Charging Electric Cars From Solar Energy
Charging electric cars from solarenergyXusheng LiangElvis TanyiXin ZouSupervisor:Dr. Erik LoxboExaminer:Dr. Sven JohanssonDepartment of Electrical EngineeringBlekinge Institute of TechnologyKarlskronaSweden2016
AbstractUntil now vehicles heavily relied on fossil fuels for power. Now, thesevehicles are rapidly being replaced by electric vehicles and or plug-in hybridelectric cars. But these electric cars are still faced with the problem of energyavailability because they rely on energy from biomass, hydro power andwind turbines for electric power generation. The abundance of solar radiationand its use as power source in electric cars is not only an important decisionbut also a necessary condition for eradication of environmental pollutionThis study presents a model for charging electric cars from solar energy.Little focus on detailed technologies involved from solar energy capture tobattery charging but our main focus is how to provide a modified chargingparking lot in Karlskrona city-Sweden .With a surface area of 2900sq. m, wewere able to choose mono crystalline 1STH-350-WH as the right PVmodules. Based on the latitude of our design area, a computed result of 71degrees angle positioning between solar panel and roof so as to maximise thesurface area and optimise the solar irradiance gathering. Based on themaximum power output of approximately 294kW these PV modulesgenerate, we further analysed and selected SDP 30KW inverter, PWMcontroller SDC240V-100A and the AGM (BAT412201080) lead acidstorage batteries. Also we provide different car charging method by choosingthe SAE J1772 standard as one of specifications for dedicated vehiclecharging and Clipper Creek HSC-40 as our option of charger. With the dataof the generating solar energy every day, charging time, consuming power,we can estimate how many cars the system can handle, and how manyelectrical vehicles can be charged. Then we can decide whether we need touse the electrical power from the external power grid.We finally concluded that, our model is able to generate at least 136kwhdaily energy output in winter, average 823.2kwh daily energy outputthroughout a year in theory and it can charge up to 27 electrical vehicles atonce with an average full charging time of up to 6.2 hours. Our model forcharging of electric car batteries is not only supportive but efficient in termsof extracting solar energy from sunlight to charge electric cars, thus makingthe region an eco-friendly place.Keywords:AC Net, Converter, Controller, Electric Car,Photovoltaic, Solar Energy, Solar Panel, Storage Battery, Solar Irradiance,System design2
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AcknowledgementsWe are heartily thankful to our supervisor Dr. Erik Loxbo whosecontinuous critics, encouragements, guidance and support from the start ofour work till the final level. His support enabled us to understand not onlythe research area but also the scope of our degree program in practicalperspectives.Also we dully acknowledge the concern and time put in by some of ourprogramme mates, friends and closes ones to make it a success.Finally we wish to acknowledge our program director (examiner)DR. Sven Johansson and all the other teachers for both the theoretical andpractical skills they impacted on us and thus which enabled us in achievingour task.4
ContentsAbstract. 2Acknowledgements . 4Contents . 5List of figures. 7List of tables . 8List of symbols. 9List of acronyms . 111 Chapter: Introduction . 122 Chapter: Background Theories . 142.1 Reviews Based on Topic of Study . 142.2 Review Based on System Design . 152.2.1 The Solar Panel System . 162.2.2 The Micro Controller . 172.2.3 Storage Bateries . 172.2.4 Solar Inverters . 182.2.5 The Vehicle Charger/ AC Net . 183Chapter: Aim and Objective Statement . 193.1 Problem Statement . 193.2 Aim & Objective Statemnt . 204Chapter: Solution . 214.1 Brief Description of the System Design . 214.2 Description of solar panel . 224.2.1 Types of solar cells. 224.2.1.1 Crystalline Silicon cells(c-SI): . 224.2.1.2 Thin-Film Photovoltaic/Solar cells (TFPC/TFSC): . 244.2.1.3 The third generation / Emerging photovoltaics . 264.2.2 Calculation . 334.2.2.1 Illumination time . 334.2.2.2 The PV modules Installation . 354.3 Description of controller . 454.3.1 Different Types of Charge Controller . 455
4.3.1.1 MPU Controllers . 454.3.1.2 Pulse Width Modulated (Pwm) . 454.3.1.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller . 464.4 Description of storage battery . 534.4.1 Storage batteries . 534.4.2 Lead acid storage battery . 534.4.3 Lithium Ion storage battery . 544.4.4 Flow battery . 544.4.5 Connection of battery packs . 604.5 Inverter . 634.5.1 Description of inverter . 634.5.1.1 String inverters . 634.5.1.2 Micro Inverters . 634.5.1.3 Power Optimisers . 644.6 Utilization of electricity from general AC netwok . 664.7 Description of vehical charger . 674.7.1 Specification of the popular electrical vehicle battery . 674.7.2 Selection of charging mode. 704.7.3 SAE J1772 standard charger . 714.7.4 General Swedish power output analyzes. . 754.7.5 Charging time and consuming power . 764.7.5.1 Charging time and consuming power using SAE J1772 level2 charging . 764.7.5.2 Charging time and consuming power using general socket 794.7.5.3 Chargers arrangement . 804.8 Installation cost . 814.8.1 Installation cost of our system . 815 Chapter: Conclusion and future work . 85Reference . 866
