THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND
201820182018THE STATE OFWORLD FISHERIESAND AQUACULTUREMEETING THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT GOALS
This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations.Recommended citation:FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome.Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers,whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAOin preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1 FAO 2018Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; igo).Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes,provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorsesany specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, thenit must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, itmust include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of thistranslation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.”Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules ofthe United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in force.Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables,figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtainingpermission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component inthe work rests solely with the user.Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website(www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org.Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request.Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org.COVER PHOTOGRAPH FAO/Sia KambouABIDJAN, CÔTE D’IVOIRE. Offloading tunas
ISSN 1020-54892018THE STATE OFWORLD FISHERIESAND AQUACULTUREMEETING THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT GOALSFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome, 2018
S AND ABBREVIATIONSPART 1WORLD REVIEWPART 3HIGHLIGHTS OFONGOING STUDIESviviiiixxiOverview22Capture fisheries production7Climate change impacts and responses130130Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture138Realizing aquaculture’s potential144International trade, sustainable value chainsand consumer protection149Selected ocean pollution concerns154Social issues157Aquaculture production17Fishers and fish farmers30The fishing fleet35The status of fishery resources39Fish utilization and processing47Blue growth in action166166Fish trade and commodities52Fish consumption69The emerging role of regional cooperationfor sustainable development172Governance and policy75PART 2FAO FISHERIESAND AQUACULTUREIN ACTIONPART 4OUTLOOK ANDEMERGING ISSUESThe role of regional fishery bodies in aquaculturedevelopment17686Fisheries and the Sustainable Development Goals:meeting the 2030 Agenda86FAO’s approach to improving the quality andutility of capture fishery data92Combating illegal, unreported and unregulatedfishing: global developments98Biodiversity, fisheries and aquaculture102Global inland fisheries revisited: their contributionto achievement of the SDGs108Fish for food security and human nutrition113Implementing the ecosystem approach tofisheries and aquaculture – achievementsand challenges120 ii Disruptive technologies178Projections of fisheries, aquaculture and markets182REFERENCES194
TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXESTABLES1. World fisheries and aquacultureproduction and utilization42. Marine capture production:major producer countries93. Marine capture production:major species and genera5. Inland waters captureproduction: major producercountriesfish consumption by region andeconomic grouping, 2015162023259. Major farmed seaweedproducers17. Share of main groups of18. Total and per capita apparent8. World aquaculture productionof aquatic plants17137. Major species producedin world aquaculture16. Top ten exporters and importersof fish and fish products55species in world trade of fish andfish products, 2016646. Aquaculture production of maingroups of food fish species bycontinent, 20164. Trends in three main categoriesof fishing areas14104. Capture production: FAOmajor fishing areas15. Reported number of motorizedand non-motorized vessels by LOAclass in fishing fleets from selectedcountries and territories, 2016382510. Aquaculture food fish19. SDG 14 indicators for whichFAO is custodian or contributingagency8920. Percentage of countriesadopting EAF or similar ecosystemapproaches, by region12521. Examples of adaptationoptions for fisheries andaquaculture13522. Projected fish production,2030185production by region and selectedmajor producers2723. Projected fish trade,11. World employment for fishers24. Scenarios for production,and fish farmers by region3112. Number of fishers and fishfarmers in selected countries andterritories and worldwide3213. Reporting of sex-disaggregatedemployment (women, men andunspecified) in fisheries andaquaculture, by region, 20163314. Sex-disaggregated