GER-3936A - Advanced Technology Combined Cycles
gGER-3936AGE Power SystemsAdvancedTechnologyCombined CyclesR.W. SmithP. PolukortC.E. MaslakC.M. JonesB.D. GardinerGE Power SystemsSchenectady, NY
Advanced Technology Combined CyclesContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1System Integration Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Steam Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Shaft Train Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Steam-Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Integrated Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Plant Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Repowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15GE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) i
Advanced Technology Combined CyclesGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) ii
Advanced Technology Combined CyclesIntroductionThe General Electric H technology combinedcycles represent the most advanced power generation systems available today. These combined-cycle power generation systems canachieve 60% net thermal efficiency burningnatural gas. Their environmental impact perkilowatt-hour is the lowest of all fossil-fired generation equipment. These highly efficient combined cycles integrate the advanced technology,closed-circuit steam-cooled 60 Hz MS7001Hand 50 Hz MS9001H gas turbines with reliablesteam cycles using state-of-the-art steam turbines and unfired, multi-pressure, reheat heatrecovery steam generators (HRSGs).System Integration OverviewThe STAG 107H and STAG 109H are offered ina single-shaft combined-cycle configuration.Figure 1 is a conceptual presentation of an outdoor power plant with this equipment. Thisconfiguration complements the cycle integration between the steam-cooled gas turbine andthe steam bottoming cycle.A diagram of the cycle (Figure 2) shows anoverview of the three-pressure, reheat steamcycle and its integration with the gas turbinecooling system. Gas turbine cooling steam issupplied from the intermediate pressure (IP)superheater and the high pressure (HP) steamturbine exhaust to the closed circuit system thatcools the gas turbine stage 1 and 2 nozzles andbuckets. The cooling system operates in serieswith the reheater, with gas turbine coolingsteam returned to the steam cycle cold reheatline.Air extracted from the compressor discharge iscooled using water from the IP economizer.The cooled air is readmitted to the gas turbineand compressor to cool compressor wheels andselected turbine gas path components. Theenergy extracted from the compressor discharge air is returned to the steam cycle by generating IP steam. A fuel gas heating system utilizes low grade energy from the HRSG toimprove combined-cycle thermal efficiency.Water extracted from the discharge of theHRSG IP economizer is supplied to the fuel gasFigure 1. Advanced technology combined-cycle unitGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 1
Advanced Technology Combined CyclesFuelHeat RecoverySteam GeneratorFuelHeatingSystemToStackCooling eratorSteam TurbineGas TurbineLEGENDSteamWaterExhaustAirFuelIPAir Condensate PumpFilterBGland SealCondenserCondensate FilterFigure 2. STAG 107H/109H cycle diagramheater to pre-heat the fuel gas supplied to thecombustion system. The water leaving the fuelheater is returned to the cycle through the condensate receiver to the condenser.PerformanceThe rating point thermal and environmentalperformance is summarized in Table 1 for theadvanced technology single-shaft combinedcycle units burning natural gas fuel. Thegraphs in Figure 3 show the ambient tempera-Combined-Cycle NetUnitPower, MWture effect on performance for the STAG 107Has well as the part load performance. Thegraphs in Figure 4 show the ambient temperature effect on performance for the STAG 109Has well as the part load performance.The low NOx emissions are achieved by a DryLow NOx (DLN) combustion system. Theclosed circuit steam-cooling system also contributes to the low NOx emissions because aminimum of air bypasses the combustors forcooling the gas turbine hot gas path parts.Net Heat Rate (LHV)BTU/kWh kJ/kWhThermalEfficiency(LHV), %NOxEmissionsppmvd at15% O2Thermal Dischargeto Cooling WaterBTU/kWh kJ/kWhSTAG 107H4005,6876,00060 91,7901,888STAG 109H4805,6876,00060 251,7901,888Notes:1. Ambient Air Conditions 15 C (59 F), 1.0133 barA (14.7 psia), 60% RH2. Steam Turbine Exhaust Pressure 0.04064 barA, (1.2 In HgA)3. Performance is net plant with allowances for equipment and plant auxiliaries with a once-throughcooling water system4. Three-Pressure, Reheat, Heat Recovery Feedwater Heating Steam CycleTable 1. Advanced technology combined cycle – thermal and environmental performanceGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 2
