Cummins Tier 4 Technology Overview

Cummins Tier 4 TechnologyOverview

Agenda Emissions legislation Cummins Tier 4 Technology Cummins Advantage

TIER 4EMISSIONS LEGISLATION31/29/2013Cummins Confidential

Emission Box for Off-Highway EnginesCummins Confidential

Emission Box for Off-Highway EnginesCummins Confidential

Emissions lineageUS Off-highway Emissions ( 130kW)0.2Tier 4 Final requires a90 percentreduction in PM & Tier 3NOx compared toTier 30.180.16PM (g/kW-hr)0.140.120.10.08 Reduced fuel consumption Improved engine performance Minimized installation impact0.06T4i SCR - DPF0.04T4F0.02T3 – DSA Cooled EGR DPFAchieving more than emissionscompliance:Tier 4i0060.51/29/201311.52NOx (g/kW-hr)Cummins Confidential2.533.54

Achieving ‘Near-Zero’ Emissions Emissions from 25 x Tier 4 Final machines willbe equivalent to just 1 x Tier 1 machineCummins Confidential7Cummins Confidential

Construction and Ag - 201124423UnregulatedTier 1 / Stage I2Tier 2 / Stage IITier 3 / Stage IIIATier 4 Interim / Stage IIIBTier 4 Final / Stage IVNotes:1. Construction and Ag regulations phase-in by engine horsepower category.The above chart is for engines rated at 300hp.2. Common standards does not imply the ability to sell a product withoutcertification for that country. Actual regulations should be reviewed forintroduction dates and certification requirements.4

Tier 4CUMMINS TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

System Integration is rolsVehicleExhaustConditioningEquipmentEngineThe machine, engine and aftertreatment are part of asingle system designed to optimize performance,reliability, cost and emissions

Building Blocks for MeetingTier 4 EmissionsInjectorCummins Tier 3 Engine

On-Highway Nonroad

On-Highway NonroadSample Nonroad ApplicationRadiatorTransCoolerA/C Refrig.CoolerDrivetrainMany Suppliers Of LowVolume ComponentsVaried DrivetrainRequirementsEngineMany RatingsSeveral Product FamiliesHigh Load FactorsHydraulicCoolerCooling SystemLimited Available SpaceNo Ram Air; fan HP IncreasesMore Auxiliary CoolersDusty EnvironmentHigh Vibration & Impact LoadsFuel sulfur content up to 5000 ppm, gone to 500 then 15 ppm in US by 2010.Many OEM’s, Global Business

Key Tier 4 Development Areas Heat Rejection– Minimization– Optimization of cooling systems Application Variation– Robust to installation variation– Cost impact for vehicle installation Environmental Robustness– Dust/Dirt– Surface temperature requirements– Vibration/Shock Develop a solution with the lowest initial and life-cyclecost

“In-Cylinder” Development Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Advanced Combustion Variable Geometry Turbocharging (VGT) Fuel System

How EGR Works Cooled exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction for CumminsTier 4/Stage IIIBRecirculates the exhaust gas back into the cylinder reducing oxygenconcentration. This lowers combustion temperature to reduce theformation of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)VG TurboEGR system sensitivity tohigh sulfur fuel made it lessviable for Tier 3 application,but offers potential for Tier4 with ULSDEGR-CoolerCACUpgraded cooling packagemitigates increased engineheat rejectionVariable geometry turbocharging isrequired to maintain correct pressuredifferential across the engine for idealEGR flowAirControl ValvesEGRControl valve modulates the % EGR returned to cylinder

Advanced Combustion World class combustion research byCummins & Sandia National Laboratories Laser-optical imaging of the combustionprocess gives precision modelling ofinjection spray & diffusion flame Enhances Cummins capability to meetemissions & optimize for fuel economy

Cummins VGT Cummins variable geometry turbocharger with patentedsliding nozzle design Improves boost efficiency across all engine speeds/loads Proven technology for Tier 4/Stage IIIBPumping LossesFixed GeometryTurbochargingBoostVariable ed Air/Fuel RatioSpeed

Fuel Systems Cummins designs & manufactures high pressurecommon rail fuel systems Tier 4/Stage IIIB fuel systems requires:- higher fuel injection pressure- very fast response with multiple injection events- precise control of fuel metering timing Cummins next generation HPCR is recognizedas industry leading technology

