User Guide - Cole-Parmer
User GuideFluoride IonSelectiveElectrode
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Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Electrode Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Electrode Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Checking Electrode Operation (Slope) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Measurement Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Sample Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Measuring Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Electrode Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Electrode Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Analytical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Direct Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Low-Level Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Single Known Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Titrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Fluoride in Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Fluoride in Alkaline Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Electrode Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Electrode Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Limits of Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Temperature Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34pH Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Complexation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Troubleshooting Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
IntroductionThis user guide contains information on the preparation,operation and maintenance for the fluoride ion selectiveelectrode (ISE). General analytical procedures, electrodecharacteristics and electrode theory are also included in thisuser guide. Fluoride electrodes measure free fluoride ions inaqueous solutions quickly, simply, accurately and economically.The measurement of fluoride in drinking water and wastewaterusing an ion selective electrode is an EPA approved testprocedure. EPA-approved ISE test procedures for fluoride indrinking water are ASTM D1179-04 (B) and Standard Methods4500-F- C (21st edition). EPA-approved ISE test procedures forfluoride in wastewater are ASTM D1179-93, 99 (B) and StandardMethods 4500-F- C-97 (online) or 4500-F- B (18, 19, 20theditions). Approved test method lists are updated periodically.Check with your regulatory agency for latest approve methodrevisions.Technical Support Chemists can be consulted for assistanceand troubleshooting advice. Within the United States call1.800.225.1480 and outside the United States call 978.232.6000or fax 978.232.6031. In Europe, the Middle East and Africa,contact your local authorized dealer. For the most currentcontact information, visit www.thermoscientific.com/water.Fluoride ionplus Sure-Flow Solid State Combination ISEThe reference and sensing electrodes are built into oneelectrode, which decreases the amount of required solutionand reduces waste. The built-in Sure-Flow reference junctionprevents electrode clogging and provides fast and stabilereadings. The fluoride ionplus combination ISE is available witha waterproof BNC connector, Cat. No. 9609BNWP. Electrodeswith a waterproof BNC connector can be used on any ISE meterwith a BNC connection.Fluoride Solid State Half-Cell ISEThe fluoride half-cell electrode must be used with the singlejunction reference electrode, Cat. No. 900100. The fluoridehalf-cell is available with a BNC connector, Cat. No. 9409BN;and a screw cap connector, Cat. No. 9409SC. Electrodes with ascrew cap connector require a separate cable.Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide1
capspringcableO-ringfilling holeinnerbodyfilling solutionchamberouter bodyreferenceelementinner conesensing crystalFigure 19609BNWP Fluoride Combination Electrode2Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide
Required Equipment1.Thermo Scientific Orion ISE meter, such as the Orion 4-StarpH/ISE meter, Orion 5-Star pH/ISE/DO/conductivity meteror Orion DUAL STAR meter.Fluoride electrodes can be used on any ISE meter witha BNC connection. The electrodes can also be used onmeters with a variety of inputs when an adapter cable isused. Visit www.thermoscientific.com/water for details.2.Thermo Scientific Orion fluoride ion selective electrode.The 9409BN and 9409SC fluoride half-cell electrodesrequire a separate reference electrode,Cat. No. 900100.3.Magnetic stirrer or Orion stirrer probe, Cat. No. 096019.The Orion stirrer probe can be used with 3-Star, 4-Star, 5Star benchtop meters, and Dual Star meter.4.Volumetric flasks, graduated cylinders and beakers.Plastic labware is highly recommended for fluoride analysis.5.Distilled or deionized water.6.Fluoride electrode filling solution.Use Optimum Results A filling solution, Cat. No. 900061,for the 9609BNWP fluoride electrodes.Use single junction reference electrode filling solution,Cat. No. 900001, for the reference electrode used with the9409BN and 9409SC fluoride electrodes.7.Fluoride calibration standards.Cat. No.Description9409060.1 M NaF, 475 mL bottle940907100 ppm F , 475 mL bottle04090810 ppm F with TISAB II, 475 mL bottle0409072 ppm F with TISAB II, 475 mL bottle0409061 ppm F with TISAB II, 475 mL bottleFluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide3