5%100.5%Heat %10.0%98.0%10130%99.0%80%0Basis:15 C (59 F) ambient temperature,1.013 BarA (14.7 psia) ambient pressure,60% relative humidity,0.0508 BarA (1.5" HgA) ST exhaust pressure,2 x 851mm (33.5") LSB140%100%Basis:15 C (59 F) ambient temperature,1.013 BarA (14.7 psia) ambient pressure,60% relative humidity,0.0508 BarA (1.5" HgA) ST exhaust pressure,2 x 851mm (33.5") LSB90%100.0%Heat Rate (Percent of Rated)125%Heat Rate (Percent of Rated)Output (Percent of Rated)Advanced Technology Combined 0%90.0%100.0%Power Output (Percent of Rated)110Ambient Temperature ( Heat Rate105%100.5%100%100.0%Power95%99.5%Basis:15 C (59 F) ambient temperature,1.013 BarA (14.7 psia) ambient pressure,60% relative humidity,0.0508 BarA (1.5" HgA) ST exhaust pressure,2 x 851mm (33.5") LSB90%85%80%0102030405060708090100Heat Rate (Percent of Rated)125%Heat Rate (Percent of Rated)Output (Percent of Rated)Figure 3. S107H ambient temperature effect on performance and part load 0%10.0%110Ambient Temperature ( F)Basis:15 C (59 F) ambient temperature,1.013 BarA (14.7 psia) ambient pressure,60% relative humidity,0.0508 BarA (1.5" HgA) ST exhaust pressure,2 x 851mm (33.5") ower Output (Percent of Rated)Figure 4. S109H ambient temperature effect on performance and part load performanceHP ThrottlePressure (psig/Barg)Temperature ( F/ C)Hot ReheatPressure (psig/Barg)Temperature ( F/ C)LP AdmissionPressure (psig/Barg)Temperature ( F/ C)Exhaust PressurePressure (in. /2771.2/0.04064Table 2. Advanced technology combined-cycle steam conditionsGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 3
Advanced Technology Combined Cyclesspecific back pressure conditions expectedrequires low-pressure section designs with abroad range of exhaust annulus areas. This isachieved by selection of the last stage bucketlength and the use of both single-flow and double-flow exhausts. Table 3 summarizes the laststage buckets that are applicable for theadvanced technology combined cycle units.The low thermal discharge to cooling waterresults from the high efficiency and the generalcharacteristic of combined-cycle systems inwhich approximately 30% of the unit poweroutput is produced by the steam cycle.Bottoming cycle steam conditions are tabulatedin Table 2 for systems that produce the performance shown in Table 1. The combined-cycle systems are also available with 124 barA / (1800Psig) throttle pressure which may more optimally suit systems with lower cost fuel or a midrange duty cycle.Applications with low condenser pressurerequire a steam turbine with a double-flowexhaust. This two-casing design is similar in configuration and construction to that applied byGE in single-shaft combined-cycle applicationswith F technology gas turbines. The high andintermediate pressure sections are combined inone casing connected by a single crossover tothe center of the double-flow low-pressure section.Steam TurbineA wide range of steam turbines are available tosuit specific site, duty and economic requirements for both 50 Hz and 60 Hz applicationswhile satisfying all of the combined-cycle integration requirements. Since there are noextractions for feedwater heating and sincesteam is generated and admitted to the turbineat three pressures, the flow at the exhaust isapproximately 30% greater than the throttleflow. The last stage generates up to 15% of thesteam turbine output, so the efficiency of theturbine's last stage and the sizing of the exhaustannulus area are particularly important for allcombined-cycle applications. The range of site-FrequencyLengthOperation is with sliding pressure with the control valves wide open. A control stage at theinlet is therefore not required.Shaft Train ConfigurationThe single-shaft power train is configured withthe gas turbine on one end, the steam turbinein the middle and the generator on the otherend, as shown in Figure 5. This close coupling ofthe steam and gas turbines permits full mechan-Pitch 450/3000Exhaust annulus Area for Numberof Parallel Flows1122Sq MSq FtSq MSq 7.3101.2Table 3. Last-stage buckets for advanced technology combined-cycle applicationsGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 4
