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NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 1 A New FaithTerms to KnowESSENTIAL QUESTIONIslam a religion based on the teachings ofMuhammadoasis a green area in a desert fed byunderground water; a water hole in thedesertsheikh the leader of an Arab tribecaravan a group of traveling merchantsand animals, usually camelsQuran the holy book of Islamshari’ah Islamic code of lawHow do religions develop?GUIDING QUESTIONS1.How did physical geographyinfluence the Arab way of life?2.What message did Muhammadpreach to the people of Arabia?3.How does Islam provide guidanceto its followers?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Where in the world?When did it happen?A.D.500A.D.A.D. 570Muhammad isborn in Arabia600A.D. 610Muhammadis called topreachA.D.A.D. 622Muhammadgoes toMadinah700A.D.632MuhammaddiesYou Are Here in History169
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 1 A New Faith,ContinuedArab LifeIn the 600s, people on the Arabian peninsula built anempire in Southwest Asia. The empire was based on thereligion of Islam. The land in Arabia is mostly desert. Italso has dry, sandy plains. It is very hot. The temperaturesin summer can rise above 122 F (50 C). The desert hadno cities and few towns.Explaining1. How did the bedouinlearn to live in thedesert of theArabian peninsula?The very hot weather and the dry, sandy land made itdifficult to live in the desert. The towns that existed werebuilt around water. In the desert, water can be found onlyat an oasis. An oasis is a spring or water hole.A group of Arab people called bedouin, however, learnedto live in the difficult environment. They were nomads, orpeople who traveled from place to place. The bedouin rodecamels from oasis to oasis to feed and water their herds ofcamels, goats, and sheep. To survive the harsh climate,the bedouin formed tribes or groups. The leader of a tribewas called a sheikh. Tribes fought over land and water.Some merchants carried goods across the desert. Manytraveled in caravans, or groups of merchants and animals.Such groups protected the merchants from attacks bythieves.Life in the desert Bedouin traveled fromoasis to oasis. Bedouin lived in tribesled by sheikhs. Tribes fought with eachother over land andwater.MakingConnections3. Write a sentenceabout why oaseswere important forliving in a town.Life in towns Merchants built townsnear oases and traderoutes. Merchants traveled incaravans for protection. Makkah was animportant religiouscenter.An important trade town was Makkah. It was also animportant religious center. The Kaaba, a religious building,was and still is in Makkah. The Kaaba was surrounded bystatues of Arabian gods and goddesses. The mostimportant god was Allah. The Arabs believed Allah was thecreator of the world. They believed a stone inside theKaaba came from heaven.1702. What is a caravan?ReadingCheck4. How did the lives ofdesert Arabs andtown Arabs differ?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Some tribes settled around oases and set up villagesand towns. The people there farmed, raised animals, andtraded goods. They did not travel like the bedouin did.Defining
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 1 A New Faith,ContinuedMuhammad and His MessageMuhammad was born in Makkah in A.D. 570. Both hisparents died. He grew up in his grandfather’s house andbecame a successful merchant. Muhammad was troubledby the way of life in Makkah, especially by the lifestyles ofMakkah's wealthy citizens. He saw greed, dishonesty, andneglect of the poor. People did not care about family life.5. Place a two-tabFoldable along thedotted line. WriteMuhammad on theanchor tab. Labelthe two tabs Whoand What.Use both sides ofthe tabs to write keywords and facts toexplain whoMuhammad was andwhat his messagetaught.ExplainingCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.6. How did Makkahbecome a holy cityof Islam?Glue Foldable hereExplainingMuhammad prayed about this. In A.D. 610, according totradition, he was called by God to preach Islam. The wordIslam means “to surrender to the will of Allah.”Muhammad preached that there was only one God, Allah.The statues of the gods and goddesses around the Kaabain Makkah should be destroyed. He also taught that Allahvalued people’s good deeds instead of their wealth. He saidthat rich people should share their wealth with the poor.Many people started following Muhammad, especially thepoor. Rich merchants and leaders of the existing religionsdid not accept Muhammad’s teachings. They believedMuhammad was trying to take away their power.In A.D. 622 Muhammad and his