The Coffee Rust (Hemileia Vastatrix
The coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix)Some biological and epidemiological aspectsJ. AvelinoJ. AvelinoJ. AvelinoJacques Avelino, CIRAD / IICA-PROMECAFE / CATIEjacques.avelino@cirad.frJ.Avelino
Losses reported by the coffee institutes forthe 2012-2013 harvest in Central America(data from February 2013)2011/2012 exports(bags of 46 kg of greenbeans)Estimated reduction ofthe 2012/2013 harvest(attributed to rust)Costa Rica2 007 7755%Honduras7 100 00015 %El Salvador1 500 00037 %Guatemala4 800 00015 %Nicaragua2 000 00020 % Around M 345 for thisharvestJ.Avelino
Coffee rust historyBordeaux mixture1885KenyaNicaraguaAngola1869Ceylán(Sri Lanka)ErradicationsBahía, BrazilCoffee rust jumpsJ.Avelino
Coffee rust threatens againSpecial climatic conditions (veryrainy) which were propitious tofungus reproductionLow coffee prices which caused adecrease of the number offungicide and fertilizer applicationsJ.Avelino
Severe outbreak of coffee rust in Nicaragua,in 1995-199640 % of incidence on average in Jinotega and Matagalpa atthe end of 1995 and beginning of 1996Severe defoliations and death of branches were observedJ. Avelino, 1996Special climatic conditions (very rainy) which were propitious tofungus reproduction 20 000 ha of coffee were producing for the first time (as we willsee, fruit load is the main factor explaining coffee rust outbreaks)J.Avelino
In both cases the situation came back tonormal in the next yearBut we cannot take the risk that such asevere epidemic occur again in 2013, even ifthe probabilities are lowJ.Avelino
The 2012-2013 outbreak will cause lossesover several yearsSevere defoliation caused bycoffee rust(February 2013, Costa Rica)Stumping to rejuvenate coffee treesafter the outbreak(February 2013, Costa Rica)These trees will produce normally in 2015-2016If they don’t die : old coffee trees do not respond well to this practiceJ.Avelino
Coffee tree phenologyRainfallDry seasonDry seasonRainy seasonRainy season10Rainy season2Growth of year 13YearsBlossoming on nodesproduced in year 1Ripening of berriesand harvestBlossoming on nodesproduced in year 2Ripening of berriesand harvestYoung leaves year 1Old leaves year 2StemYoung leaves year 2Old leaves year 3First shortinternodeYoung leaves year 3Old leaves year 4Secondshort internodeJ.Avelino
How defoliations cause crop lossesDefoliations due to rustwill negatively affectbranch growth anddecrease yield of thefollowing year:secondary lossesWhen defoliations are very severe,the consequence is a branch dieback and losses from the currentyear: primary lossesJ.Avelino
Coffee rust life cycleUredospore Maria do Ceu Silva (Rijo et al., natedsporesGerminationHost ationSporesproducedJ. Avelino Helena Azinheira Maria do Ceu Silva (Rijo et al., 1990)LesionsColoniesestablishedJ.Avelino
Main factor affecting coffee rust life cycle(Avelino et al., 2004)LeafareaRadiationLeafwetnessTemperatureJ. esDepositionGerminatedsporesGerminationHost tablishedLesionsPartialresistanceParasitismFruit resistanceJ. AvelinoJ.Avelino
More rust at lowaltitudeMonth/yearHarvest period460 m730 m1100 mRainfall (m)Percentage of leaves with coffee rustEpidemiologyAltitude, rainfall and harvest effects on the coffeerust progress curveMore rainfall doesnot necessarilymean more rust(spore washing)Coffee rust peakat the end of theharvest, duringthe dry seasonTimeAvelino et al., 2002, modificado de Avelino etal., 1990 (Chiapas, México) J.Avelino
Cumulative percentage ofleaves with coffee rust at theend of the harvestEpidemiologyFruit load effect on coffee rust progressRatio: number of berries in june/numberof young leavesAvelino et al., 2002, modificado de Avelino etal., 1993Datos de la finca La Libertad, Guatemala, 1990J.Avelino
Percentage of leaves with rustEpidemiologyFruit load and altitude effects on coffee rustprogressBiennal behavior560 m1100 mSimilar attacksin differentaltitudes dueto fruit loaddifferencesTimeAvelino et al., 2002, modified fromHolguín 1987 (Chiapas, México)J.Avelino
Coffee rust incidence (%)EpidemiologySimplified representation of the effect of shade oncoffee rust8070SUN60SHADE5040More coffeerust at full sunexposure3020100Lower fruit load undershadeJ.Avelino
Shade effects on leaf temperatureØ Intraday variations of leaf temperature ( C) as a function of rainfall and shadeconditions (rainy season, 2009)Days with rainfall 5 mmDry daysDays with rainfall 5 018:000:00HoursOptimal range for germination and infectionOptimal range for latent periodShade maintains temperature closer to the optimal rangefor coffee rust germination and life cycle in generalLopez Bravo et al., 2012J.Avelino
A tool which helps to define risk domains and rationalize coffee rustcontrol in Honduras (Avelino et al., 2006)R : maximum annual incidencesR1 : [8.2% , 32.0%]J. Avelino 230R2 : ]32.0% , 53.4%] 230Fruiting nodesper treeR3 ]53.4% , 93.3%] yield potentialYes 1100Altitude (m) 1100 6RecommendationdomainFertilizationNo 56Soil pHShade % 56 6Local factors moreimportant than regionalfactors (rainfall is absent)J.Avelino
To conclude : what happened in Central America ?Our main hypotheses“El niño” effect at theend of the year (justbefore and during theharvest period)Low rainfall(but enough forgermination andno spore washing;free water fromdew could help;dispersal is doneby harvesters andwind)High altitudeLatent period stands behavedshortened as lower altitudeplantationsDecrease of coffeeprices (-30% in 1 year)Increase of temperaturesFertilizer inputs reduced,and applications werenot effectiveNo preventive control;curative control wasapplied too late, whenincidences were veryhighJ.Avelino
To conclude : what happened in Central America ?Our main hypothesesDew interception bytreesLower yield under shadeCoffee rust impacts inshaded plots werelower as compared tothose observed inplots at full sunexposureSpore interception bytrees ?Leaves less susceptibleunder shade(colonization phase) ?J.Avelino
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Altitude, rainfall and harvest effects on the coffee rust progress curve Avelino et al., 2002, modificado de Avelino et al., 1990 (Chiapas, México) e f leaves th rust Time Month/year l) Harvest period 460 m 730 m 1100 m More rust at low altitude More rainfall does not necessarily mean more rust (spore washing) Coffee rust peak at the end of the
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Diversidad endomicorrícica en plantas de café (Coffea arabica L.) infestadas con roya (Hemileia vastatrix) Nº 22, Vol. 11 (1), 2019. ISSN 2007 – 0705, pp.: 102 - 123 - 104 - Introducción El café (Coffea arabica L.) es uno de los productos agrícolas más importantes en el mundo, ya que más de 56 países se dedican a
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