Study Guide Essentials Of Psychology
Study GuideEssentials ofPsychologyByRobert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D.
About the AuthorRobert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. has more than 20 years of teaching andeducation-related experience. He has taught seventh-grade science,worked as a curriculum developer for the Upward Bound Program,and taught sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and honorsseminars at the university level. As a professional writer, he haswritten nonfiction books, journal and magazine articles, novels,and stage plays.All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or servicemarks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text should not beregarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.Copyright 2015 by Penn Foster, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may bereproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrievalsystem, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should bemailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton,Pennsylvania 18515.Printed in the United States of America
1LESSON ASSIGNMENTS7LESSON 1: PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCEOF THE MIND9LESSON 2: THE MIND AT WORK43LESSON 3: MOTIVATION, EMOTION,DEVELOPMENT, AND PERSONALITY75ESSAY ASSIGNMENT117LESSON 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS121LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGY FOR TWO OR MORE143CASE STUDIES ASSIGNMENT165SELF-CHECK ANSWERS167APPENDIX173ContentsINSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTSiii
Welcome to Essentials of Psychology! You’re entering a courseof study designed to help you better understand yourselfand others. For that reason, you can think of this course aspractical. It should be of use to you in living your life andreaching the goals you set for yourself.You’ll use two main resources for your course work: thisstudy guide and your textbook, Psychology and Your Life, byRobert S. Feldman.OBJECTIVESWhen you complete this course, you’ll be able tonnnnnnnnDescribe the science and methodologies of psychologyin the context of its historical origins and majorperspectivesOutline the fundamental structure of the human nervoussystem and explain how it relates to the organization ofhuman sensory perceptionRelate altered states of consciousness to sleep, hypnosis,meditation, sensory deprivation, and physiologicalresponses to psychoactive drugsDiscuss the basic concepts of behavioral psychology,including classical conditioning, operant conditioning,and cognitive learning theoryDescribe the nature of human memory in relationship tothinking processes, intelligence, creativity, and intuitionExplain the basic concepts of human motivation inrelationship to emotionsDiscuss concepts and models of personality, includingpsychodynamic, trait, learning, evolutionary, andhumanistic approachesExplain concepts of intelligence and describe approachesto assessing and measuring intelligenceInstructionsYOUR COURSE1
nnDifferentiate a healthy personality from a disorderedpersonality in the context of mental health and stressmanagementDiscuss basic influences of social life and how peoplerespond to themCOURSE MATERIALSYour Essentials of Psychology course provides you with thematerials listed below:1. This study guide, which includesnnnA lesson assignments page that lists the schedule ofassigned readings in your textbookSelf-checks and answers that allow you to measureyour understanding of the course materialIntroductions to the lessons and assignments2. Your course textbook, Psychology and Your Life, byRobert S. Feldman, which contains your assignedreadingsYOUR TEXTBOOKSuccess in your course depends on your knowledge of thetext. For that reason, you should take some time to lookthrough it from front to back. Give yourself a sense of howthe material is arranged. Here are some of the key features ofyour text:nnnn2“About the Author” is found on page vi.A brief table of contents is found on pages vii–viii.An extended table of contents is found on pages ix–xx.A preface, on pages xxi–xxvii, gives you an overview ofchapter features.Instructions to Students
nnnnnnnnnnnnn“To the Students,” on pages xxviii–xl, is a vital feature ofyour text. We strongly recommend that you becomefamiliar with the author’s SQ3R method and take fulladvantage of tips for effective study and test-takingstrategies.A modular format divides each chapter into relatedtopic groups.“Learning Outcomes” are listed at the beginning of eachmodule.“Study Alerts” are highlighted in text margins. They’llhelp you stay focused on key ideas and concepts.“From the Perspective of.” shows you how psychologyimpacts different professions.“Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology” helpsyou think about practical applications of psychology inyour everyday life.“Exploring Diversity” offers you opportunities for criticalanalysis of psychological issues across cultures and ethnic groups.“Full Circle” end-of-chapter features give you a conceptmap for modules included in a chapter.A “Key Terms” summary helps you remember what youneed to remember.“Looking Ahead/Looking Back” introduces key conceptsof the next chapter and summarizes the chapter you’vejust completed to reinforce your learning.“Recap/Evaluate/Rethink” end-of-module activities aredirectly related to the module’s learning outcomes.“Case Studies” at the end of each chapter offer excellentopportunities to apply and analyze chapter content.Your text’s illustrations are captioned as figures. Theinformation contained in these graphics should be seenas parts of your assigned text material. Assume theircontent will reappear in self-checks and lesson exams.Instructions to Students3