followers believed theywere in danger from these enemies. They left Makkah andwent to Yathrib. The people of Yathrib accepted Muhammadas a prophet of God. They changed the name of the townto Madinah, which means “the city of the prophet.”In Madinah, Muhammad was a political leader and areligious leader. Muhammad used government power tosupport Islam. He formed an army. With his army, he tookover Makkah and made it a holy city of Islam.Muhammad was born.ReadingCheck7. Why did Makkah'smerchants andreligious leadersoppose Muhammadand his message?Muhammad became a successful merchant.Muhammad was called to preach Islam.Muhammad and his followers went to Madinah.Beliefs and Practices of IslamIslam shares some beliefs with Christianity and Judaism.For example, all three religions believe that there is onlyone God. They believe that God is all-powerful and createdthe universe. Each religion has a holy book.171
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 1 A New Faith,ContinuedThe holy book of Islam is the Quran. Muslims believethe Quran is the written word of God. The Quran describesevents that are important to Islam. The Quran alsoincludes teachings and instructions.The Quran teaches people to: be honest be kind to the poor treat others fairly not commit murder respect their parents not steal be kind to their neighbors not tell a lieMarkingthe Text8. Circle the five waysthat Muslims canworship Allah.Defining9. What is shari’ah?Islam teaches people to worship Allah in five ways. Theyare called the Five Pillars of Islam. A pillar is a basic belief.The Five Pillars include belief, prayer, charity (giving to thepoor), and fasting. Fasting means to eat very little or nofood. The fifth pillar is pilgrimage. Muslims are encouragedto travel to the holy city of Makkah to see the Kaaba.10. Why is the Quranimportant in thedaily life of lue Foldable hereCheck for UnderstandingList two ideas from the Quran that are presentedas guidelines for how to live.1.2.What is a pilgrimage and why is it important toIslam?3.17211. Place a three-tabFoldable along thedotted line. WriteIslam on the anchortab. Label the threetabs Quran, FivePillars of Islam, andShari’ah.Use both sides ofthe tabs to write keywords and facts thatyou rememberabout each.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.To guide believers, Islam also has set of laws called theshari’ah. Shari’ah applies the teachings of the Quran tofamily, business, and government. The shari’ah saysMuslims may not gamble or eat pork.ReadingCheck
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 2 The Spread of IslamTerms to KnowESSENTIAL QUESTIONcaliph a Muslim leader seen as a successorto MuhammadShia a group of Muslims who believed thedescendants of Ali should ruleSunni a group of Muslims who acceptedthe rule of the Umayyad caliphssultan a Seljuk rulerHow does religion shape society?GUIDING QUESTIONS1.How did the Arabs spread Islam andcreate an empire?2.How did the Arab Empire changeafter the Umayyads?3.How did the Turks, Safavids, andMoguls rule their empires?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Where in the world?When did it happen?600632Muhammaddies900700sMuslim soldiersconquer Spain661–750 Umayyadsrule empire fromDamascus12001055 SeljukTurks seizeBaghdad750s Abbasidscome to power15001453Ottomans conquerByzantine Empire1258 Mongolsburn Baghdad18001501 Safavidsrule Persia1500sMoguls rule anempire in India1600s Sikhsand Hindusdefeat MogulsYou Are Here in History173
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 2 The Spread of Islam,ContinuedFounding an EmpireGlue Foldable hereMuhammad died in 632. He left no directions aboutchoosing the leader who should come after him. A group ofMuslim leaders selected a new kind of leader. They calledthis leader the caliph, or the successor. The caliph was thesuccessor to Muhammad.The first four caliphs were relatives or friends ofMuhammad. Their goal was to protect and to spread Islam.Their armies conquered many lands beyond the Arabianpeninsula. They conquered lands in Southwest Asia andAfrica.After the first four caliphs, a new group of caliphs ruled.They were called the Umayyads. They ruled the empirefrom the city of Damascus in Syria. Their goal also was tospread Islam. Their armies expanded further into Asia andAfrica. They also conquered Spain in Europe in the 700s.The Umayyads brought their religion, customs, andtraditions to Spain. Spanish Muslims built centers of Islamicgovernment and culture. Jewish, Christian, and Muslimscholars studied and worked together.1. Place a three-tabVenn diagramFoldable along thedotted line. WriteFounding an Empireon the anchor