8.Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB),which provides a constant background ionic strength,decomplexes fluoride ions and adjusts the solution pH.Cat. No.Description940909TISAB II, 3.8 L bottle940999TISAB II, 4 x 3.8 L bottle940911TISAB III concentrate, 475 mL bottleLow-Level TISABFor use when measuring in samples containing less than 0.4ppm (2 x 10-5 M) fluoride and no fluoride complexing agents suchas iron or aluminum are present.To prepare low level TISAB: Place 500 mL of distilled water ina 1 liter beaker. Add 57 mL of glacial acetic acid and 58 g ofreagent grade sodium chloride to the beaker. Place the beakerin a water bath for cooling. Immerse a calibrated pH electrodeinto the solution and slowly add 5 M NaOH until the pH isbetween 5.0 and 5.5. Cool the solution to room temperature.Pour the solution into a 1 liter volumetric flask and dilute to theflask mark with distilled water. All reagents must be as pure aspossible to keep the fluoride level low in the buffer.Use as directed for TISAB II; combine equal volumes of low levelTISAB and sample or standard before taking any measurements.TISAB IVTISAB IV will complex more than 100 ppm of iron or aluminumin the presence of 1 ppm fluoride. A measurement of 1 ppmfluoride will be in error by 5% in the presence of 200 ppm ironor aluminum.To prepare TISAB IV: Place 500 mL of distilled water in a 1 litervolumetric flask. Add 84 mL of concentrated HCl (36 to 38 %),242 g TRIS (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and 230 g sodiumtartrate (Na2C4H406-2H2O) to the flask. Stir to dissolve the solidsand cool the solution to room temperature. Dilute to the flaskmark with distilled water.Use as directed for TISAB II; combine equal volumes of TISAB IVand sample or standard before measurements.4Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide
Electrode SetupElectrode Preparation9409BN and 9409SC Fluoride Half-Cell Electrode– Remove theprotective shipping cap from the sensing element and save thecap for storage.900100 Single Junction Reference Electrode– Prepare thereference electrode according to the reference electrode userguide. Fill the reference electrode with single junction referencefilling solution, Cat. No. 900001.9609BNWP Fluoride Combination Electrode– Remove theprotective shipping cap from the sensing element and savethe cap for storage. Fill the electrode with Optimum Results Afilling solution, Cat. No. 900061.Note: Optimum Results A filling solution minimizes junctionpotential issues and fluoride contamination in the sample. Theuse of any other filling solution will void the electrode warranty.Electrode Filling Instructions1.Lift the flip spout on the filling solution bottle to a verticalposition.2.Insert the spout into the filling hole on the outer body of theelectrode and add a small amount of filling solution to thereference chamber. Invert the electrode to moisten the topO-ring and then return the electrode to the upright position.3.Hold the electrode body with one hand and use your thumbto push down on the electrode cap to allow a few drops offilling solution to drain out of the electrode.4.Release the electrode cap. If the sleeve does not return toits original position, check if the O-ring is moist and repeatsteps 2-4 until the sleeve returns to the original position.5.Add filling solution to the electrode up to the filling hole.Note: Add filling solution each day before using the electrode.The filling solution level should be at least one inch above thelevel of sample in the beaker to ensure a proper flow rate. Thefill hole should always be open when taking measurements.Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide5