nYour text includes a very useful glossary on pages 512–525. References are found on pages 526–559. Creditsappear on pages 560–563, and a name indexfollows that on pages 564–575. Finally, a subject indexis found on pages 576–584.A STUDY PLANThis study guide is intended to help you achieve the maximumbenefit from the time you spend on this course. It isn’t meantto replace your textbook. Instead, it serves as an introductionto material you’ll read in the text and as an aid to assist youin understanding this material.This study guide provides your assignments in five lessons.Each lesson contains two to three chapter assignments, withEvaluate quizzes and a self-check for each assignment. Amultiple-choice examination follows each lesson. Be sure tocomplete all work related to a lesson before moving on to thenext lesson.For each lesson, do the following:1. Read the instructions to each assignment in this studyguide. The instructions will provide you with the pagesin the textbook that must be read.2. Now read the assigned pages in this study guide.3. Then read the assigned pages in the textbook.4. When you’ve finished the assignment, complete the selfcheck, Evaluate quizzes, and discussion board posting.Note: The Evaluate quizzes and self-checks aren’t gradedand are for your use only—don’t send your answers tothe school. Self-Checks: The self-checks are designed to indicate how well you understand the material, so testyourself honestly. Make every effort to complete thequestions before turning to the answers at the backof the study guide. If you find any weak areas,return to the text and review the relevant materialuntil you understand it.4Instructions to Students
Evaluate Quizzes: With the exception of Assignment12, each assignment lists Evaluate quizzes for you tocomplete. Once you’ve taken the Evaluate quizzes,you’ll find the answers upside-down on the samepage as the quiz. As with the self-checks, makeevery effort to complete the questions before turningto the answers. If you find any weak areas, return tothe text and review the relevant material until youunderstand it. Discussion Board Posting: With the exception ofAssignment 12, each assignment has a required discussion board that’s located on your student portal.In order to receive credit for the discussion board,you must make an initial response to the questionand respond to at least two other students.5. Follow this procedure for all assignments until you’vecompleted the lesson.6. Watch the lesson PowerPoint. There is a total of sixPowerPoint presentations: five that give an overview ofeach lesson and can be used as a quick review of thetextbook material, and one that discusses the essay andcase studies assignments. After viewing all thePowerPoints, complete the required webinar exam. Allstudents must take and pass this exam before thecourse is complete. If you fail the exam on your firstattempt, you’ll be given an opportunity to retake it.7. Once you’re confident that you understand all the materialfor the lesson, complete the multiple-choice lesson examination. The examination is open-book and is based onboth textbook and study guide material.8. Repeat steps 1–7 for the remaining lessons in thisstudy guide.If you have any questions, email your instructor.Now review the lesson assignments on the following pages ofthis study guide. Then begin your study of psychology withLesson 1, Assignment 1.Good luck and enjoy your studies!Instructions to Students5
NOTES6Instructions to Students
For:Read in thestudy guide:Read inthe textbook:Assignment 1Pages 9–20Pages 2–45Assignment 3Pages 32–40Pages 82–121Assignment 2Pages 22–30Examination 250374Pages 46–81Material in Lesson 1Lesson 2: The Mind at WorkFor:Read in thestudy guide:Read inthe textbook:Pages 52–60Pages 160–197Assignment 4Pages 43–51Assignment 6Pages 61–73Assignment 5Examination 250375Pages 122–159Pages 198–241Material in Lesson 2Lesson 3: Motivation, Emotion,Development, and PersonalityFor:Read in thestudy guide:Read inthe textbook:Pages 85–97Pages 280–333Assignment 7Pages 75–84Assignment 9Pages 99–114Assignment 8Examination 250376Pages 242–279Pages 334–385Material in Lesson 3Essay 25039100Lesson 4: Psychological DisordersFor:Assignment 10Assignment 11Read in thestudy guide:Pages 121–131Pages 133–141Examination 250377Read inthe textbook:Pages 386–427Pages 428–463Material in Lesson 4AssignmentsLesson 1: Psychology: The Science of the Mind7