Advanced Technology Combined ure 5. S107H and S109H single-shaft STAG equipment configurationical integration as a single prime mover with asingle thrust bearing, thus minimizing the overall machine length. Use of all solid rotor couplings provides maximum reliability and simplifies the control, overspeed protection, and auxiliary systems.The thrust bearing is located in the gas turbineinlet end bearing housing, which permits independent operation of the gas turbine for testingin the factory. This location is at the high pressure end of the steam turbine, which minimizesdifferential expansion and permits use of smallaxial clearances throughout the HP and IP sections. The steam turbine contribution to theshaft thrust load is low and in the oppositedirection to that of the gas turbine, so that thethrust bearing is lightly loaded under all operating conditions.A single lubricating oil system with AC- and DCpowered pumps provides oil to all shaft bearings and to the generator hydrogen seals.Similarly, a single high-pressure hydraulic fluidsystem is used for all control and protectivedevices.GE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) Features:1. Steam turbine installed between thegas turbine and the “field assembled”hydrogen-cooled generator.2. Solid coupling between gas turbineand steam turbine. Direct coupledsteam turbine shafts and directcoupled steam turbine to generator.3. Single thrust bearing in the gasturbine compressor to fix shaftposition in conjunction with tie rodinstallation between the steam turbinefront standard and the gas turbinecompressor inlet casing.4. Steam turbine front standard keyed tofoundation.5. Common lube oil system withhydrogen seal oil system. Commonfire-resistant hydraulic oil system.6. Static start (LCI).7. Turning gear mounted between steamturbine and generator5
Advanced Technology Combined CyclesMechanical Outline, One-LineDiagram, Device Summary, PipingSchematics (Lube Oil, Hydraulic).8. Lift oil for gas turbine only.9. Gas turbine, steam turbine, generator,and gas skid installed on a pedestalfoundation. All other modules (lubeoil, hydraulic, fuel oil/atomizing air,etc.) are installed at lower level. Shaftcenter line height (approximately10.2M [33.5 feet] above grade)determined by gas turbine inlet ductlocation and/or steam turbinecondenser.The selection of the single shaft as the preferred configuration for the advanced technology combined cycles is based on the extensiveexperience since its introduction by GE in 1968.Table 4 presents the operating experience on 86GE single-shaft combined-cycle units with nearly 18,000 MW of installed capacity.Steam-Cooling System10. Single-flow or two-flow down exhauststeam turbine with sliding shellsupport on the fixed/keyed frontstandard.The gas turbine steam cooling system is integrated with the steam bottoming cycle to reliably provide cooling steam at all operating conditions. The normal supply of cooling steam isfrom the outlet of the HRSG IP superheater,supported as necessary with HP steam turbineexhaust. The steam is delivered to the gas turbine stationary parts through casing connections and to the rotor through a conventionalgland connection. The cooling steam isreturned to the steam cycle at the cold reheat11. Integrated unit control system (GT,ST, Gen, HRSG & MechanicalAuxiliaries).12. Integrated overspeed protection.13. Down generator terminals.14. Reheat, three-pressure steam cycle.15. Integrated drawings - ShaftUtilitySiteWolverine ElectricCity of OttawaCity of ClarksdaleCity of HutchinsonSalt River ProjectsArizona Public Ser.Western FarmersTokyo ElectricChubu ElectricChugoku ElectricMinistry of Pet.Kyushu ElectricPower GenEPONTokyo ElectricChubu ElectricChina Light & PowerCrocket CogenCogentrixTokyo ElectricBoffoloraAkzoGreat YarmouthMichigan, USAOttawa, KS, USAClarksdale, MS, USAHutchinson, MN, USASantan, AZ, USAPhoenix, AZ, USAAnadarko, OK, USAFuttsu, JapanYokkiachi, JapanYanai, JapanLama Dien, ChinaShin-Oita, JapanConnah’s Quay, UKNetherlandsYokohama, JapanKawagowe, JapanBlack Point, Hong KongCalif, USAClark County, WAChiba, JapanItalyDelesto II, NetherlandsGreat Yarmouth, UKTotalRating 97199919981999200117,967Table 4. Single-shaft combined-cycle experienceGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 6