List of figuresFigure 4-1 system structure . 21Figure 4-2 monocrystalline silicon cell [45] . 22Figure 4-3 polycristalline silicon cell [46] . 23Figure 4-4 Thin-Film solar cell[47] . 24Figure 4-5 A comparism of global market share for PVs[45] . 25Figure 4-6 silicon based cell[47] . 26Figure 4-7 Comparism Of Solar Cell Efficiencies And Choise For OurResearch Project, solar cell efficiencies[53] . 28Figure 4-8 the distance between the PV array a horizontal surface . 40Figure 4-9 Connection pattern of each phalanx . 43Figure 4-10 PWM controller SDC240V-100A,[69] . 50Figure 4-11 AGM storage battery[77] . 54Figure 4-12 Connection pattern of battery with the controller . 62Figure 4-13 string inverter[85] . 63Figure 4-14 Micro inverter[85] . 64Figure 4-15 power optimizer[85] . 64Figure 4-16 Utilization of electricity from general AC network . 667
List of tablesTable 4-1 Compares of Solar Cell Efficiencies and Choice for OurResearch Project, Compares of solar cell efficiency [54] . 29Table 4-2 Comparism of different Solar Panel Products Types [55] [56][57] [58] . 31Table 4-3 Illumination time . 34Table 4-4 solar elevation and solar azimuth . 36Table 4-5 the size of the PV modules [55]. 39Table 4-6 the parameter of the PV module [55] . 41Table 4-7 Monthly Averaged Insolation Incident on A Horizontal Surface(kWh/m2/day)[63]. . 42Table 4-8 controller parameters . 47Table 4-9 Detailed specification of the SDC240V-100A controller[73] . 52Table 4-10 Compare of the Different Battery Types for Solar EnergyStorage [80] [56] . 56Table 4-11 AGM batteries specification . 61Table 4-12 Wikipedia-by Fraunhofer ISE 2014, from: PhotovoltaicReport[86] [87] [88] [89] . 65Table 4-13 Electrical Vehicle battery specification[90]–[116]. 67Table 4-14 Specification of SAE J1772 Standard Charging[119]. . 73Table 4-15 HCS-40 electrical specification[120] . 74Table 4-16 Standard power output in Sweden[121]. . 75Table 4-17 Swedish General Plug Type Specification[122]. . 76Table 4-18 Charging time and consuming power using SAE J1772 level 2charging[90]–[116] . 78Table 4-19 Electrical vehicle charging time and consuming power usinggeneral power socket[90]–[116] . 79Table 4-20 Cost of system . 828
List of PmQLQuantityPhotovoltaicWattkilowattVoltKarlskona latitudeDeclination angleHour anglesolar elevationsolar azimuthsunrise and sunset hour anglesduration of sunshinethe number of days in a yearthe installation inclination angle of thePV arraythe distance between the solar PV arraysthe output capacity of each PV arrayeach daythe value of the generation of all solarPV arrays each daythe work voltage of the solar PV arraythe generation of the all PV arraysCapacity of battery packContinuous days without sunlightdepth of the storage batteries dischargelevelAmending coefficient of dischargeLoss between the battery and theelectrical appliancePeak powerEnergy quantity can be delivered to theelectrical appliance9UnitNJ/s1000 J/s hday cmAhAhVkWhWhNumber ofdays%%WWh
TmPeak sun hourshours10
List of acronymsAcronymACUnfoldingAlternating currentDCDirect currentPVPhotovoltaic11
1 Chapter: IntroductionThis project based on Charging Electric Cars from Solar Energy wascarried out at the Blekinge institute of Technology Karlskrona-Sweden.Presently, developing new types of energy conversion and storagesystems is becoming evident because of increasing human population andthus greater reliance on energy-based devices for survival. Due to the rapidincrease in the world population and economic expansion geometrically, thisis bringing about rapidly diminishing fossil fuels and the continuouslygrowing environmental concerns as greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermorewith the technological advancements in this modern era, more electronicdevices are being used to replace manpower thus leading to a further increasein energy consumption.Energy obtained from the suns radiations when in contact with the earth’satmosphere and or surface as irradiances is called solar energy. Presently,this is known by humans to be the prime renewable energy in existence tilldate, the energy produced in day is able of sustaining mankind even whentraditional energy sources gets finished. This readily availableenvironmentally friendly energy source can easily be obtain via series ofmethods as photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, artificial photosynthesis,solar heating and also solar architecture[1]. Research works have shown thatat the core of the sun, the solar energy is in form of nuclear energy broughtabout by continues fusion between hydrogen and helium atoms each second.Thus as a result of this, it radiates out close to 3.8 1026 joules of solar energyeach second[1].With the free and abundant solar irradiances that provides enormous timesmore energy to the Earth than we consume, photovoltaic processes ensuresthat not only sustainable but greater efficiency and reliability to accesselectrical power for charging electric cars anywhere around the worldwithout environmental pollution. With little upkeep, viable approach to selfcharging of electric cars wherever need via photovoltaic processes. Solarenergy thus provides a unique, simple and elegant method of harnessing thesuns energy to provide electric power to electric cars thus taking the worldmuch step closer to a greener community.Sweden being one of those unlucky countries with very little(or no) fossilfuel availability for extraction, coupled with the rapid increase in its12
