Vitamins And Minerals - Thesispublication
Vitamins and MineralsDemystified
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Vitamins and MineralsDemystifiedDr. Steve BlakeNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon LondonMadrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San JuanSeoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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For more information about this title, click hereCONTENTSFigures, Graphs, and RDA TablesPrefaceAcknowledgmentsxiiixviixviiiPART ONETHE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSCHAPTER 1The B Vitamins—The Energy VitaminsIntroducing the B VitaminsVitamin B1—Thiamin, the Carbo BurnerVitamin B2—Riboflavin, the Fat BurnerVitamin B3—Niacin, Feel the BurnBiotin—the Energy CatalystVitamin B5—Pantothenic Acid, the Center of EnergyVitamin B6—Pyridoxine, the Protein BurnerFolate—the DNA CreatorVitamin B12—Cobalamin, the Blood MakerHow the B Vitamins Make Energy Production Possible“Wanna B” Vitamins That Might Not Be VitaminsQuiz55914192325283341464852CHAPTER 2Vitamin C—The Citrus AntioxidantThe History of Vitamin CThe Most Popular SupplementBiosynthesis of Vitamin C55555656
CONTENTSviCollagen and Vitamin CVitamin C as an AntioxidantVitamin C, Infections, and the Common ColdVitamin C and Disease PreventionOther Roles of Vitamin CDeficiency of Vitamin CVitamin C Food SourcesSupplemental Forms of Vitamin CToxicity of Vitamin CQuiz58606263656667707172Test: Part One75PART TWOTHE FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSCHAPTER 3Vitamin A—The Night Sight VitaminThe Forms of Vitamin AAntioxidant ActivityVitamin A and Night VisionVitamin A Deficiency and BlindnessInfections and Vitamin ACell Formation and Vitamin ASources of Vitamin AToxicity of Vitamin AOsteoporosis and Vitamin AQuizCHAPTER 4Vitamin D—The Sunshine VitaminThe Forms of Vitamin DSunlight and Vitamin DActivation of Vitamin DCalcitriol Regulates Genes That Make ProteinsCalcitriol Inhibits the Proliferation of CellsHow Vitamin D Controls CalciumVitamin D and ImmunityDeficiency of Vitamin D838386868888909294969699100100102103103104105105
CONTENTSviiSources of Vitamin DToxicity of Vitamin DQuiz106107108CHAPTER 5Vitamin E—The Fat AntioxidantThe Forms of Vitamin EAntioxidant ActivityCholesterol and Vitamin EVitamin E and Blood CirculationDeficiency of Vitamin EFood Sources of Vitamin EVitamin E SupplementsToxicity of Vitamin EQuiz111111114116117117118121123124CHAPTER 6Vitamin K—The Green Leafy VitaminThe Forms of Vitamin KVitamin K and Blood ClottingVitamin K and Bone MineralizationDeficiency of Vitamin KInfant Vitamin K DeficiencyFood Sources of Vitamin KToxicity of Vitamin KQuiz127127128129130131132134135Test: Part Two137PART THREETHE MACRO MINERALSCHAPTER 7Water and ElectrolytesWater OutputWater InputElectrolytesBlood Pressure and Blood VolumeFluid and Electrolyte Balance in the CellsMovement of ElectrolytesFluid and Electrolyte Balance in the Body145146148149150151152154
CONTENTSviiiCHAPTER 8CHAPTER 9The Acid-Alkaline BalanceQuiz155157The Electrolyte Minerals—Sodium, Chloride,and PotassiumMinerals—an IntroductionSodiumCell Membrane PotentialDeficiency of SodiumRecommended Intake of SodiumSources of SodiumToxicity of SodiumChlorideChloride DeficiencyChloride SourcesToxicity of ChloridePotassiumPotassium and Energy ProductionOsteoporosisPotassium DeficiencyFood Sources of PotassiumPotassium Toxicity and Potassium 8168168169169170172173Calcium—The Bone BuilderBone RemodelingCalcium and Muscle ContractionHow Calcium Is Regulated in the BloodDeficiency of CalciumCalcium Depletion from Excess SodiumCalcium Depletion from Excess ProteinCalcium and OsteoporosisRecommended Levels of CalciumFood Sources of CalciumCalcium Absorption175176177178179180180181182182185
CONTENTSCHAPTER 10ixCalcium SupplementsCalcium ToxicityQuiz185186187Major Minerals—Phosphorus, Magnesium,and SulfurPhosphorusFunctions of Phosphorus in the BodyRegulation of PhosphorusDeficiency of PhosphorusRecommended Levels for PhosphorusFood Sources of PhosphorusToxicity of PhosphorusMagnesiumMagnesium and Bone MineralizationMuscle Contraction and RelaxationMagnesium DeficiencySources of MagnesiumToxicity of 00201201204204206Test: Part Three209PART FOURTHE TRACE MINERALSCHAPTER 11Iron—The Blood BuilderIron Transports and Stores OxygenIron in Energy ProductionIron as an AntioxidantIron and the Immune SystemNutrient Interactions with IronIron DeficiencyHigh-Risk Individuals for Iron DeficiencyThe Recommended Daily Allowance for IronBalancing Deficiency and Overload of Iron217218219220221221222223224225