tab.Label the left tabFirst Four Caliphs,the middle tab Both,and the right tabUmayyads.Use both sides ofthe tabs to list factsabout each groupthat are similar anddifferent.New leaders called caliphs were chosen.The first caliphs were friends and relativesof Muhammad.After the first four caliphs, the Umayyads tookover the empire.The Muslims were good warriors and fought well inbattle. They believed they had a duty to spread Islam. Thepeople of other empires had sometimes been forced tofollow the religion of their leaders. The Muslims let thepeople they conquered practice their own religions.Muslim merchants also spread Islamic faith and culture.The merchants built trading posts in the conquered lands,such as Southeast Asia. Today, in Southeast Asia, thecountry of Indonesia has more Muslims than any country inthe world. Muslims spread Islam through conquest, trade,and teaching.174Markingthe Text2. Underline the waysthat Islam spread.ReadingCheck3. Why was the Arabmilitary successful?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Muhammad died.ComparingandContrasting
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 2 The Spread of Islam,Markingthe Text4. Circle the name forpeople who believethat onlyMuhammad'sdescendants couldbe caliphs.DefiningContinuedDivision and GrowthThere were groups in Islam that argued about who had theright to be caliph. Muslims divided into two groups over theissue. The Shia believed only people descended fromMuhammad's son-in-law, Ali, should be caliphs. The Sunni,a larger group than the Shia, disagreed. They did not thinkcaliphs had to be related to Muhammad.Today the two groups are still divided over this question.They do both agree, however, on the basic beliefs of Islam.5. What is a sultan?AnalyzingCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.6. Who do you thinkhad more power inthe Islamic world,the sultan or theAbbasid caliph? Besure to give areason for yourthinking.SunniShiaBothOnlydescendants ofMuhammad canbe caliphs.1. There is onlyone God,Allah.2. The Quran isthe holy bookof Islam.3. Practice theFive Pillars.Caliphs do nothave to bedescendants ofMuhammad.Around 750, the Shia Muslims rebelled and took over therule from the Umayyad caliphs. The new caliphs werecalled Abbasids.The Abbasid caliphs ruled the Arab Empire differently.The Abbasids did not try to conquer new lands. Theyfocused on improving trade and culture.ReadingCheck7. How did the Sunniand Shia differ?What beliefs didthey share?They built the city of Baghdad. It became the newcapital of the Arab Empire. All the trade routes passedthrough Baghdad. It was a beautiful and wealthy city.In 1055 Baghdad was seized by people called the SeljukTurks. They came from central Asia and invaded the ArabEmpire. The Seljuk Turks and Abbasids ruled together. Theleader of the Turks was called a sultan. The sultancontrolled the military and the government. The Abbasidcaliphs managed religious matters. They ruled for 200years this way.In 1258 people from central Asia, called Mongols, quicklymoved into the empire. The Mongols burned Baghdad andkilled thousands of people. The Arab Empire was over.175
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 2 The Spread of Islam,ContinuedThree Muslim EmpiresAfter the Arab Empire ended in 1258, other Muslim groupsbuilt their own empires. The Ottomans were from what isnow the country of Turkey. They built the largest Islamicempire. It lasted until the early 1900s. The Ottomansconquered much of the Byzantine Empire and expandedfurther into Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa.Rulers of the Ottoman Empire were also called sultans.The most famous Ottoman sultan was Suleiman I. He ruledduring the 1500s. He was called the “Lawgiver” because heorganized Ottoman laws. Suleiman also built schools andmosques throughout the empire.The Ottoman Empire was very large. Islam was theofficial religion of the empire. Muslims had specialprivileges. Non-Muslims had to follow different laws. Theyhad to pay a special tax to practice their own religion.The third Muslim empire was in India. In the 1500s, theMoguls conquered India. Under a Mogul emperor namedAkbar, non-Muslims were treated fairly. After his death,that changed. In the late 1600s, the Indian Hindus andSikhs overthrew the Mogul Empire. The Sikhs were a newreligion that started in India in the early 1500s. TodaySikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world.Glue Foldable hereCheck for UnderstandingDefine the major belief of each of the followinggroups: Shia and Sunni.1.2.What were the three major Muslim Empires?3.1768. Circle two thingsthat Suleiman I did.Identifying9. Which group builtthe largest Muslimempire?ReadingCheck10. What is Urdu?11. Place a three-tabVenn diagramFoldable along thedotted line to coverthe Check forUnderstanding. Onthe anchor tab,write Two Groups inIslam. Write Shia onthe left tab, Both onthe middle tab, andSunnis on the righttab.On both sides of thetabs, list what youremember abouteach and determinewhat they have incommon.