Lesson 5: Psychology for Two or MoreFor:Assignment 12Assignment 13Read in thestudy guide:Read inthe textbook:Pages 151–162Pages 482–511Pages 143–149Examination 250378Pages 464–481Material in Lesson 5Case Studies 25039200Note: To access and complete any of the examinations for this studyguide, click on the appropriate Take Exam icon on your Student portal.You shouldn’t have to enter the examination numbers. These numbersare for reference only if you have reason to contact Student CARE.8Lesson Assignments
INTRODUCTIONLesson 1Psychology: The Scienceof the MindYou’ll begin this lesson with an overview of psychology as ascience. You’ll learn its goals and major perspectives. Next,you’ll get a critical discussion of the nature of science. Thispart of your assignment is essential for two reasons. First,getting the most out of this course requires you to take thescientific point of view. Second, you should get into the habitof critical thinking, always remembering that science isn’tabout believing; it’s about finding out. The second assignment will introduce you to the relationship between thenervous system, the brain, and behavior. You’ll discover howhormones produced by the body’s endocrine system regulatebody processes, including aspects of behavior. The finalassignment introduces you to the fascinating perplexities ofsensation and perception. You’ll discover how our senses, likevision, hearing, and touch, enter into psychological experience. In this context, you’ll also get some insight into howsensory stimuli are organized precisely through the ways weperceive the world around us.ASSIGNMENT 1—INTRODUCTIONTO PSYCHOLOGYRead this assignment. Then read pages 2–45 in your textbook.Psychologists at WorkWhat Is Psychology?Psychologists try to describe, explain, and predict humanbehavior and mental processes. In this way, psychologistsaim to help people live healthier, happier lives.9
What Are the Subfields of Psychology?Because behavior and mental processes can be viewedin different ways, there are subfields of psychology.Neuroscientists attempt to understand the biological rootsof behavior. Developmental psychology studies the ways inwhich psychological processes change throughout the humanlife cycle. Clinical psychologists attempt to diagnose and treatpsychological problems, like depression.By far, clinical psychologists make up the largest numberof psychological specialists. Further, most are engaged inprivate practice, and more than half of all psychologists workin mental health services—typically helping people with theirmental and emotional problems.A Science EvolvesWhat Are the Roots of Psychology?The first part of this section tells you about the main traditionalschools of psychology. The term school here refers to a perspective or point of view. The traditional schools of psychologydeveloped as the science of psychology developed. You’ll bechallenged to think about how the schools of psychologydeveloped over time.Structuralism developed in the late nineteenth century as oneof the earliest views of human behavior. In 1879, a Germanresearcher named Wilhelm Wundt became interested in howpeople respond to a stimulus. A stimulus is anything thatcauses a response or a reaction of some kind. (Stimuli is theplural of stimulus.) Heat, light, a pinprick, or loud noises areexamples of stimuli. Wundt conducted his studies by introspection. Introspection involves paying attention to your ownconsciousness, thoughts, and feelings. Wundt thought thatobserving the effects of stimuli and then using self-observationthrough introspection would help us understand human behavior. Basically, structuralists wanted to sort out the differentparts that make up the human mind. However, because theydepended so much on introspection, structuralists couldn’tagree on many things.10Essentials of Psychology
Functionalism was developed mainly by William James.James broadened the concerns of psychology to include thenature of consciousness and the purposes of religion inhuman life, as well as the ways people respond to stimuli.Because his work was so broad and full of insight, it remainsof interest today. The term functionalism refers to the attemptto understand how the human mind helps people adapt totheir environments.Gestalt psychology developed mainly in Europe (while behaviorism was being developed in the United States). Its maincontribution to psychology was to help us understand thatwe respond to the context of things we experience. Gestalttheorists liked to say, “The whole is greater than the sum ofits parts.” For example, when you listen to a song that youlike, you don’t enjoy each individual note independently ofthe others. Instead, you enjoy the overall melody that’s created when all of the notes are combined in a particular way.There were founding mothers in the science of psychology.A few of them, like Karen Horney (pronounced “HORN-eye”),extended the perspectives of the school with which they wereassociated. In the case of Dr. Horney, that meant extendingthe psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud to pay moreattention to social and cultural factors.Today’s PerspectivesThe neuroscience perspective focuses on the ways in whichbiological processes, in humans and animals, underlie behaviorsand behavioral responses of all kinds. The perspective includesstudies of evolutionary biology—how behaviors have evolved asspecies have evolved—and the role of genetics in behavioralprocesses.The psychodynamic perspective holds that our behavior islargely shaped by the nature of our personality and byunconscious forces in the psyche. In the psychoanalyticview, the mind is a layered thing, and the depths of it remainlargely mysterious and unknown to us. The term psycheusually refers to the entire mystery of mind, consciousness,experience, and memory. The word itself comes from theGreek word for soul. The psychodynamic view comesLesson 111
primarily from the psychoanalytic theory developed bySigmund Freud. Today, while many aspects of Freudiantheory have lost favor, the psychodynamic perspectivecontinues to help us understand things like prejudice andaggression. We’ll cover this perspective in some detail inChapter 11.The behavioral perspective became a dominant point of viewin psychology as issues like the nature of consciousness lostpopularity. Many decided to concentrate on observable andmeasurable (overt) behaviors and ignore the study of consciousness itself. Behaviorism is the study of how organisms,including human beings, learn behaviors by responding tostimuli. The behaviorist view emphasizes the idea that ourbehavior is shaped by our environment. That is, humanbehavior—and that of all organisms—is shaped by adaptiveresponses that best manage environmental stimuli.The cognitive perspective views behavior and human nature asrelated mainly to our cognitive processes. Cognitive processesinclude both our thoughts and our emotions, but researcherstend to focus mainly on thoughts. In this context, thoughtprocesses are compared to the ways in which computerswork. Overall, this view seeks to understand how we perceiveand interpret stimuli, solve problems, and make judgments.The humanistic perspective objects to the determinism ofother views of human behavior, particularly as representedby behaviorism. Determinism is the idea that human behavioris determined mainly by mechanical or biological forces overwhich people have little personal control. By way of contrast,a central tenet of the humanistic perspective is that humanshave free will and can be enabled to be “the best that theycan be.” In other words, we adapt to the world through innermotivations and through selected responses to sensory stimuliin our environment.12Essentials of Psychology
Key Controversies in PsychologyThere are five major controversies in psychology. You mayrecognize that the opposed views represent deep philosophical questions about human nature and our species’ place inthe cosmic scheme—whatever that may be.1. Is human development mainly a result of environmentalfactors or of genetic inheritance? This is the so-callednature-nurture debate. As it turns out, most researcherstend to suspect that both play a hand.2. To what extent is behavior motivated by conscious asopposed to unconscious mental processes? The issuehere can be thought of as one of free will. If we dothings for unconscious reasons, we do what we dowithout knowing why we do it; hence, our behavior isdetermined.3. What should be the focus of research in psychology?Should we focus on observable behaviors or on internalmental processes? In fact, clinical researchers in particular tend to feel that both frames of reference need to betaken into account.4. How much of our behavior results from free will asopposed to conditioned behavior? Once again, somewould argue that behavior is a mixture of free choice and“automated,” or reflexive, responses.5. To what extent is our behavior a result of individual differences as opposed to social and cultural influences?And, in that context, are there universal psychologicalprinciples that apply across cultures?Research in PsychologyThe Scientific MethodAlthough your textbook focuses on psychology, as you wouldexpect, the methods of scientific research are identical fromphysics to biology to sociology. This section introduces youto the ways psychologists use the methods and principles ofscientific research.Lesson 113
There are four basic steps in scientific research:1. Identify questions of interest. You pay attention to theworld around you and ask questions about it. Scientificobservation depends on empirical evidence—evidencethat can be observed and measured. So, the first step inthe scientific method is observation that’s both activeand selective.
Your Essentials of Psychology course provides you with the materials listed below: 1.This study guide, which includes n A lesson assignments page that lists the schedule of assigned readings in your textbook n Self-checks and answers that allow you to measure your understanding of the course material n Introductions to the lessons and assignments
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