CONTENTSxEnhancers and Inhibitors of Iron AbsorptionIron OverloadIron SupplementsQuiz227230231232CHAPTER 12Zinc—The Growth MineralZinc and EnzymesZinc Finger-Like StructuresZinc’s Antioxidant RoleZinc Assists Cell SignalingNutrient Interactions with ZincSevere Zinc DeficiencyMild Zinc DeficiencyFood Sources of ZincAbsorption of ZincZinc SupplementsZinc RequirementsExcess CHAPTER 13Minor Trace Minerals—Iodine, Selenium, Copper,Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum,Lead, and MercuryIodineThyroid Hormones and Energy ProductionIodide in Thyroid HormonesIodine DeficiencyIodine in FoodSeleniumSelenium as an AntioxidantSelenium and Thyroid HormonesSelenium and the Immune SystemSelenium and CancerSources of SeleniumToxicity of Excess Selenium249249250250251253254255255256256257257
CONTENTSxiCopperCopper in Energy ProductionCopper and CollagenCopper and Iron TransportCopper and NeurotransmittersCopper and Antioxidant ActivityCopper DeficiencyFood Sources of CopperToxicity of CopperManganeseAntioxidant Action of ManganeseManganese and CollagenManganese DeficiencyFood Sources of ManganeseManganese ToxicityFluorideDeficiency of FluorideIntake of FluorideToxicity of FluorideChromiumChromium and Blood SugarChromium DeficiencyFood Sources for ChromiumChromium SupplementsToxicity of ChromiumMolybdenumDeficiency of MolybdenumDietary Sources of MolybdenumToxicity of MolybdenumOther Trace 1271272272273273274274274274
CONTENTSxiiCobaltBoronToxic Heavy MetalsLeadMercuryQuiz274274275275276276Test: Part Four279Final ExamAppendicesAppendix A: Pregnancy and BreastfeedingAppendix B: Weight LossAppendix C: AntioxidantsAppendix D: The ElderlyAppendix E: AlcoholismAppendix F: OsteoporosisAppendix G: Quick SummariesAnswers to QuizzesAnswers to Tests and Final ExamIndex285303303305308310311312314323325329
FIGURES, GRAPHS, AND RDA TABLESFIGURESFigure I-1 Vitamins can form part of the coenzymes that activate FigureFigure1-11-21-31-41-51-61-71-81-9Figure 1-16Figure 1-17Figure 1-18Figure 1-19Figure 1-20Figure 1-21Figure 1-22Figure 1-23Figure 1-24The two aspects of metabolism.B vitamins are used to convert amino acids for energy production.The role of thiamin in energy production.Thiamin can be lost in cooking.Riboflavin as FAD helps to prepare fats for energy production.Riboflavin’s role in antioxidant protection.Riboflavin is needed for energy production in the cell.Riboflavin is destroyed by light and UV light.Niacin assists energy production from protein, fats, andcarbohydrates.Niacin can leach into cooking water and can be lost duringstorage and processing.Biotin assists energy production in the cell.Pantothenic acid is central to energy production.Pantothenic acid is reduced by processing, freezing, and canning.Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) assists energy production from proteinand carbohydrates.Vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 convert the undesirablehomocysteine.Vitamin B6 is easily destroyed by heat and lost to cooking water.Folate is needed in the metabolism of amino acids.Folate and vitamin B12 lower homocysteine levels.Assimilation of folate.Folate losses in storage and cooking.Vitamin B12 in energy metabolism.Assimilation of cobalamin.Some cooking methods reduce vitamin B12 content.Energy production and the B nthesis of vitamin C.Biosynthesis of collagen.Free radicals in action.Vitamin C as an antioxidant.Vitamin C and carnitine are needed for burning fat.Vitamin C is easily destroyed during storage and processing.Figure 1-10Figure 1-11Figure 1-12Figure 1-13Figure 1-14Figure 1-152-12-22-32-42-52-6Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of 7575960616569
FIGURES, GRAPHS, AND RDA TABLESxivFigureFigureFigureFigure3-13-23-33-4The forms of vitamin A.Chemical structures of vitamin A forms.How vitamin A helps night vision.Levels of vitamin A must be maintained for proper absorptionof vitamin A.Figure 3-5 Vitamin A regulates protein production in the nucleus of the cell.Figure 4-1 The activation of vitamin D.Figure 4-2 Vitamin D as calcitriol and blood 5-15-25-35-45-55-65-78485878991101104Tocopherol structures.112Tocopherols and tocotrienols.113Tocopherol can reach deep inside the cell membrane.114Free radical neutralization in a cell membrane with tocopherol.115Regeneration of vitamin E with vitamin C and glutathione or niacin. 