2 3 Carbon Compounds (Macromolecules)
2–3 Carbon Compounds(Macromolecules)Slide1 of 37Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Organic ChemistryOrganic chemistry is the study of allcompounds that contain bonds betweencarbon atoms.Slide2 of 37Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbon Living organisms are made up of six ygen5.Phosphorus6.SulfurALL LIVING THINGS HAVE CARBON!!Slide3 of 37Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbon Compound 2 or more elements chemicallycombined. Carbon Compound anything that contains 2 ormore carbon atoms. Carbon is very useful:– Can form 4 bonds with other atoms.– Can form single, double, triple bonds.– Can form LONG chains or rings. Carbon can form millions of large and complexstructures – macromolecules.Copyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide4 of 37
Macromolecules Formed by a process known aspolymerization. Monomers (single units) jointogether to form polymers (manyunits). There are 4 majormacromolecules in our bodies:1.Carbohydrates2.Lipids3.ProteinsSlide5 of 374.Nucleic AcidsCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Macromolecules All 4 of these macromolecules (carbon compounds)are found in living organisms.–They can all be found in the membranes of ourcells:1. Carbohydrate3. Protein4. Nucleic Acids (foundin the nucleus)3. Protein3. Protein2. LipidsCopyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide6 of 37
Organic de7 of 37Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Type ofCompoundMonomer (what it ismade of)PictureFunctionsExamplesSlide8 of 37
MacromoleculesFour groups of organic compounds found in livingthings are:1.carbohydrates2.lipids3.nucleic acids4.proteinsCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates?– Source of Energy– StructureCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are compounds made up ofcarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in aratio of 1 : 2 : 1.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
CarbohydratesThere are 3 different sizes of carbohydrates:1. Monosaccharides (single sugar)2. Disaccharides (two sugars)3. Polysaccharides (many sugars)Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
CarbohydratesStarches and sugars are examples of carbohydratesthat are used by living things as a source of seCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
LipidsLipids are generally not soluble in water.The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroidsCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Lipids– Can be used to store energy (long-termenergy).– Some lipids are important parts of biologicalmembranes and waterproof coverings.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Lipid Molecule
LipidsFatsWaxesOilsSteroids
Proteins– Proteins are macromolecules that containnitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.– Monomer amino acid.– Polymer chain of amino acids.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Proteins– The instructions for arranging amino acidsinto many different proteins are stored inDNA.ProteinMoleculeAminoAcidsCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Protein Functions Control rate of reactions – enzymesUsed to form bones and musclesTransport substances into or out of cellsHelp to fight disease - antibodiesCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nucleic Acids– Monomer nucleotide.– Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nucleic AcidsNucleotides have three parts:1. a 5-carbon sugar2. a phosphate group3. a nitrogenous baseCopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and pass ongenetic information. 2 types of Nucleic Acids:1. ribonucleic acid (RNA)2. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Type ofCompoundMonomer(what it ismade of)Carbohydrates Single ergyBreads,sugars,pastaLipidsNo true monomer –but made ofglycerol and fattyacid.Long-termenergyFats, oils,butter,waxesProteinsAmino AcidBone, musclebuildingMeats,legumes,cheese.Nucleic AcidsNucleotideCarrying andtransferringgeneticinformation.RNADNASlide24 of 37
2–3Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch areknown as pyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3Many lipids are formed from glycerol and fatty acids.monosaccharides.amino acids.nucleic acids.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3Proteins are among the most diverse macromoleculesbecause they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. they can twist and fold into many different and complexstructures. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, andoxygen. their R groups can be either acidic or basic.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3Which of the following statements about cellulose istrue? Animals make it and use it to store energy.Plants make it and use it to store energy.Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton.Plants make it and use it to give structural support tocells.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3A major difference between polysaccharides andproteins is that plants make polysaccharides, while animals makeproteins. proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharidesare not. polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, whileproteins are made of amino acids. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharidesdo not.Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Carbon Compound 2 or more elements chemically combined. Carbon Compound anything that contains 2 or more carbon atoms. Carbon is very useful: –Can form 4 bonds with other atoms. –Can form single, double, triple bonds. –Can form LONG chains or rings. Carbon can form m
Chapter 2-3 Carbon Compounds. A. Organic compounds- originally thought to be compounds produced by living organism, now it refers to compounds containing carbon. 6 C Carbon 12.011. a. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons 1. The carbon atom is unique and carbon compounds are
10/4/2015 1 1 Macromolecules 2 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 3 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. Example: CH 4
What are organic compounds? 1. Contain carbon covalently bonded to another carbon 2. Found in all living things 3. Cells are made up almost entirely of H 2 O & organic compounds . I. Organic Compounds B. What makes carbon . Macromolecules
2.3 Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things. We now underst
All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic. examples: Na 2 CO 3, CO, and CO 2 are considered inorganic. Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides. Chapter 22
Organic Macromolecules Four major classes of biologically relevant macromolecules: . Chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy Most diverse class of macromolecules ( 500,000 structures for a trimer) . Linear sequence of fou
Macromolecules: Hydrocarbon Backbones and Functional Groups Macromolecules are constituted by hydrocarbon backbones, which mainly provide structural stability, and by one or several functional groups. Functional groups are involved in many and diverse chemical reactions, establishing bonds with other atoms and molecules Functional Group .
AAMI HE75, Human factors engineering – Design of medical devices, Clause 9, Usability Testing, provides an excellent guide to the types of formative evaluations that are useful in early device UI development such as cognitive walkthroughs, heuristic evaluations, and walk-through-talk-through usability tests. Annex D of IEC 62366 also provides descriptions of these formative techniques .