engagementin the primary sector of fisheries andaquaculture in selected countries 34722030of food fish and aquatic plants,1990–20166. Average annual growth rateof aquaculture production byvolume (excluding aquatic plants) 187. Aquaculture contribution to totalfish production (excludingaquatic plants)198. Fed and non-fed food fishaquaculture production,2001–2016229. Aquaculture production of majorproducing regions and majorproducers of main speciesgroups, 2001–20162810. Distribution of motorizedand non-motorized fishing vesselsby region, 20163511. Proportion of fishing vessels190trade and apparent consumptiondepending on implementationof China’s Thirteenth FiveYear Plan192FIGURES1. World capture fisheries andaquaculture production32. World fish utilization andapparent consumption33. Catch trends of valuablespecies groups11 iii 5. World aquaculture productionwith and without engine,by region, 20163612. Distribution of motorizedfishing vessels by region, 20163613. Size distribution of motorizedfishing vessels by region, 2016 3714. Global trends in the stateof the world’s marine fish stocks,1974–20154015. Percentages of stocks fishedat biologically sustainable andunsustainable levels by FAOstatistical area, 20154116. The three temporal patternsin fish landings, 1950–201542
TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES17. Utilization of world fisheriesproduction, 1962–20164832. Keeping momentum to achievethe 2030 Agenda7718. Utilization of world fisheriesproduction: developed versusdeveloping countries, 20164933. The five principles of19. World fisheries and aquacultureproduction and quantitiesdestined for export5320. Trade flows of fish andfish products by continent(share of total imports,in value), 20165821. Import and export values offish products for different regions,indicating net deficit or surplus6022. Trade of fish and fishproducts6123. FAO Fish Price Index6424. Shrimp prices in Japan6625. Groundfish prices inNorway6626. Skipjack tuna prices inEcuador and Thailand6727. Fishmeal and soybean mealprices in Germany and theNetherlands6828. Fish oil and soybeanoil prices in the Netherlands6829. Contribution of fish to animalprotein supply, average2013–201570sustainable food and agriculture –FAO’s common vision acrossagriculture, forestry, fisheries andaquaculture8734. Inland fish production percapita of population per year,201510935. Estimated increase ingreenhouse gas emissions if inlandfisheries were replaced by otherforms of food production11236. Drivers of change in PacificIsland food systems11537. Countries with high per capitaavailability of fish from freshwatercapture fisheries, highlightinglow-income food deficit countriesand landlocked countries11738. Difference betweenprojected (2100) and current(2006) species richness for lowand high greenhouse gasemission pathways13239. Examples of projected impactsand vulnerabilities associated withclimate change in ocean subregions,with examples of risks to fisheriesfrom observed and projectedimpacts13340. Risk assessment framework30. Apparent fish consumption percapita, average 2013–201571incorporating iterative riskmanagement31. Relative contribution of41. FAO climate changeaquaculture and capture fisheries tofish for human consumption73adaptation projects iv 13613742. ABALOBI – a range ofintegrated mobile phoneapplications for South Africansmall-scale fishers14243. Share of consumptionof total aquaculture feed byspecies group, 1995–201514644. Example of a semanticidentifier (ID) and a universallyunique identifier (UUID) forstocks and fisheries15045. Blue Growth Framework:how the three broad phases of theBlue Growth Initiative contribute tothe three pillars of sustainabledevelopment16846. Global distribution ofBlue Growth Initiative projects17147. Blockchain technology17948. World capture fisheriesand aquaculture production,1990–203018449. Annual growth rate of worldaquaculture, 1980–203018650. Global capture fisheries andaquaculture production,1990–203018651. World fishmealproduction, 1996–203018752. Increasing role ofaquaculture18953. Growth in fish productionfor different scenarios dependingon implementation of China’sThirteenth Five-Year Plan,2016–2030193
