318M-99/318RM-99 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FORSTRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318M-99)AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318RM-99)REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 318ACI Committee 318Standard Building CodeJames R. CagleyChairmanCraig E. BarnesFlorian G. BarthRoger J. BeckerJohn E. BreenAnthony P. ChrestW. Gene CorleyRobert A. EpifanoCatherine W. FrenchLuis E. GarciaBasile G. RabbatSecretaryS. K. GhoshHershell GillDavid P. GustafsonJames R. HarrisNeil M. HawkinsC. Raymond HaysRichard E. HolguinPhillip J. IversonJames O. JirsaGary J. KleinCary S. KopczynskiJames LefterH. S. LewJames G. MacGregorJohn A. Martin, Jr.Leslie D. MartinRobert F. MastRichard C. MeiningerJack P. MoehleWalter P. Moore, Jr.*Glen M. RossCharles G. SalmonMete A. SozenDean E. StephanRichard A. VognildJoel S. WeinsteinJames K. WightLoring A. Wyllie, Jr.*DeceasedVoting Subcommittee MembersKenneth B. BondyRonald A. CookRichard W. FurlongWilliam L. GambleRoger GreenD. Kirk HarmanTerence C. HollandKenneth C. HoverMichael E. KregerLeRoy A. LutzJoe MaffeiSteven L. McCabeGerard J. McGuirePeter MezaDenis MitchellRandall W. PostonJulio A. RamirezGajanan M. SabnisJohn R. SalmonsThomas C. SchaefferStephen J. SeguirantRoberto StarkMaher K. TadrosJohn W. WallaceSharon L. WoodConsulting MembersRichard D. GaynorJacob S. GrossmanJohn M. HansonEdward S. HoffmanFrancis J. JacquesAlan H. MattockRichard A. RamseyIrwin J. Speyer
INTRODUCTION318M/318RM-1BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FORSTRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318M-99)AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318RM-99)REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 318The code portion of this document covers the proper design and construction of buildings of structural concrete. Thecode has been written in such form that it may be adopted by reference in a general building code and earlier editionshave been widely used in this manner.Among the subjects covered are: drawings and specifications; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concretequality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; and construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis anddesign; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; special provisions for seismic design; structural plainconcrete; an alternate design method in Appendix A; unified design provisions in Appendix B; and alternative load andstrength reduction factors in Appendix C.The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standardspecifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate ANSI/AWS standard.Because the ACI Building Code is written as a legal document so that it may be adopted by reference in a general building code, it cannot present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is the functionof this commentary to fill this need.The commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the code with emphasis given tothe explanation of new or revised provisions that may be unfamiliar to code users.References to much of the research data referred to in preparing the code are cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of thecode are also cited.Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construction (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concreteconstruction; concretes; concrete slabs; construction joints; continuity (structural); contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deflections; drawings; earthquake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction;inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; loads (forces); load tests (structural); materials; mixing; mix proportioning; modulusof elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; shells (structural forms); spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strengthanalysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams, torsion; walls; water; welded wire fabric.ACI 318M-99 was adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute March 18, 1999 to supersede ACI 318M-95 in accordance with the Institute’s standardization procedure.Vertical lines in the margins indicate the 1999 code and commentarychanges.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspectingconstruction. This Commentary is intended for the use of individuals whoare competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content andrecommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application ofthe material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any andall responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable forany loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall notbe made in contract documents. If items found in this Commentary are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorportation by the Architect/Engineer.Copyright 1999, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any formor by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, orby any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrievalsystem or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