Checking Electrode Operation (Slope)These are general instructions that can be used with mostmeters to check the electrode operation. Refer to the meteruser guide for more specific information.This procedure measures electrode slope. Slope is definedas the change in millivolts observed with every tenfold changein concentration. Obtaining the slope value provides the bestmeans for checking electrode operation.1.If the electrode has been stored dry, prepare the electrodeas described in the Electrode Preparation section.2.Connect the electrode to the meter. Set the meter to themV mode.3.Place 50 mL of distilled water and 50 mL of TISAB II (Lowlevel TISAB or TISAB IV) into a 150 mL beaker. Stir thesolution thoroughly.If using TISAB III, place 90 mL of distilled water and10 mL of TISAB III into a 150 mL beaker. Stir the solutionthoroughly.4.Rinse the electrode with distilled water and place theelectrode into the solution prepared in step 3.5.Select either a 0.1 M sodium fluoride or 100 ppm fluoridestandard. Pipette 1 mL of the standard into the beaker andstir thoroughly. When a stable reading is displayed, recordthe electrode potential in millivolts.6.Pipette 10 mL of the same standard into the same beakerand stir thoroughly. When a stable reading is displayed,record the electrode potential in millivolts.7.There should be a 54 to 60 mV difference between thetwo millivolt readings when the solution temperature isbetween 20 to 25 C. If the millivolt potential is not withinthis range, refer to the Troubleshooting section.6Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide
Measurement UnitsFluoride concentration can be measured in moles per liter (M),parts per million (ppm) or any convenient concentration unit.Table 1Concentration Unit Conversion FactorsMoles/Liter (M)ppm1.01900010-1190010-219010-31910-41.9Sample RequirementsThe epoxy body of the fluoride electrode is resistant to damageby inorganic solutions. The electrode may be used intermittentlyin solutions that contain methanol or acetone. Contact TechnicalSupport for information on using the electrode for specificapplications.Samples and standards should be at the same temperature.The solution temperature must be less than 100 C.In all analytical procedures, TISAB must be added to all samplesand standards before measurements are taken.Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide7
Measuring Hints Add 50 mL of TISAB II (Low-level TISAB or TISAB IV) toevery 50 mL of standard or sample. Add 10 mL of TISAB IIIto every 90 mL standard or sample. Once TISAB II (Lowlevel TISAB or TISAB IV) or TISAB III is selected, it should beadded to all samples and standards so the dilution ratio ofTISAB to solution remains the same. Stir all standards and samples at a uniform rate. Always use fresh standards for calibration. Always rinse the electrode with deionized water betweenmeasurements and shake the electrode to remove thewater and prevent sample carryover. Do not wipe or rubthe electrode sensing element. Allow all standards and samples to come to the sametemperature for precise measurements. Place a piece of insulating material, such as Styrofoam orcardboard, between the magnetic stirrer and beaker to preventmeasurement errors from the transfer of heat to the sample. Verify the electrode calibration every two hours by placingthe electrode in a fresh aliquot of the least concentratedstandard used for calibration. If using more than 2standards, use a mid-level standard. If the value haschanged by more than 2%, recalibrate the electrode. After immersing the electrode in a solution, check theelectrode sensing surface for air bubbles and remove airbubbles by reimmersing the electrode in the solution. For high ionic strength samples, prepare standards witha background composition similar to the sample or usemanual known addition procedure or a Dual Star meter. Adjust highly acidic or highly basic solutions to pH 5 - 6before adding TISAB. Remove the filling hole cover during measurements toensure a uniform flow of filling solution. If the electrode is used in dirty or viscous samples or theelectrode response becomes sluggish, empty the electrodecompletely, hold the junction open and flush the junctionwith deionized water. Empty any water from the electrodeand refill it with fresh filling solution. Press down on theelectrode cap to let a few drops of the filling solution flowout of the electrode and then replenish any lost solution.8Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide
Electrode Storage9409BN and 9409SC Fluoride Half-Cell ElectrodeThe fluoride half-cell electrodes should be rinsed thoroughlywith distilled water and stored dry in the air at all times. Whenstoring the electrode for long periods of time, cover the sensingelement with the protective shipping cap.900100 Single Junction Reference ElectrodeThe single junction reference electrode may be stored in thesingle junction electrode filling solution, Cat. No. 900001,between sample measurements and up to one week. A 0.01 Mor 100 ppm fluoride standard is also an acceptable storagesolution. The filling solution inside the electrode should not beallowed to evaporate, as crystallization will result.For storage longer than one week, drain the reference