BOXES14. The EAF-Nansenprogramme1. Sex-disaggregatedemployment statistics3315. Climate change and3916. Predicting changesin species distributions9017. Increasing the adaptive2. About stock statusclassification3. Reporting on SDG targets14.4., 14.6 and 14.b4. The gap between developedand developing countries’sustainability trends in relationto marine capture fisheries915. Estimating total fish catchesand their meaning936. Capacity developmentinitiatives to support implementationof the Port State MeasuresAgreement and complementaryinstruments997. Examples of initiatives andmeasures adopted by RFMOs tocombat IUU fishing1018. Mainstreaming biodiversityconcerns in fisheries103poverty eradication in fisheries 13018. 2022 announced as theInternational Year of ArtisanalFisheries and Aquaculture20. Information and communicationtechnology in support of small-scalefisheries and aquaculture14121. Nha Trang indicators tomeasure the contribution ofsmall-scale aquaculture tosustainable rural development10. Fish in the food systems of23. Promotion of the human11. Importance of inland fish forlow-income food-deficit countriesand landlocked countries11712. 2016–2017 MargaritaLizárraga Medal12113. Key FAO information resourcessupporting implementation of theecosystem approach to fisheriesand aquaculture12213919. Hidden harvest 2: expandingmeasures of the socio-economiccontributions of small-scalefisheries14022. Unique identifiers for115132capacity of the fisheries andaquaculture sector: FAO supportto countries1379. Contribution of recreationalfishing in inland waters110Pacific Island countries124stocks and fisheries143150rights–based approach in smallscale fisheries at major internationalconferences, 2016–201715924. Safer dive fishing in Nicaraguathrough South–South cooperation:a success story16225. Examples of the four types ofecosystem goods and serviceswhich are key to blue growthinterventions167 v 26. Cabo Verde: adopting bluegrowth policies to harness thepotential of the ocean16927. Mangrove conservationand economic opportunitiesin Kenya16928. Global Action Programme(GAP) on Food Security andNutrition in Small IslandDeveloping States17029. Supporting sustainableaquaculture development at theregional and subregional level:the example of the GeneralFisheries Commission for theMediterranean17730. Short-term fish demandand supply projections forevaluating the growth potentialof aquaculture18231. China’s Thirteenth Five-YearPlan: potential impact on fisheriesand aquaculture183
FOREWORDFOREWORDand Supply Vessels (Global Record), a phased andcollaborative global initiative to make availablecertified vessel data from State authorities, waslaunched in 2017. The FAO Voluntar y Guidelineson Catch Documentation Schemes for wildcaptured fish caught for commercial purposeswas approved in July 2017, while the FAOGuidelines for the Marking of Fishing Gear toassist in the prevention of abandoned, lost orotherwise discarded fishing gear and its harmfulimpacts will be tabled for approval at the 2018session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries. Thesuccessful implementation of PSM A, the GlobalRecord and these voluntar y g uidelines will marka turning point in the fight against IUU fishingand in favour of the long-term conser vation andsustainable use of living marine resources.Human societies face the enormous challenge ofhaving to provide food and livelihoods to apopulation well in excess of 9 billion people bythe middle of the twent y-first centur y, whileaddressing the disproportionate impacts ofclimate change and environmental degradationon the resource base. The United Nations’ 2030Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer aunique, transformative and integrative approachto shift the world on to a sustainable and resilientpath that leaves no one behind.Food and agriculture are key to achieving theentire set of SDGs, and many SDGs are directlyrelevant to fisheries and aquaculture, inparticular SDG 14 (Conser ve and sustainably usethe oceans, seas and marine resources forsustainable development). Galvanized by publicand political attention, in June 2017 the UnitedNations convened a high-level Ocean Conferencein New York to support the implementation ofSDG 14. This event was shortly followed by theappointment of Peter Thomson of Fiji as the UNSecretar y-General’s Special Envoy for the Oceanand the launch of the Communities of OceanAction, an initiative to track and build on theover 1 400 voluntar y commitments registered andannounced at the Ocean Conference.The Paris Agreement of the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), which came into force on 4 November2016, has also become omnipresent in theinternational discourse on oceans. Theagreement, which aims at keeping the globaltemperature rise this centur y well below 2 Cabove pre-industrial levels, recognizes thefundamental priorit y of safeg uarding foodsecurit y and ending hunger. As co-leader of theUNFCCC Oceans Action Agenda, and in supportof the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculturelaunched at the twent y-third Conference of theParties to UNFCCC (COP 23), FAO has elevatedrecognition of the essential role of fisheries andaquaculture for food securit y and nutrition in thecontext of climate change, especially in thedeveloping world.The global momentum on SDG implementationhas framed much of the international discoursesince the publication of the 2016 edition of TheState of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. I wouldparticularly highlight the specific SDG 14 targetof ending illegal, unreported and unreg ulated(IUU) fishing by 2020. On 5 June 2016, theAgreement on Port State Measures to Prevent,Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported andUnreg ulated Fishing (PSM A) entered into force.The first operational version of the Global Recordof Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport VesselsThe State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018highlights the critical importance of fisheries andaquaculture for the food, nutrition andemployment of millions of people, many of whomstruggle to maintain reasonable livelihoods. Total vi