Aftertreatment Technology Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) Diesel Oxidation Filters (DOC) Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Wall Flow Particulate Filter A full filter consists of a porousceramic honeycomb for collectingparticles in the exhaust gas. The filter can be coated withprecious metal for enhancingoxidation of hydrocarbonspromoting low temperatureoxidation of soot. On average, full filters reduce PMby about 90-95%.Soot LayerPorous Wall

How The DPF WorksTailpipeExhaustDiesel Oxidation CatalystDiesel Particulate FilterDOC catalytic material reactsabove 572ºF (300ºC) in passiveregeneration mode to generateNitrogen Dioxide (NO2) whichoxidizes the carbon sootCeramic wall flow filter capturesup to 95% of the carbon soot(PM) carried by the NO2. Thiscollects on the filter to formCarbon Dioxide (CO2 ) whichleaves the tailpipe as clean gas.Active RegenerationWhen soot accumulation in the DPF exceeds soot oxidation a periodicactive regeneration mode is performed to prevent filter plugging. This isactuated by small quantities of fuel from a dosing injector or HPCRinjection pulse during exhaust blow down. The heat released (no flameor burning) at 1022ºF( 550ºC) ensures sufficient oxidation to remove sootFilter ServiceBuild up of incombustible ashwill eventually require filterservice cleaning, though onlyrequired at very long intervals

Urea Based SCR: Overview A vanadia or zeolite based catalyticcoating is applied to a honeycombsubstrate A urea-water solution (“AdBlue” or“DEF”) is used as a reagent forconverting NOx to N2 The urea is converted to ammonia in the exhaust above 200 deg C NOx conversion efficiency is high above 250 deg C. Averages 70-85% NOx reduction

How SCR WorksTailpipeExhaustSelective Catalytic ReductionUrea solution is injected ahead of thecatalyst. This converts to ammoniain the exhaust stream above 392ºF(200ºC)UreaInjectorSCR CatalystDosing Unit(pump, metering, filter)The ammonia reacts with Oxides ofNitrogen (NOx) over the SCR catalystto form harmless nitrogen & waterUrea is injected at a ratio of typically5% to diesel fuel use, depending onduty cycle. Urea tank sizes vary, but mustbe refilled to ensure emissionscomplianceUrea TankUreaTank HeaterUrea SolutionThe urea-water solution (AdBlue in Europe, DEF in USA)is a clear liquid, non-hazardous & non-flammablewith a 12 month shelf life. Heaters are requiredto prevent urea freezing at 11ºF (-11ºF)

DPF & SCR AftertreatmentConfigurations ExamplesHorizontal End-In End-OutHorizontal End-In Side-OutVertical EndIn End-OutHorizontal Side-In End-OutVertical SideIn End-OutHorizontal Side-In Side-Out25

Estimate of Application Impact of Cooled EGR & Aftertreatment forT4 QSB6.7Estimated Change fromTier 3Heat Rejection to Coolant40% increaseHeat Rejection to CAC25% decreaseEngine PackageAddition of cooled EGRcomponentsAftertreatment Size 12 inch diameter X 27inch long canned with inlet& outlet sectionsSystem WeightEngine 1180 (wet)Aftertreatment 85 lb

TIER 4CUMMINS ADVANTAGE271/29/2013Cummins Confidential

Experience Counts No engine manufacturer has this experiencewith Tier 4 technology: 1,000,000 EGR Engines 650,000 DPFs 350,000 SCR systems produced 100,000 XPI systems produced 3 million VGTs produced The emissions requirement for later off-highway marketswere part of the initial design profile of EGR, VGT & DPF We leverage our automotive platforms to developproducts that are validated for the off-highway market

System Integration Unique in the industry – we design, build andintegrate the complete systemFiltrationDiesel Exhaust FluidDirect FlowElectronic rbochargers29Fuel SystemsCummins Confidential

Clear Advantage: Fuel-Efficiency30Tier 4 Interim fuel savingover Tier 3up to 5% typicalTier 4 Final fuel savingOver Tier 4 InterimPreliminary estimates: additional 2-3%(more than offsetting DEF cost)Typical fuel saving at 5%(2500 hours / 6 gals hr)750 gallons per year 3000 savedC02 savings (1 gal 22.2 lbs)8 tons less per yearPower Output / TransientResponseRetain Tier 4 Interim high output& improved responseCummins Confidential