116Vitamin E is easily destroyed during food processing.120Natural and synthetic alpha-tocopherol.122Figure 6-1 The role of vitamin K in blood clotting.Figure 6-2 Vitamin K and bone 71487-17-27-37-4How water can leave the body.Blood pressure and water retention.How water enters the body.Percentage of body weight in plasma, interstitial fluid,and intracellular fluid.Figure 7-5 Sodium and renin help to control blood pressure.Figure 7-6 How salts dissolve in water.Figure 7-7 Cell membrane transport of sodium and re1601601621631708-18-28-38-48-5Major minerals in the human body in grams.Some important trace minerals in milligrams.Sodium is increased in food processing.Sodium and potassium concentrations inside and outside of the cell.Potassium and sodium ratios in some common foods.Figure 9-1 The continuous process of bone resorption.Figure 9-2 Calcium enables muscle contractions.Figure 9-3 Calcium regulation.176177178Figure 10-1Figure 10-2Figure 10-3Figure 10-4Figure 10-5Figure 10-6Figure 10-7192193194195199200205The structure of phosphate, where R is attached to the phosphate.Phospholipids in the cell membrane.Phosphates and ATP.Phosphates and muscle contraction.Magnesium is normally found inside cells.ATP is stabilized with magnesium.The human insulin protein uses disulfide bridges for stability.
FIGURES, GRAPHS, AND RDA TABLESxvFigure 11-1Figure 11-2Figure 11-3218219Figure 11-4Figure 11-5Heme in red blood cells with iron (Fe) in the center.Iron distribution in the body.Enzymes containing heme catalyze the conversion ofhydrogen peroxide.Iron absorption from the intestines into the blood.Enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption.220226229Figure 12-1Figure 12-2Figure 12-3Figure 12-4How metal ions fit into metalloenzymes.Zinc can stabilize the structure of some proteins.Some factors affecting zinc absorption.Zinc is returned to the intestines.236236242243Figure 13-1Figure 13-2Figure 13-3Figure 13-4Control of thyroid hormones.Where selenium is found in the body.Selenium is part of the antioxidant glutathione.Chromium increases the power of hGraphGraph1-11-21-31-41-51-61-7Thiamin amounts in some common foods.Riboflavin amounts in some common foods.Niacin amounts in some common foods.Pantothenic acid amounts in some common foods.Vitamin B6 amounts in some common foods.Folate amounts in some common foods.Vitamin B12 amounts in some common foods.13172227324045Graph 2-1Vitamin C in some common foods.68Graph 3-1Vitamin A content of some common foods.93Graph 5-1Vitamin E in some common foods.119Graph 6-1Vitamin K in some common foods.133Graph 8-1Graph 8-2Sodium content of some common foods.Potassium in some common foods.165171Graph 9-1Calcium content of some common foods.184Graph 10-1Graph 10-2Phosphorus content of some common foods.Magnesium content of some common foods.198202Graph 11-1Iron content of some common foods.228Graph 12-1Zinc content of some common foods.241Graph 13-1Graph 13-2Graph 13-3Selenium content of some common foods.Copper content of some common foods.Manganese content of some common foods.258262265
FIGURES, GRAPHS, AND RDA TABLESxviRDA TABLESTable 1-1Table 1-2RDAs for the B vitamins are bold and the AIs are not bold.Typical supplement amounts of the B vitamins.1111Table 2-1Recommended daily intake levels for vitamin C.69Table 3-1RDAs for vitamin A for all ages.94Table 5-1RDAs for vitamin E for all ages.121Table 6-1Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin K for all ages.134Table 9-1Adequate intake levels for calcium for all ages.183Table 10-1Table 10-2Adequate intake levels for phosphorus for all ages.RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for magnesium for all ages.197203Table 11-1RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for iron for all ages.224Table 12-1RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for zinc for all ages.244Table 13-1Table 13-2Table 13-3Table 13-4Table 13-5Table 13-6RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for iodine for all ages.RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for selenium for all ages.RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for copper for all ages.Adequate intakes for manganese for all ages.Adequate intakes for chromium for all ages.RDAs and adequate intakes (AI) for molybdenum for all ages.253257261264271273
PREFACEThis book is for anyone who wants an understanding of the fascinating role vitamins and minerals play in nutrition. It can be used as a supplementary textbook fornutrition classes, as a self-learning guide, and as a refresher for health professionals. This book broadens and explains the vitamin and mineral information found instandard nutrition courses.Throughout the text are many figures, graphs, and tables that visually displayinformation and relationships. If you have not taken a class in biochemistry, thenthis will be an interesting and relevant way to be introduced to it.I recommend that you browse through each chapter or part before studying it indetail. My goal is for you to learn the information easily. You can use this book asa permanent reference as questions on