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Persia was one land the Ottomans could not conquer. Itwas ruled by the Safavids from the 1500s to the 1700s.The Savafids were Shia and bitter enemies of theOttomans, who were Sunni. During the Safavid rule,Persian became the language of trade and culture. Today inPakistan people speak Urdu. This language is partly basedon Persian.Markingthe Text
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 3 Life in the Islamic WorldTerms to KnowESSENTIAL QUESTIONmosque a Muslim house of worshipbazaar a marketplace of shopsastrolabe a tool that helps sailors findtheir way at sea by using the starsminaret a tower of a mosque from which aperson calls Muslims to prayerHow do ideas change the waypeople live?GUIDING QUESTIONS1.How did people live and trade in theIslamic world?2.What were Muslim contributions inmathematics, science, and the arts?When did it happen?600900632Muhammaddies700s Muslimsstart translatingancient Greekwriting intoArabic1200c. 1100 Persianpoet OmarKhayyam writesparts of Rubaiyat1300s Muslimhistorian IbnKhaldun studieshow geographyand climateinfluence humanactivities1100s Muslimgeographersmap Asia,Europe, andNorth Africa150018001600sTaj Mahal is builtin IndiaCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.You Are Here in HistoryWhat do you know?Think about what you already know about the Islamic world. Write it down in the K column.In the W column, list what you want to know about the Islamic world. After reading thislesson, fill in the L column with a list of what you learned.KWL177
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 3 Life in the Islamic World,ContinuedDaily Life and TradeFrom 700 to the 1400s, Muslims controlled trade in Asiaand Africa. Muslim merchants spread Islam and the Arabiclanguage. Muslim merchants developed a money systemthat made trading easier. They also kept detailed records.This led to the development of banking.As trade increased, cities grew. Muslim cities always hadmosques. People worshiped in the mosques. Schools andcourts were located in the mosques. The mosques werelearning centers. Muslim cities also had bazaars. A bazaaris a marketplace. It is a place in a city or town whereshops are located and goods are sold.Many Muslim people also lived in villages and farmed theland. Since the land was so dry, they developed irrigation.Irrigation is a system to bring water to dry land so cropswill grow. The farms were owned by wealthy landowners.The most powerful people were government leaders,landowners, and wealthy merchants. Craftspeople, orartisans, farmers, and workers had little power.Enslaved peoplewere usuallyprisoners of warand had rights.Women managedfamilies and hadrights.Islamic LifeCities hadmosques andbazaars.178The mostpowerful peoplewere landownersand wealthymerchants.Men were incharge ofgovernment,business, andsociety.Artisans, farmers,and workers hadlittle power.1. List three functionsof a mosque.Defining2. What is a bazaar?Identifying3. What rights didwomen have inMuslim society?ReadingCheck4. Why were Muslimmerchantssuccessful?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Women managed families and households. Women couldown property, invest in trade, and inherit wealth. As inother societies, Muslim society had slavery. Enslavedpeople did have some rights under Islamic law. They couldbuy their freedom. Mothers could not be separated fromtheir young children.Listing
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 3 Life in the Islamic World,Markingthe Text5. Circle the name ofthe language thatallowed Europeansto learn aboutancient Greek ideas.MakingInferences6. How might the useof Arabic numeralsbe connected toArabian trade?AnalyzingCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.7. Why might theQuran be consideredthe most importantthing written inArabic?ContinuedMuslim ContributionsThe Arabic language was the common language throughoutthe Islamic world. That helped promote trade and exchangeideas. Muslim scholars and doctors made manycontributions in science, mathematics, medicine, literature,art, and architecture. Many of the contributions are stillused today.Muslim scholars in Spain translated many ancient Greekworks into Arabic. Later, the Arabic