318M/318RM-2INTRODUCTIONThe 1999 ACI Building Code and Commentary are presented in a side-by-side column format, with code textplaced in the left column and the corresponding commentary text aligned in the right column. To further distinguish the Code from the Commentary, the Code has been printed in Helvetica, the same type face in which thisparagraph is set. Vertical lines in the margins indicate changes from ACI 318M-95.This paragraph is set in Times Roman, and all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face.Commentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers.necessary to protect the public as stated in the code. However, lower standards are not permitted.INTRODUCTIONThis commentary discusses some of the considerations ofCommittee 318 in developing the provisions contained in“Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318M-99),” hereinafter called the code or the 1999 code.Emphasis is given to the explanation of new or revised provisions that may be unfamiliar to code users. In addition,comments are included for some items contained in previouseditions of the code to make the present commentary independent of the commentary for ACI 318M-95. Comments onspecific provisions are made under the corresponding chapter and section numbers of the code.The commentary is not intended to provide a complete historical background concerning the development of the ACIBuilding Code,* nor is it intended to provide a detailed résumé of the studies and research data reviewed by the committee in formulating the provisions of the code. However,references to some of the research data are provided for thosewho wish to study the background material in depth.As the name implies, “Building Code Requirements forStructural Concrete (ACI 318M-99)” is meant to be used aspart of a legally adopted building code and as such must differ in form and substance from documents that provide detailed specifications, recommended practice, completedesign procedures, or design aids.The code is intended to cover all buildings of the usual types,both large and small. Requirements more stringent than thecode provisions may be desirable for unusual construction.The code and commentary cannot replace sound engineeringknowledge, experience, and judgement.A building code states only the minimum requirements necessary to provide for public health and safety. The code isbased on this principle. For any structure, the owner or thestructural designer may require the quality of materials andconstruction to be higher than the minimum requirements* For a history of the ACI Building Code see Kerekes, Frank, and Reid, Harold B., Jr.,“Fifty Years of Development in Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,” ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 50, No. 6, Feb. 1954, p. 441. For a discussion ofcode philosophy, see Siess, Chester P., “Research, Building Codes, and EngineeringPractice,” ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 56, No. 5, May 1960, p. 1105.The commentary directs attention to other documents thatprovide suggestions for carrying out the requirements and intent of the code. However, those documents and the commentary are not a part of the code.The code has no legal status unless it is adopted by the government bodies having the police power to regulate buildingdesign and construction. Where the code has not been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice even thoughit has no legal status.The code provides a means of establishing minimum standards for acceptance of designs and construction by a legallyappointed building official or his designated representatives.The code and commentary are not intended for use in settlingdisputes between the owner, engineer, architect, contractor, ortheir agents, subcontractors, material suppliers, or testing agencies. Therefore, the code cannot define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in usual construction. Generalreferences requiring compliance with the code in the job specifications should be avoided since the contractor is rarely in a position to accept responsibility for design details or constructionrequirements that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. Generally, the drawings, specifications and contract documents should contain all of the necessary requirements toensure compliance with the code. In part, this can be accomplished by reference to specific code sections in the job specifications. Other ACI publications, such as “Specifications forStructural Concrete for Buildings” (ACI 301) are written specifically for use as contract documents for construction.Committee 318 recognizes the desirability of standards ofperformance for individual parties involved in the contractdocuments. Available for this purpose are the plant certification programs of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,the Post-Tensioning Institute and the National Ready MixedConcrete Association, and the Concrete Reinforcing SteelInstitute’s Voluntary Certification Program for FusionBonded Epoxy Coating Applicator Plants. In addition, “Recommended Practice for Inspection and Testing Agencies forConcrete, Steel, and Bituminous Materials As Used in Construction” (ASTM E 329-77) recommends performance requirements for inspection and testing agencies.ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