Advanced Technology Combined Cyclesline. The gas turbine cooling steam return andany HP steam turbine exhaust steam not usedfor gas turbine cooling are reheated in theHRSG and admitted to the IP steam turbine.During unit acceleration to rated speed andoperation at low load, the gas turbine is cooledby air extracted from the compressor discharge.The air is filtered prior to supply to the coolingsystem. The cooling air from the gas turbinecooling circuit is discharged to the gas turbineexhaust. During air-cooled gas turbine operation steam flow is established through the steamsupply system to warm the steam lines and stabilize the steam supply conditions prior toadmission of steam to the gas turbine coolingsystem. This steam is discharged via thereheater to the condenser through the IPbypass valve, which is modulated to maintainthe pressure of the cooling steam above the gasturbine compressor discharge pressure to preclude gas leakage into the steam cycle.Appropriate shutoff valves isolate the gas turbine cooling circuit from the steam cycle whileit is operating with air cooling. These coolingsteam shutoff valves are included in the trip circuit such that the system is transferred to aircooling immediately upon an emergency shutdown to purge steam from the cooling system.Initial cooling steam supply and line warmingsteam is supplied from the HRSG. Steam isextracted from the HP superheater after thefirst pass and mixed with steam from the HPsuperheater discharge to supply steam to thecooling steam system at the required temperature. The cooling steam temperature controlwill match gas turbine cooling steam supply tothe gas turbine compressor discharge temperature during transfer from gas turbine air cooling to gas turbine steam cooling, which occursprior to steam turbine loading. In addition toproviding start-up cooling steam supply to thegas turbine cooling steam circuit, the HP steamGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) extraction after the first superheater pass isused to cool the LP steam turbine from 70%speed until steam turbine loading is underway.Figure 2 includes a diagram of the three-pressure, reheat HRSG. While the system can beconfigured with either forced or natural circulation evaporators, Figure 2 shows a system withnatural circulation evaporators. The HRSG is atypical three-pressure, reheat HRSG that is commonly applied in combined cycles. It includesthe following features to accommodate thesteam cooling system: The reheater size is reduced since partof the reheating is performed by thegas turbine cooling steam system. The reheater is located in the gas pathdownstream of the high temperaturesection of the HP superheater. Thereheater receives steam during alloperating modes except at very lowloads during startup, prior toavailability of IP steam. HP steam is extracted after the firstpass of the HP superheater during lowload operation to establish gas turbinesteam cooled operation before thesteam turbine is loaded and providecooling steam to the LP steam turbineabove 70% speed. Control of the HP steam temperatureis accomplished by a steamattemperation system which bypasses asection of the HP superheater. Thissystem eliminates the potential fordissolved contaminants to enter thesteam as can occur with attemperationwith feedwater. Attemperation steamis extracted after it passes through onepass in the superheater to assure thatit will be dry after the small pressuredrop across the steam control valve.7
Advanced Technology Combined Cyclessteam supply to the gas turbine. This device willoperate at least 24,000 hours without maintenance when provided with steam meeting thesystem purity requirements. The upstream system design features and associated protectivestrategies provide a means of assuring thedesign life of the steam filter.Supply of high purity steam to the gas turbinecooling system is an essential requirement ofthe system for efficient long-term plant operation with high availability. Features included inthe system to accomplish this requirement are: Reliable condenser leakage detectionsystem with redundant condensateconductivity sensors and automatedprotection logic.Figure 6 presents the location of the steam andwater sampling points within the S107H andS109H combined-cycle systems. All samplingprobes and instrumentation (including a sampling panel) are of high sensitivity and reliabledesign. Steam and water conductivity, pH, andsodium measurements are continuously sampled and monitored. Other measurements notrequired for plant protection are monitoredintermittently. Full flow feedwater filtration. All cooling steam is purified byevaporation in a steam drum withcontinuous monitoring of drum waterpurity. HP steam temperature control bysteam attemperation. Full flow steam filtration. Application of non-corrosive materialsin piping, filters and equipmentdownstream of the cooling steam shutoff valves.Integrated Control SystemThe single-shaft combined-cycle unit is controlled by an integrated, computer control system that coordinates the gas turbine, steam turbine, generator, HRSG and unit auxiliaries tostart, stop and operate the unit