.5.Conduct study visits, to identify species diversity.6.Investigate environmental parameters in a natural aquatic environment.7.Create models of existing ecosystems in a specific location.8.Create food webs and analyse possible disruption of feeding relationships.9.Study the source(s) and distribution of a country’s freshwater supply and its level ofdependence on natural water cycles.10.Visit to an ecosystem to identify and quantify human use of its components.CXC A25/U2/108
UNIT 1MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (cont’d)RESOURCESBotkin, D., and Keller, E.Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, New York:John Wiley and Sons, 1997.Chiras, Daniel D.Environmental Science. Action for a Sustainable Future,United States of America: The Benjamin/CummingsPublishing Company Inc., 1994.Cunningham, W. and Saigo, B.Environmental Science. A Global Concern, New York:McGraw Hill, 2001.Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A.The Population Explosion, New York: Simon and Schuster,1990.Jackson, et al.Global Issues 1999-2000, Guilford, CT: Duskin PublishingGroup Inc., 1998.Jordan, C.Conservation, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.Miller, G. TylerLiving in the Environment, Principles, Connections andSolutions: Wadsworth Publishing, California, 1994.Nebel, B. and Wright, R.Environmental Science: The Way the World Works, NewJersey: Prentice Hall, 1997.The Cropper Foundation (TCF), 2009. SustainableDevelopment. Terms and concept: A reference forteachers and student. Port-of-Spain, TrinidadBiodiversity of the Caribbean. A learning Resourceprepared for Eastern Car
Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary subject which draws on the content of several disciplines to offer a balanced scientific and holistic perspective of environmental issues. It provides knowledge, skills and attitudes to identify, prevent and solve environmental problems and thereby prepares students
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1 School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2 College of Distance Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Correspondence: George Tackie, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. E-mail: gtackie@ucc.edu.gh
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University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa), M Mthethwa (Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa), P Smith (The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town,
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1 School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2 Registrar’s Office, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana 3 Directorate of Legal, Consular, and General Services, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Correspondence: Owusu, G. A., School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
published by the American Petroleum Institute (API, 1984, 1991) are generally not consistent with the physical processes that dictate actual pile capacity. For example, the experimental observa- tion of a gradual reduction in the rate of increase of pile capacity with embedment depth is allowed for by imposing limiting values of end-bearing and shaft friction beyond some critical depth .