INTRODUCTIONDesign reference materials illustrating applications of thecode requirements may be found in the following documents. The design aids listed may be obtained from the sponsoring organization.Design aids:“ACI Design Handbook,” ACI Committee 340, Publication SP-17(97), American Concrete Institute, FarmingtonHills, MI, 1997, 482 pp. (Provides tables and charts for design of eccentricity loaded columns by the Strength DesignMethod. Provides design aids for use in the engineering design and analysis of reinforced concrete slab systems carrying loads by two-way action. Design aids are also providedfor the selection of slab thickness and for reinforcement required to control deformation and assure adequate shear andflexural strengths.)“ACI Detailing Manual—1994,” ACI Committee 315,Publication SP-66(94), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1994, 244 pp. (Includes the standard, ACI315-92, and report, ACI 315R-94. Provides recommendedmethods and standards for preparing engineering drawings,typical details, and drawings placing reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structures. Separate sections define responsibilities of both engineer and reinforcing bar detailer.)CRSI Handbook, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,Schaumburg, Ill., 8th Edition, 1996, 960 pp. (Provides tabulated designs for structural elements and slab systems. Design examples are provided to show the basis of and use ofthe load tables. Tabulated designs are given for beams;square, round and rectangular columns; one-way slabs; andone-way joist construction. The design tables for two-wayslab systems include flat plates, flat slabs and waffle slabs.The chapters on foundations provide design tables for squarefootings, pile caps, drilled piers (caissons) and cantileveredretaining walls. Other design aids are presented for crackcontrol; and development of reinforcement and lap splices.)“Reinforcement Anchorages and Splices,” Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumberg, Ill., 4th Edition, 1997,100 pp. (Provides accepted practices in splicing reinforcement. The use of lap splices, mechanical splices, and weldedsplices are described. Design data are presented for development and lap splicing of reinforcement.)“Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Manual ofStandard Practice,” Wire Reinforcement Institute, Findlay,318M/318RM-3Ohio, 4th Edition, Apr. 1992, 31 pp. (Describes wire fabricmaterial, gives nomenclature and wire size and weight tables. Lists specifications and properties and manufacturinglimitations. Book has latest code requirements as code affects welded wire. Also gives development length and splicelength tables. Manual contains customary units and soft metric units.)“Structural Welded Wire Fabric Detailing Manual,”Wire Reinforcement Institute, McLean Va., 1st Edition,1983, 76 pp. (Provides information on detailing welded wirefabric reinforcement systems. Includes design aids for welded wire fabric in accordance with ACI 318 Building Code requirements for wire fabric.)“Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns,”Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., EB009D, 1978,48 pp. (Provides design tables of column strength in terms ofload in kips versus moment in ft-kips for concrete strength of5000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement. Design examples areincluded. Note that the PCA design tables do not include thestrength reduction factor φ in the tabulated values; Mu/φ andPu/φ must be used when designing with this aid.“PCI Design Handbook—Precast and Prestressed Concrete,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, 5thEdition, 1999, 630 pp. (Provides load tables for common industry products, and procedures for design and analysis ofprecast and prestressed elements and structures composed ofthese elements. Provides design aids and examples.)“Design and Typical Details of Connections for Precastand Prestressed Concrete,” Precast/Prestressed ConcreteInstitute, Chicago, 2nd Edition, 1988, 270 pp. (Updates available information on design of connections for both structuraland architectural products, and presents a full spectrum oftypical details. Provides design aids and examples.)“PTI Post-Tensioning Manual,” Post-Tensioning Institute,Phoenix, 5th Edition, 1990, 406 pp. (Provides comprehensive coverage of post-tensioning systems, specifications, anddesign aid construction concepts.)“PTI Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs,” Post-TensioningInstitute, Phoenix, 2nd Edition, Apr. 1984, 56 pp. (Illustratesapplication of the code requirements for design of one-wayand two-way post-tensioned slabs. Detailed design examplesare presented.)ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
318M/318RM-4TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTSPART 1—GENERALCHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .318M-91.1—Scope1.2—Drawings and specifications1.3—Inspection1.4—Approval of special systems of design orconstructionCHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS .318M-17PART 2—STANDARDS FOR TESTS AND MATERIALSCHAPTER 3—MATERIALS .318M-233.5—Steel reinforcement3.6—Admixtures3.7—Storage of materials3.8—Standards cited in this code3.0—Notation3.1—Tests of ART 3—CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTSCHAPTER 4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS .318M-354.0—Notation4.1—Water-cementitious materials ratio4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures4.3—Sulfate exposures4.4—Corrosion protection of reinforcementCHAPTER 5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING . 318M-415.0—Notation5.1—General5.2—Selection of concrete proportions5.3—Proportioning on the basis of field experience or trialmixtures, or both5.4—Proportioning without field experience or trial mixtures5.5—Average strength reduction5.6—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of g5.11—Curing5.12—Cold weather requirements5.13—Hot weather requirementsCHAPTER 6—FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, ANDCONSTRUCTION JOINTS .318M-576.1—Design of formwork6.2—Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring6.3—Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete6.4—Construction jointsCHAPTER 7—DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT.318M-637.0—Notation7.1—Standard hooks7.2—Minimum bend diameters7.3—Bending7.4—Surface conditions of reinforcement7.5—Placing reinforcement7.6—Spacing limits for reinforcement7.7—Concrete protection for reinforcement7.8—Special reinforcement details for columns7.9—Connections7.10—Lateral reinforcement for compression members7.11—Lateral reinforcement for flexural members7.12—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement7.13—Requirements for structural integrityACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