to meet systemThe steam filter is the final line of defenseagainst particulate contaminants in the coolingSiSiNaNaCCCCHP Steam toSteam Turbine,Gas TurbineSi1SCIP Steamto GasTurbineHPDrumFuel Htg. HXC.A.C. HXpHCCLP Steam toSteam TurbineIP DrumLPDrum2SC1SC1SCSipHpHpHLP SteamTurbineExhaust1CCSteam/Water Sampling and Monitor PanelExtraction DPSCHotwell2SC8 extraction probesFilter AFilterBLegend:SC - Specific ConductivityCC - Cation ConductivityNa - Sodium AnalyzerD.Ox - Dissolved OxygenSi - Silica AnalyzerpHAll samples are taken oncontinuous basisNote: All HRSG sampling requirescooling and temperaturecompensation, minimize time forsampling processFigure 6. Steam and water sampling schematicGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 8
Advanced Technology Combined Cyclespower requirements with input from a controlroom operator or from a remote dispatch area.The architecture for the single-shaft integratedcontrol system (ICS) for a single unit is shownon Figure 7. Figure 8 shows the architecture fora multiple-unit plant.load and daily start service. The high degree ofcontrol integration maximizes automation ofstartup, shutdown and normal operations,which reduces plant operating costs.Easy to configure color graphic displays providea common look and feel to both the unit and All New Microprocessor DesignControl RoomRemote Dispatch Triple Modular Redundant Remotable I/OFault Tolerant Plant Data Highway Capability for I/O terOperatorStationEngineeringWorkstation Redundant Control and Plant DataHighwaysHistorianRedundant Unit Data ticStarterSteamTurbine&BypassControlGasTurbine &CoolingSteamControlHRSG &Steam ServerAlarmPrinter Peer-to-Peer Communications Time Synchronized Unit Controls Time Coherent System DataHRSG/MAGas TurbineGeneratorBOPEquipmentSteam TurbineFigure 7. Single-shaft combined-cycle unit integrated control architectureA redundant data highway connects all controlcomponents with the central control room consoles. Historical archival and retrieval of plantdata assists performance optimization andequipment maintenance. Time synchronizationof all control components provides time coherent, time tagged data for process monitoring,historical archival, sequence of events logging,real time trending and comprehensive alarmmanagement. High speed communicationinterfaces link the plant control to external dispatch and control systems.The control and protection strategies are integrated between all components of the system.High levels of fault tolerance maximize unitstarting and running reliability for both baseGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) plant level control. Windowed displays enablethe operator to constantly monitor the desiredprocess and simultaneously view detailed popup windows to trend equipment operating dataor diagnose process problems. An engineeringworkstation enables the operator to configureand tune control loops, perform detailed control and process diagnostics, maintain software,manage the system configuration and generateoperation reports.The ICS is designed with dedicated I/O(inputs/outputs) to control the engineeredequipment packages. In addition, it has the flexibility and expandability needed to addressadditional I/O requirements to satisfy individual owner requirements. This includes both9
Advanced Technology Combined CyclesRemote DispatchControl RoomGatewayFault Tolerant Plant Data t Unit Data Highway #1GeneratorExcitation&ProtectionStaticStarterSteam Turbine&Bypass ControlGas Turbine& CoolingSteamControlHRSG &Steam CycleMechanicalAuxiliariesHRSG/MAGas torStationAlarmPrinterBOPEquipmentSteam TurbineRedundant Unit Data Highway #2GeneratorExcitation&ProtectionStaticStarterSteam Turbine&Bypass ControlGas Turbine& CoolingSteamControlHRSG &Steam CycleMechanicalAuxiliariesHRSG/MAGas torStationAlarmPrinterBOPEquipmentSteam TurbineRedundant Unit Data Highway #3GeneratorExcitation&ProtectionStaticStarterSteam Turbine&Bypass ControlGas Turbine& CoolingSteamControlHRSG &Steam CycleMechanicalAuxiliariesHRSG/MAGas torStationAlarmPrinterBOPEquipmentSteam TurbineFigure 8. Multiple-unit station control architectureredundant and non-redundant I/O which isintegrated with serial remote I/O (e.g.GENIUS, Fieldbus) and connections to programmable logic control systems. All I/O pointsare available to the controls database for theintegrated system.The speed and load control for the unit operates through control of the gas turbine fuelvalves. The steam turbine control valves areclosely coordinated, being closed at startupuntil steam at sufficient pressure and temperature for admission