versions weretranslated into Latin. That is when Europeans learnedabout ancient Greek ideas.ManyancientGreekworkswere lostin Europe.MuslimscholarstranslatedancientGreekworks intoArabic.The Arabicversionsweretranslatedinto Latin.EuropeanslearnedaboutancientGreekideas.In science, Muslims improved the Greek astrolabe.Sailors used this tool to study the stars and chart theirlocation. Muslims used the improved astrolabe to measurethe distance around the Earth. By studying the skies, theyalso proved that the moon affects the Earth's ocean tides.Muslim scientists began what we know today as thestudy of chemistry. They studied metals. A Muslim chemist,al-Razi, identified chemical substances.In mathematics, Muslim scholars invented algebra. Theyalso used the Hindu number symbols to develop a numbersystem called Arabic numerals. We use Arabic numeralstoday as our numbering system.Explaining8. Why does Islamicart not showpeople?In the field of medicine, Muslim doctors discovered thatblood moves to and from the heart. They learned todiagnose diseases and explained how diseases spread fromone person to another person. Muslims were the first toestablish medical schools for training and testing doctors.They also built clinics where the sick could go for medicine.Muslims made major contributions in literature, the arts,and architecture. The Quran was the first and the mostimportant piece of Arabic writing. A well-known work ofliterature is The Arabian Nights. The Muslim poet OmarKhayyam wrote the Rubaiyat. It is widely read today.Islamic art included detailed designs of flowers, leaves,stars, and fancy lettering. Muslim leaders believed thatimages of gods and people encouraged idol worship.179
NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksIslamic CivilizationLesson 3 Life in the Islamic World,ContinuedThey felt that idol worship meant that people were beingunfaithful to Allah. Because of this, Islamic art does notshow images of people.Many examples of Muslim architecture still stand today.Throughout the world mosques have a minaret, or tower.From this tower, an announcer calls Muslims to prayer fivetimes a day. Other Muslim buildings that still stand todayinclude the Taj Mahal, a beautiful building in India that wasbuilt in the 1600s.UsingVocabulary9. Write a sentencethat describes howa minaret is used ata mosque.Muslim ContributionsScience improved the astrolabeproved that the Earth is roundlearned that the moon affects the oceandeveloped chemistry developed Arabic numbers developed algebraMedicine discovered how blood moves to andfrom the heart diagnosed and explained the spread ofdiseases established medical schools and testsfor doctorsLiterature The Arabian Nights the RubaiyatArt detailed designs of flowers, leaves,stars, fancy lettering did not show images of people decorated walls, books, buildings,and rugsArchitecture mosques with minarets Taj MahalGlue Foldable hereCheck for UnderstandingList two ways you think a common languagethroughout the Islamic world helped the spreadof knowledge, culture, and religion.1.2.18010. What achievementswere made byMuslims inmedicine?11. Place a three-tabFoldable along thedotted line to coverthe Check forUnderstanding.On the anchortab, write MuslimContributions. Labelthe three tabsMathematics,Science, andLiterature and theArts.Write words andphrases aboutMuslim contributionsin each field.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.MathematicsReadingCheck
the Quran is the written word of God. The Quran describes events that are important to Islam. The Quran also includes teachings and instructions. . Spanish Muslims built centers of Islamic government and culture. Jewish, Ch
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Mesopotamia is the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is located in Southwest Asia. The first known civilization started there. A civilization is a group of . valley between the two rivers. To grow crops, farmers need water for the soil. Farmers in Mes
Other rooms were workshops where people made jewelry and vases. An ancient people called the Minoans built the palace. Trade was an important economic activity for the Minoans. They traded pottery and vases for ivory and metals in Egypt and Syria. Sometime around 1450 B.C. the Minoan civilization ended. Historians do not know why.
Guidelines for Assessing Human Health Risks from Environmental Hazards v Appendix 3: Environmental Health Risk Assessment for Food 169 3.1 Introduction 169 3.2 Identifying the Issues 169 3.3 Hazard Identification 169 3.4 Chemical Risk Assessment 169 3.5 Microbiolog
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