TABLE OF CONTENTS318M/318RM-5PART 4—GENERAL REQUIREMENTSCHAPTER 8—ANALYSIS AND DESIGN—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .318M-798.0—Notation8.1—Design methods8.2—Loading8.3—Methods of analysis8.4—Redistribution of negative moments in continuousnonprestressed flexural members8.5—Modulus of elasticity8.6—Stiffness8.7—Span length8.8—Columns8.9—Arrangement of live load8.10—T-beam construction8.11—Joist construction8.12—Separate floor finishCHAPTER 9—STRENGTH AND 1—General9.2—Required strength9.3—Design strength9.4—Design strength for reinforcement9.5—Control of deflectionsCHAPTER 10—FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS .318M-10510.0—Notation10.1—Scope10.2—Design assumptions10.3—General principles and requirements10.4—Distance between lateral supports of flexuralmembers10.5—Minimum reinforcement of flexural members10.6—Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams andone-way slabs10.7—Deep flexural members10.8—Design dimensions for compression members10.9—Limits for reinforcement of compression members10.10—Slenderness effects in compression members10.11—Magnified moments—General10.12—Magnified moments—Nonsway frames10.13—Magnified moments—Sway frames10.14—Axially loaded members supporting slab system10.15—Transmission of column loads through floorsystem10.16—Composite compression members10.17—Bearing strengthCHAPTER 11—SHEAR AND TORSION.318M-13311.0—Notation11.1—Shear strength11.2—Lightweight concrete11.3—Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members11.4—Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members11.5—Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement11.6—Design for torsion11.7—Shear-friction11.8—Special provisions for deep flexural members11.9—Special provisions for brackets and corbels11.10—Special provisions for walls11.11—Transfer of moments to columns11.12—Special provisions for slabs and footingsCHAPTER 12—DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICESOF pment of reinforcement—General12.2—Development of deformed bars and deformed wirein tension12.3—Development of deformed bars in compression12.4—Development of bundled bars12.5—Development of standard hooks in tension12.6—Mechanical anchorage12.7—Development of welded deformed wire fabric intension12.8—Development of welded plain wire fabric in tension12.9—Development of prestressing strand12.10—Development of flexural reinforcement—General12.11—Development of positive moment reinforcement12.12—Development of negative moment reinforcement12.13—Development of web reinforcement12.14—Splices of reinforcement—General12.15—Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire intension12.16—Splices of deformed bars in compression12.17—Special splice requirements for columns12.18—Splices of welded deformed wire fabric in tension12.19—Splices of welded plain wire fabric in tensionACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
318M/318RM-6TABLE OF CONTENTSPART 5—STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTSCHAPTER 13—TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS ions13.3—Slab reinforcement13.4—Openings in slab systems13.5—Design procedures13.6—Direct design method13.7—Equivalent frame methodCHAPTER 14—WALLS. 4.3—Minimum reinforcement14.4—Walls designed as compression members14.5—Empirical design method14.6—Nonbearing walls14.7—Walls as grade beams14.8—Alternative design of slender wallsCHAPTER 5.2—Loads and reactions15.3—Footings supporting circular or regular polygonshaped columns or pedestals15.4—Moment in footings15.5—Shear in footings15.6—Development of reinforcement in footings15.7—Minimum footing depth15.8—Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal15.9—Sloped or stepped footings15.10—Combined footings and matsCHAPTER 16—PRECAST CONCRETE. 6.3—Distribution of forces among members16.4—Member design16.5—Structural integrity16.6—Connection and bearing design16.7—Items embedded after concrete placement16.8—Marking and identification16.9—Handling16.10—Strength evaluation of precast constructionCHAPTER 17—COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS. 318M-25317.4—Vertical shear strength17.5—Horizontal shear strength17.6—Ties for horizontal —ShoringCHAPTER 18—PRESTRESSED CONCRETE �General—Design assumptions—Permissible stresses in concrete—Flexuralmembers18.5 —Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons18.6 —Loss of prestress18.7 —Flexural strength18.8 —Limits for reinforcement of flexural members18.9 —Minimum bonded reinforcement18.10—Statically indeterminate structures18.11—Compression members—Combined flexure andaxial loads18.12—Slab systems18.13—Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones18.14—Design of anchorage zones for monostrand orsingle 5/8 in. diameter bar tendons18.15—Design of anchorage zones for multistrand tendons18.16—Corrosion protection for unbonded prestressingtendons18.17—Post-tensioning ducts18.18—Grout for bonded prestressing tendons18.19—Protection for prestressing tendons18.20—Application and measurement of prestressingforce18.21—Post-tensioning anchorage zones and couplers18.22—External post-tensioningACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