increasingly recognized as crucial for societalsuccess. In addition to reporting major trends andpatterns obser ved in global fisheries andaquaculture, this edition scans the horizon fornew and upcoming areas that need to beconsidered if we are to manage aquatic resourcessustainably into the future, including cooperationthrough regional fisheries bodies and advancessuch as blockchain technolog y, to ensure that indelivering the SDGs we tackle the root causes ofpovert y and hunger while building a fairersociet y that leaves no one behind.fish production in 2016 reached an all-time highof 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent wasutilized for direct human consumption, thanks torelatively stable capture fisheries production,reduced wastage and continued aquaculturegrowth. This production resulted in a record-highper capita consumption of 20.3 kg in 2016. Since1961 the annual global growth in fishconsumption has been twice as high aspopulation growth, demonstrating that thefisheries sector is crucial in meeting FAO’s goalof a world without hunger and malnutrition.While annual growth of aquaculture has declinedin recent years, significant double-digit growth isstill recorded in some countries, particularly inAfrica and Asia. The sector’s contribution toeconomic growth and the fight against povert y isgrowing. Strengthened demand and higher pricesincreased the value of global fish exports in 2017to USD 152 billion, 54 percent originating fromdeveloping countries.Previous editions have been accessed on theInternet well over 1 500 times a day. I hope thisedition will have the same quantitative andqualitative impact, making a valuablecontribution to help meet the challenges of thetwent y-first centur y.The fisheries and aquaculture sector is notwithout challenges, however, including the needto reduce the percentage of fish stocks fishedbeyond biological sustainabilit y, currently 33.1percent; to ensure that biosecurit y and animaldisease challenges are tackled successfully; andto maintain complete and accurate nationalstatistics in support of policy development andimplementation. These and other challengesengendered FAO’s Blue Growth Initiative, aninnovative, integrated and multisectoral approachto the management of aquatic resources aimed atmaximizing the ecosystem goods and ser vicesobtained from the use of oceans, inland watersand wetlands, while also providing social andeconomic benefits.José Graziano da SilvaFAO Director-GeneralThe State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture is theonly publication of its kind, providing technicalinsight and factual information on a sector vii
METHODOLOGYThe State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 is the product of an 18-month process, initiated inJanuar y 2017. An editorial board comprising staff of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department anda representative of the Office of Corporate Communication, and chaired by the Director of the FAOFisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division, met at reg ular inter vals to plan the content andstructure, refine terminolog y and review progress.The structure was planned to follow that of previous editions for the most part, with some modifications:Part 2 (previously “Selected issues”) would emphasize FAO’s work and position in key thematic areas;Part 3 (previously “Highlights of special studies”) would be renamed to focus on ongoing work inpartnership; and Part 4 would address not only projections (outlook), but also emerging issues. The worldreview in Part 1 would follow the format and process of past years.In April 2017, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department staff were invited to identif y suitable topics andcontributors for Parts 2, 3 and 4, and the editorial board compiled and refined the outline. Ultimately, theprocess from planning through review involved virtually all officers in the department, both headquartersand decentralized staff. Some 75 FAO authors contributed (many to multiple sections), as well as severalauthors external to FAO (see Acknowledgements).In summer 2017, a summar y of Parts 2 to 4 was prepared with the inputs of all lead authors and revisedbased