Tier 4 Final ArchitectureQSB3.3QSB4.5QSB6.7CCC-SCRQSL9CCC- SCRQSX11.9QSX15CPF-SCRRetain T4i Power OutputIncrease Power Output / DensityRetain CCC Installation SimplicityUtilize CCC SimplicityParticulate Filter ‘virtually’ passiveRetain or Lower Cost Of OperationLower Cost Of Operation

Engines Pre-designed For Final Tier 4 Interim engines pre-designed for Final No significant change to engine installation envelope Ready to integrate with incremental SCR aftertreatmentTier 4 Interim and Tier 4 Final

QSB6.7331/29/2013Cummins Confidential

Tier4 Final QSB6.7 ArchitectureDEFCummins Emissions SolutionsCCCSCRCummins FiltrationDirectFlow air filterEGR-CoolerCumminsTurbo Tech.VGTEGR valve6.7L Tier4 Interim enginewith increased fuelpressure

Interim to Final: QSB6.72011/12146-300 hp2014/15Ultra-CleanAftertreatmentCCC-SCRCummins Compact CatalystSelective Catalytic Reduction35Cummins Confidential

Interim to Final: QSB6.7 Same power output and performance Fuel consumption further reduced No change to engine installationBalanced EGR with SCR aftertreatmentEnhanced HPCRsystem with higher fuelinjection pressureSingle VGT for300 hp output36ECM upgraded for faster processing& SCR logicCummins Confidential

QSB6.7 engine Fuel pressure1600 bar1800 bar2200 barTurbochargerWGTVGTVGTNOx controlDSACooled EGRCooled EGR SCRCrankcaseventilationOCV, impactoronlyOCV,OCV,coalescing filter coalescing filterAftertreatmentNoneDOC DPF1/29/2013Cummins ConfidentialDOC SCR

QSL9381/29/2013Cummins Confidential

Tier4 Final QSL9 ArchitectureDEFCummins Emissions SolutionsCCCSCRCummins FiltrationDirectFlow air filterEGR-CoolerCumminsTurbo Tech.VGTEGR valve8.9L Tier4 Interim enginewith Cummins FuelSystems XPI fuel system

Interim to Final: QSL92011190-400 hp2014Ultra-CleanAftertreatmentCCC-SCRCummins Compact CatalystSelective Catalytic Reduction40Cummins Confidential

Interim to Final: QSL9 Same power output and performance Fuel consumption further reduced No change to engine installationBalanced EGR with SCR aftertreatmentECM upgraded for faster processing& SCR logicSingle VGT for400 hp outputXPI fuel system capablefor Tier 4 Final41Cummins Confidential

QSL9 engine lineage42QSL9T3T4iT4FECMCM850CM2250CM2350Fuel pressure1600 bar2100 bar2100 barTurbochargerWGTVGTVGTNOx ControlDSACooled EGRCooled EGR SCRCrankcaseventilationOCV, impactoronlyOCV,coalescing filterOCV,coalescing filterAftertreatmentNoneDOC DPFDOC SCR1/29/2013Cummins Confidential

Program Schedule Alpha buildQ4 2011/Q1 2012 Beta buildQ4 2012/Q1 2013 Limited Production Q4 2013 Full Production -431/29/2013January 1, 2014Cummins Confidential

Field Test Activity Tier 4 VPI Service Team has compiled over 30,000 field test hours duringTier 4 Interim testing Tier 4 Final field test plan should achieve over 50,000 field test hours priorto launch– Several T4i field tests continuing on to T4F Field testing has incorporated 1) Cummins QSB6.7/QSL9 engines, 2)Cummins Emission Solutions Aftertreatment Systems, and 3) CumminsFiltration Direct Flow Air Filtration to understand how our Tier 4 solutionperforms as a package Field test engines are monitored daily forissues Ultimate goal release a reliable product441/29/2013Cummins Confidential

Summary Cummins Tier 4 work has been underway since 2004 We are leveraging our on-highway experience withthese potential technologies while using standard toolsand processes to ensure we select the right technologyfor off-highway Cummins Inc. is uniquely positioned to deliver anintegrated and optimized system for Tier 4

Questions?

350,000 SCR systems produced 100,000 XPI systems produced 3 million VGTs produced The emissions requirement for later off-highway markets were part of the initial design profile of EGR, VGT & DPF We leverage our automotive platforms to devel