is available from the HRSG.They are then ramped open and held in fixedposition as load is changed with sliding pressure. The steam turbine control valves do notparticipate in normal frequency control. TheHP and LP control valves begin to close whenspeed rises to 103% of rated speed and are fullyclosed at 105%.The intercept valves operate in a pressure control mode at low load to maintain proper steampressure in the gas turbine steam cooling system. With increasing speed the intercept valveslag the control valves by 2% speed, beginning toGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) close at 105% rated speed and reaching thefully closed position at 107% of rated speed.This normal governing characteristic is overridden by a power/load unbalance-sensing featureupon the sudden loss of significant electricalload. Pressure in a steam turbine stage, representative of steam turbine output, is summedwith a gas turbine fuel flow signal and continuously compared with the generator electricaloutput. When a significant imbalance of powergenerated over electrical output is detected thecontrol and intercept valves are closed as rapidly as possible, limiting the speed rise to less thanthe 110% setting of the emergency overspeedtrip. Ultimate protection against excessive overspeed is provided by the emergency governorthat trips the unit by simultaneously closing allgas turbine fuel and steam turbine control andstop valves.The sequencing system automatically starts theunit from a ready-to-start condition and loads itto gas turbine base load or a preset load. Table5 shows starting time from initiation to full load.Figure 9 presents an overview of the starting and10
Advanced Technology Combined Cyclessteam turbine has a single-casing and singleflow exhaust as would be applied at a site withsteam turbine condenser cooling that accommodates the higher range of exhaust pressures.Plants using steam turbines with double-flowexhausts are approximately 10 feet (3m) longer.The plan area for the 60 Hz advanced technology combined cycle is approximately 10% larger than that for current technology combinedcycles, while the power is increased approximately 60% so that the plot space per unit ofinstalled capacity is reduced approximately45%.loading sequence for a hot start. Figure 10 is asimilar presentation of the cold start sequenceof a single unit. Note the speed hold shown fordeveloping steam for steam turbine cooling,which is not required in multi-unit installationswhere running units can be used to supportsteam turbine cooling needs of the startingunit.StartStandbyTime toDesignation Period (hrs) Full Load (min)Hot0-1260Warm12-48120Cold 48180Plant related considerations that influence theselection of the single-shaft configuration forthe advanced technology combined cycle aretabulated in Table 6. The gas turbine cannotoperate independently of the steam cycle sothere is no operating flexibility advantage forthe multi-shaft system. The single-shaft system islower in installation cost because of the singlegenerator, main electrical connections, transformer and switchgear as compared to two forthe multi-shaft system.Table 5. Starting time from initiation to full loadPlant ArrangementThe high power density of the advanced technology combined-cycle systems enables a compact plant arrangement. Typical plan and elevation arrangements are shown in Figure 11 withoverall dimensions for outdoor STAG 107H andSTAG 109H plants. In this arrangement, the110.% Speed, % Net Plant Output.1009080Normal loading7060OUTPUT50Bring steamturbine online.4030Transferfrom air ll Off igure 9. Typical S107H/S109H hot start loading profileGE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 11
Advanced Technology Combined Cycles110Speed hold to generatesteam turbine coolingsteam.(Not required for multiunit sites with crossconnection for
Low NOx (DLN) combustion system. The closed circuit steam-cooling system also con-tributes to the low NOx emissions because a minimum of air bypasses the combustors for cooling the gas turbine hot gas path parts. Advanced Technology Combined Cycles GE Power Systems GER-3936A (05/01) 2 Cool
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standard , and tick applicability , Say How notes column , Risk and opportunities column , . (ISO 14001 requirement) Clause 6.1.4 Planning action Elimination of hazards and risks –either by the OH & S system or other BMS. Cross reference to Clause 8 (controls) and Clause 9 (M & M) Tip 8 Add plans to excel work book for year . Clause 6.2.1 OH & S objectives at all levels & Clause 6.2.2 .