on feedback from the editorial board. The summar y document was submitted to Fisheries andAquaculture Department management and the FAO Deput y-Director-General, Climate and NaturalResources, for approval in early September 2017. This document formed the blueprint g uiding authors inthe drafting of the publication.Parts 2 to 4 were drafted between September and December 2017, edited for lang uage and technicalcontent, and sent in Januar y 2018 for review by FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department management,by three external experts in the areas of capture fisheries, aquaculture and trade and market access, andby the editorial board.The world review in Part 1 is based on FAO’s official fisher y and aquaculture statistics. To ref lect themost up-to-date statistics available, this part was drafted in March 2018 upon annual closure of thevarious thematic databases in which the data are structured (see Over view in Part 1 for details). Thestatistics are the outcome of an established mechanism to ensure the best possible information, includingassistance to enhance countries’ capacit y to collect and submit data according to international standardsand a careful process of collation, revision and validation. In the absence of national reporting, FAO maymake estimates based on the best data available from other sources or through standard methodologies.The draft was sent for comments to other FAO departments and regional offices, and a final draft wassubmitted to the Office of the FAO Deput y Director General – Climate and Natural Resources and theOffice of the FAO Director-General for approval. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 was prepared under the overall direction of ManuelBarange and an Editorial Board under his leadership, comprising Jacqueline Alder, Uwe Barg, SimonFunge-Smith, Piero Mannini, Marc Taconet and Julian Plummer.Main authors (all affiliated with FAO, unless otherwise stated) were:Part 1Capture fisheries production: Luca Garibaldi (lead author), Simon Funge-SmithAquaculture production: Xiaowei Zhou (lead author), Junning CaiFishers and fish farmers; Fleet: Jennifer GeeStatus of fishery resources: Yimin Ye (lead author), Tarûb Bahri, Pedro Barros, Simon Funge-Smith,Nicolas L. Gutierrez, Jeremy Mendoza-Hill, Hassan Moustahfid, Merete Tandstad, Marcelo VasconcellosUtilization and processing: Stefania VannucciniTrade: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Felix DentConsumption: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Felix Dent, Gabriella LaurentiGovernance: Rebecca Metzner (lead author), Uwe Barg, Pedro Barros, Matthew Camilleri, Nicole Franz,Kim Friedman, Simon Funge-Smith and Piero Mannini, with inputs from Lori Curtis, MariaeleonoraD’Andrea, Eliana Haberkon, Mathias Halwart and Melba ReantasoPart 2Sustainable Development Goals: Uwe Barg (lead author), Joseph Catanzano, Kim Friedman, William Emerson,Nicolas L. Gutierrez and Yimin Ye, with inputs from Malcolm Beveridge, Marcio Castro de Souza,Nicole Franz, Matthias Halwart and Marc TaconetImproving capture fishery data: Marc Taconet (lead author), Alejandro Anganuzzi, Luca Garibaldi, Cristina Ribeiroand Yimin Ye, with inputs from Nicolas L. Guttierez and Stefania VannucciniIllegal, unreported and unregulated fishing: Matthew Camilleri (lead author), Lori Curtis, Eliana Haberkon,Alicia Mosteiro and Nianjun Shen, with inputs from José Acuña, Giuliano Carrara, Lorenzo Coppola,Piero Mannini and Joseph ZelasneyBiodiversity: Kim Friedman (lead author), Vera Agostini, Matthias Halwart, Jessica Sanders, Lena Westlundand Xiaowei Zhou, with inputs from Devin Bartley, Malcolm Beveridge and Jokim KitoleleiInland fisheries: Simon Funge-Smith (lead author) and Devin Bartley, with contributions fromJosé Ag uilar-Manjarrez, Nicole Franz, John Valbo-Jørgensen, Gerd Marmulla, Felix Marttinand Florence PoulainFood security and human nutrition: Malcolm Beveridge (lead author), Neil Andrew (Australian National Centre forOcean Resources and Securit y, Universit y of Wollongong, Australia), Junning Cai, Ruth Charondierre,Simon Funge-Smith, Elizabeth Graham, Helga Josupeit, Doris Rittenschober, Alessandro Romeo,Jessica Sanders, Marc Taconet, Jogeir Toppe, Stefania VannucciniEcosystem approach: Pedro Barros (lead author), José Ag uilar-Manjarez, Tarûb Bahri, Gabriella Bianchi(Institute of Marine Research, Norway), Merete Tandstad and Hiromoto Watanabe, with inputs fromSimon Funge-Smith, Nicolas L. Gutierrez, Hassan Moustahfid and Marcelo Vasconcellos ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPart 3Climate change: Manuel Barange (lead author), Tarûb Bahri, Cécile Brugère, Cassandra De Young,Anton Ellenbroek, Simon Funge-Smith, Daniela C. Kalikoski, Alessandro Lovatelli,Hassan Moustahfid, Florence PoulainSmall-scale fisheries and aquaculture: Nicole Franz (lead author), Xavier