electrode,flush the inside with distilled water and store the electrode dry.9609BNWP Fluoride Combination ElectrodeFor storage between measurements and up to one week, storethe electrode in electrode fill solution, Cat. No. 900061, withfluoride added. The fluoride concentration of the storage solutionshould be close to least concentrated fluoride calibrationstandard. Do not add TISAB to the storage solution. The fillingsolution should not be allowed to evaporate, as crystallizationwill result. If fill solution is unavailable, store in 2 M potassiumnitrate with fluoride added.For storage longer than one week, drain the electrode. Flushthe chamber with distilled water. Disassemble the electrode asdescribed in the electrode maintenance section. Rinse the innersleeve with distilled water and blot dry with a Kimwipe. Do nottouch the reference element other than to blot dry. Let air dryand then reassemble for storage. Use the protective shippingcap to cover the sensing element.Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide9
Electrode MaintenancePolishing the Sensing Surface of the Fluoride CombinationElectrodes and Fluoride Half-Cell ElectrodesThe sensing surface of the fluoride electrode might needrestoration over time as deposits coat the sensing surface. Thesensing crystal can be restored using the following procedure.Toothpaste that contains fluoride will be needed for thisprocedure.1.Dispense a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste ona kimwipe. Add a few drops of deionized water. A softtoothbrush can also be used in placed of a kimwipe.2.Rub the toothpaste on the sensing element on the bottomof the electrode in a circular motion for around one minute.3.Rinse the electrode thoroughly with DI water, flush theelectrode fill solution out (if using a combination fluorideelectrode) by pressing on the cap of the electrode) thenrefill with fresh fill solution.4.Soak the electrode in 100 ppm fluoride standard for 2 hours.Flushing the 9609BNWP and 900100 Single JunctionReference ElectrodeIf the area between the electrode sleeve and inner conebecomes clogged with sample or precipitate, flush the area withfilling solution or distilled water.1.Hold the electrode body with one hand and use your thumbto push down on the electrode cap to drain the chamber.Push down on the cap until all the filling solution is drainedfrom the chamber.2.Fill the electrode with distilled water and then push downon the cap until all the water is drained from the chamber.3.Fill the electrode with fresh filling solution up to the fillhole. Push down on the cap to allow a few drops of fillingsolution to drain out of the electrode and then refill any lostfilling solution.10Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode User Guide
Disassembling the Fluoride Combination Electrodes andSingle Junction Reference ElectrodeNote: Disassembly is usually not required and should not bedone unless a thorough cleaning is required.1.Tip the electrode so the filling solution moistens the O-ringon the electrode body. Hold the electrode body with onehand and use your thumb to push down on the electrodecap to drain the chamber.2.Unscrew the cap counter clock-wise and then slide the capand the spring up the cable.3.Hold the outer sleeve with one hand and firmly push downon the threaded portion with the thumb and forefinger toseparate the inner body from the sl
900100 Single Junction Reference Electrode– Prepare the reference electrode according to the reference electrode user guide. Fill the reference electrode with single junction reference fi lling solution, Cat. No. 900001. 9609BNWP Fluoride Combination Electrode– Remove the protective shipping cap from the sensing element and save
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t. The log-normal distribution is described by the Cole-Cole a, and the mode of the distribution is the time constant of relaxation [Cole and Cole, 1941]. If the Cole-Cole distribution parameter, a, is unity, then there is a single time constant of relaxation and the Cole
The Cole-Cole (II is a number that is often used to describe the divergence of a measured dielectric dispersion from the ideal dispersion exhibited by a Debye type of dielectric relaxation, and is widely . [27] equation, introduced by the Cole brothers [28] in which an additional parameter, the Cole-Cole (Y, is used to characterise the fact .
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Equation 20 is the prove of equation 1 which relate water saturation to cole cole time; maximum cole cole time and fractal dimension. The capillary pressure can be scaled as logSw (Df 3) logPc constant 21 Where Sw the water saturation, Pc the capillary pressure and
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