population [2], and also active cars in circulation [3] the demand forelectricity so as to meet up the needs of the local masses is at an increase.With our focus area Karlskrona in Blekinge Region-Sweden, located atlatitude/longitude: 56 09′41″N15 35′11″E, altitude: 18 m and also havingand an average annual temperature of 7.8 degrees centigrade [4] ,ourconceptual design based on harnessing solar energy to charge electric carswill not only make the region eco-friendly but also increase the solar energyavailability but also encourage the masses to switch their choices fromtraditional cars to electric cars using solar electric power.The research work begins with a background study where related workswere reviewed. Then, in chapter three, we present the problem statement, ourobjectives and main contributions. Furthermore, we present description ofour system design and implementations in chapter four. In chapter five, wepresent our conclusion and (or) recommendations.Finally we end the work with references, appendices and list of figures.13
2 Chapter: Background Theories2.1 Reviews Based on Topic of StudyThe negative impacts on climate change on humane lives is already beingexperienced and felt in most parts of the word. This has led to leading globaleconomies (G 8) and other stakeholders stressing on the importance ofrenewable energies and immediate reduction of environmental pollutants.Other researchers argue that renewable energies do not completely stopclimate change [5] whereas some stress that it’s not the only option but anecessary condition for a greener future [6].Apart from reducing climatechange effect, renewable energies also have greater preferences to otherenergy sources. These renewable energy sources are not only reliable but alsoprovide greater security due to their continuous availability [7] relatively costeffective than other traditional energy sources [8], and also creates more jobsand improves economic growth relatively [9].Research work on how electric cars can be charged using both solar andwind energy has been going on in the past [10] [11].Here they based theiridea on obtaining the various energy sources mainly by forecasting whichdepends on both time and weather of a particular location. That is they statedthat forecasting the future weather conditions will give them the idea on whatenergy to generate and save for the car to use in future. But forecast based onclimatic conditions is mostly never accurate or exact. So, this might bringabout shortages or no energy to power the car. Building a design thatconceptually show how solar energy can be easily harnessed, stored andutilise have not been fully researched on and also considered more realisticto operate.In the previous year’s series of authors have shared knowledge and ideason how electric cars can be charged via the use of electricity from the gridwhich was generated from traditional energy sources as coal, fuel andhydropower [12] [13]. As more electric vehicles use the grid for powersupply, it is decreases for power to be used for home consumption and otheractivities. This brings about imbalance in distribution thus providing poorpower factor and power net instability. Though tighter controls are were putin place [14], using solar energy with unlimited power supply will serve asbetter option since electric cars will be encouraged more to be used and alsoproviding greener environment.14
Also, a handful of researchers have presented scholarly papers on how touse the optimal daytime charging strategy to charge electric cars using solarenergy [15] since the solar irradiance is at peak during the day, they try todesign an approach on how to fully maximize the energy falling on earth’ssurface at peak hours. It’s an eco-friendly approach of energy harnessingusing PV cells but they did not explain on how the excess energy will beshared and how energy will be obtained during periods of little or no solarirradiance. Our research work tries to explain how solar energy
charging of electric car batteries is not only supportive but efficient in terms of extracting solar energy from sunlight to charge electric cars, thus making the region an eco-friendly place. Keywords: AC Net, Converter, Controller, Electric Car, Photovoltaic, Solar Energy, Solar Panel, Storage Battery, Solar Irradiance, System design
Charging ST Layer Layer1 EV Layer Analysis layer where charging STs determine the layout autonomously according to charging demand Analysis layer where EV traffic simulation is carried out with STs Update the layout of charging STs Mapping the charging demand (location of dead EVs and warning sign on ) Charging ST moves to charging
Level 1 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at the Workplace 3 Level 1 Charging at Work Level 1 charging (110-120 V) can be a good fit for many workplace charging programs. For electric vehicles typically purchased by most employees, Level 1 charging often has sufficient power to fully restore vehicle driving range during work hours.
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reduces the charging time by 24.33% maintaining the rise in battery temperature same as CC-CV charging which improves battery life. The Li-Ion battery charging time for 4.2V battery using CC-CV method is 60.44 minutes and charging time using CT-CV method is 45.73 minutes. For faster charging
This study will help in commercializing the renewable energy charging station of electric vehicles and satisfy the charging demand of EV users, most importantly, reduce the energy cost. Keywords: electric vehicles (EVs) , charging stations plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) solar photovoltaic (SPV), MPPT, MATLAB. 1. Introduction
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pile resistances or pile resistances calculated from profiles of test results into characteristic resistances. Pile load capacity – calculation methods 85 Case (c) is referred to as the alternative procedure in the Note to EN 1997-1 §7.6.2.3(8), even though it is the most common method in some countries. Characteristic pile resistance from profiles of ground test results Part 2 of EN 1997 .