TABLE OF CONTENTS318M/318RM-7CHAPTER 19—SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS.318M-28519.0—Notation19.1—Scope and definitions19.2—Analysis and design19.3—Design strength of materials19.4—Shell reinforcement19.5—ConstructionPART 6—SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSCHAPTER 20—STRENGTH EVALUATION OFEXISTING STRUCTURES .318M-29320.0—Notation20.1—Strength evaluation—General20.2—Determination of required dimensions and materialproperties20.3—Load test procedure20.4—Loading criteria20.5—Acceptance criteria20.6—Provision for lower load rating20.7—SafetyCHAPTER 21—SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC .2—General requirements21.3—Flexural members of special moment frames21.4—Special moment frame members subjected tobending and axial load21.5—Joints of special moment frames21.6—Special reinforced concrete structural walls andcoupling beams21.7—Structural diaphragms and trusses21.8—Foundations21.9—Frame members not proportioned to resist forcesinduced by earthquake motions21.10—Requirements for intermediate moment framesPART 7—STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETECHAPTER 22—STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE .318M-33522.5—Strength 2.9—Precast members22.10—Plain concrete in earthquake-resisting tions22.3—Joints22.4—Design methodCOMMENTARY REFERENCES .318M-345APPENDIXESAPPENDIX A—ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD —Permissible service load stressesA.4—Development and splices of reinforcementA.5—FlexureA.6—Compression members with or without flexureA.7—Shear and torsionAPPENDIX B—UNIFIED DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED ANDPRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL ANDCOMPRESSION MEMBERS.318M-367B.1—ScopeACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
318M/318RM-8TABLE OF CONTENTSAPPENDIX C—ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTHREDUCTION FACTORS. 318M-375C.1—GeneralAPPENDIX D—NOTATION . 318M-377APPENDIX E—STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION . 318M-385INDEX. 318M-387ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
CHAPTER 1318M/318RM-9PART 1 — GENERALCHAPTER 1 — GENERAL REQUIREMENTSCODECOMMENTARY1.1 — ScopeR1.1 — Scope1.1.1 — This code provides minimum requirements fordesign and construction of structural concrete elements of any structure erected under requirements ofthe legally adopted general building code of which thiscode forms a part. In areas without a legally adoptedbuilding code, this code defines minimum acceptablestandards of design and construction practice.The American Concrete Institute “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-99),” referredto as the code, provides minimum requirements for anystructural concrete design or construction.The 1999 edition of the code revised the previous standard“Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete(ACI 318M-95).” This standard includes in one document therules for all concrete used for structural purposes includingboth plain and reinforced concrete. The term “structural concrete” is used to refer to all plain or reinforced concrete used forstructural purposes. This covers the spectrum of structuralapplications of concrete from nonreinforced concrete to concrete containing nonprestressed reinforcement, pretensioned orpost-tensioned tendons, or composite steel shapes, pipe, ortubing. Requirements for plain concrete are in Chapter 22.Prestressed concrete is included under the definition of reinforced concrete. Provisions of the code apply to prestressedconcrete except for those that are stated to apply specificallyto nonprestressed concrete.Chapter 21 of the code contains special provisions for designand detailing of earthquake resistant structures. See 1.1.8.Appendix A of the code contains provisions for an alternatemethod of design for nonprestressed reinforced concretemembers using service loads (without load factors) and permissible service load stresses. The Alternate Design Methodis intended to give results that are slightly more conservativethan designs by the Strength Design Method of the code.Appendix B of the code contains provisions for reinforcement limits, determination of the strength reduction factorφ, and moment redistribution. The provisions are applicableto reinforced and prestressed concrete flexural and compression members. Designs made using the provisions ofAppendix B are equally acceptable, provided the provisionsof Appendix B are used in their entirety.Appendix C of the code allows the use of the factored loadcombinations in Section 2.3 of ASCE 7, “Minimum DesignLoads for Buildings and Other Structures,” if structural framing includes primary members of materials other than concrete.ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
318M/318RM-10CHAPTER 1CODECOMMENTARY1.1.2 — This code supplements the general buildingcode and shall govern in all matters pertaining todesign and construction of structural concrete, exceptwherever this code is in conflict with requirements inthe legally adopted general building code.R1.1.2 — The American Concrete Institute recommendsthat the code be adopted in its entirety; however, it is recognized that when the code is made a part of a legally adoptedgeneral building code, the general building code may modify
“ACI Detailing Manual—1994,” ACI Committee 315, Publication SP-66(94), American Concrete Institute, Farm-ington Hills, MI, 1994, 244 pp. (Includes the standard, ACI 315-92, and report, ACI 315R-94. Provides recommended method
ACI SP-66 and ACI 318M ACI 318 ACI Detailing Manual and Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary 3 Cold weather requirements ASTM C 494/C 494M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for C
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