Basurto (Duke Universit y, United States ofAmerica), Malcolm Beveridge, Lionel Dabbadie, Cassandra De Young, Anton Ellenbroek,Aureliano Gentile, Alessandro Lovatelli, Melba Reantaso, Susana Siar, Kiran Viparthi, John Virdin(Duke Universit y, United States of America), Hiromoto Watanabe, Lena WestlundRealizing aquaculture’s potential: Malcolm Beveridge (lead author), José Ag uilar-Manjarrez, Florence Poulain,Melba ReantasoInternational trade, sustainable value chains and consumer protection: John Ryder (lead author), Marcio Castro de Souza,Yvette Diei-Ouadi, Esther Garrido-Gamarro, Aureliano Gentile, Nianjun ShenOcean pollution: Tarûb Bahri (lead author), Uwe Barg, Esther Garrido Gamarro, Pingg uo He, Joanna TooleSocial issues: Uwe Barg (lead author), Mariaeleonora D’Andrea, Yvette Diei-Ouadi, Alejandro Flores,Nicole Franz, Jennifer Gee, Daniela C. Kalikoski, Felix Marttin, Florence Poulain, Susana Siar,Margaret Vidar, Sisay YeshanewPart 4Blue growth: Jacqueline Alder (lead author), José Ag uilar-Manjarrez, Uwe Barg, Malcolm Beveridge,Joseph Catanzano, José Estors Carballo, Kim Friedman, Simon Funge-Smith, Amber Himes-Cornell,Jokim Kitolelei, Hassan Moustahfid, John RyderRegional cooperation for sustainable development: Pedro Barros (lead author), Eliana Haberkon, Piero ManniniRegional fishery bodies in aquaculture development: Piero Mannini (lead author), Eliana Haberkon and Fabio Massa,with inputs from José Ag uilar-Manjarrez and Malcolm BeveridgeDisruptive technologies: Jacqueline Alder (lead author), Anton Ellenbroek, Marc Taconet, Kiran Viparthi , Jiaxi WangProjections: Stefania Vannuccini (lead author), Junning CaiThe publication also benefited from external review by three experts in aquaculture, capture fisheries andfisheries trade and market access: David Little (Stirling Universit y, United Kingdom) and two others whowish to remain anonymous. They are acknowledged for their significant contributions. The report wasreviewed internally by Vera Agostini, Manuel Barange and the SOFIA editorial board, as well as bycolleag ues in other technical divisions of FAO beyond the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.Andrea Perlis ser ved as lang uage editor and production coordinator, under the super vision ofMarc Taconet. The Meeting Programming and Documentation Ser vice of the FAO Conference, Counciland Protocol Affairs Division provided translation and printing ser vices.The Publishing Group (OCCP) in FAO’s Office for Corporate Communication provided editorial support,design and layout, as well as production coordination, for editions in all six official lang uages. x
ACRONYMSAND ABBREVIATIONSAFDBAfrican Development BankAISautomatic identification systemALDFGabandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gearAPFICAsia Pacific Fisheries CommissionAqGRaquatic genetic resourcesCBDConvention on Biological DiversityCCAMLRCommission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living ResourcesCCRFCode of Conduct for Responsible FisheriesCDScatch documentation schemeCGRFACommission on Genetic Resources for Food and AgricultureCITESConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCOFICommittee on FisheriesCOPConference of the PartiesCOREPRegional Fisheries Committee for the Gulf of GuineaCPUEcatch per unit of effortCSAclimate-smart agricultureCSOcivil society organizationCWPCoordinating Working Party on Fishery StatisticsDOALOSUnited Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the SeaEAAecosystem approach to aquacultureEAFecosystem approach to fisheriesEEZexclusive economic zoneEUEuropean UnionFCWCFishery Committee for the West Central Gulf of GuineaFIRMSFisheries and Resources Monitoring SystemGAPGlobal Action Programme [on Food Security and Nutrition in Small Island Developing States]GDPgross domestic productGEFGlobal Environment FundGESAMPJoint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental ProtectionGFCMGeneral Fisheries Commission for the MediterraneanGRSFGlobal Record of Stocks and Fisheries xi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSGSSIGlobal Sustainable Seafood InitiativeHCEShousehold consumption and expenditure surveyHLPFHigh-Level Political Forum on Sustainable DevelopmentICCATInternational Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic TunasICTinformation and communication technologyILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMOInternational Maritime Orga
5. World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990–2016 17 6. Average annual growth rate of aquaculture production by volume (excluding aquatic plants) 18 7. Aquaculture contribution to total fish production (excluding aquatic plants) 19 8. Fed and non-fed food fish aquaculture production, 2001–2016 22 9. Aquaculture .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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