vitamins and minerals come up. There arehandy tables in most of the chapters that display the amount of each vitamin andmineral needed by people of different ages. You may find Appendix G to be helpful for reference as it contains the quick summaries for all of the vitamins and minerals. Appendix G has a black tab on each page to make it easy to reference.There are quizzes at the end of each chapter. These quizzes are meant to betaken “open book” so that you can look up the answers. At the end of each of thefour parts there are tests. These tests are meant to be taken “closed book.” Thesequestions are designed to help you see which areas you have mastered and whichareas need further study. At the end of the book is a final exam of 100 questions.These questions are a bit easier and cover the more important topics. The answersare in the back of the book.Many vitamins and minerals assist enzymes in building, breaking down, andchanging nutrients in our bodies. Enzymes are especially important in releasingthe energy contained in food.Several of the vitamins work as antioxidants to protect us from aging and fromchronic diseases. Many of the nutritional minerals also work as essential parts ofantioxidant compounds inside our bodies.When you finish this course, you will have a solid grasp of how vitamins andminerals keep us healthy.Suggestions for future editions are welcome. Good luck.Dr. Steve BlakeCopyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMy deepest gratitude goes to my wife Catherine for her thoughtful editing andencouragement. Special thanks to my sister Carolyn for her support. Thanks tomy patient editor, Judy Bass. Thanks go to all those who gave valuable feedback, especially Jim Woessner, M.D., Chris Melitis, N.D., Lori Hager, R.D.,Michael Gregor, M.D., Headley Freake, Ph.D., Linda Parker, M.H., CynthiaPeterson, Ph.D., Joanna V. Pomeranz, and Kiki Powers, M.S.ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Steve Blake has taught anatomy, physiology, and exercise physiology, and hasauthored over a dozen major publications including Alternative Remedies andHealing Medicine. He designed several best-selling vitamins including Children’sChewable and the Advanced Nutritional System, and presented a popular radioshow, “Natural Health Tips from Dr. Steve.” Dr. Blake has created one of thelargest databases of natural remedies from around the world, and developed TheDiet Doctor, computer software for evaluating and graphing the nutrients in diets.He has a doctorate in naturopathic medicine as well as a doctorate in holistichealth. He and his wife Catherine live in Maui, Hawaii.Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
PART ONEThe Water-SolubleVitaminsCopyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
Introduction to theWater-Soluble VitaminsVitamin C and all of the B vitamins are water-soluble vitamins. These watersoluble vitamins circulate freely in the blood, in the watery fluids between cells,and in the fluids inside cells. The solubility of a vitamin affects its mode of action,storage, and toxicity. Most of the water-soluble vitamins can move through thebloodstream without needing carriers for transport; in fact, only vitamin B12 needsa binding protein for transport in the bloodstream.Any excesses of water-soluble vitamins are eliminated by the kidneys. Folatesand vitamin B12 are exceptions to this rule and are regulated by the liver andreleased through the bile.The B vitamins are inactive until they are transformed into their coenzymeform. All of the water-soluble vitamins can act as important parts of the coenzymes that make enzymatic reactions possible, as seen in Figure I-1.Figure I-1 Vitamins can form part of thecoenzymes that activate enzymes.
INTRODUCTION3It is important to note that water-soluble vitamins are vulnerable to losses during cooking as they can easily leach out into cooking water. Many of these vitaminsare sensitive to heat as well. Unfortunately, all types of vitamins are depleted during the refining of grains. With the exception of vitamin B12, these water-solublevitamins must be eaten regularly as storage in our bodies is limited.Water-soluble vitamins are not toxic when consumed in food. Supplements ofwater-soluble vitamins are also not toxic in normal amounts. One exception is supplemental vitamin B3, but only when taken in the form of niacin, which can causeskin flushing. Another exception is Vitamin C. Vitamin C can cause intestinal irritation, but only when taken in large amounts and in the acidic form (ascorbic acid).When taken in an ascorbated or buffered form, Vitamin C is not irritating, even inlarge doses.With the water-soluble vitamins we have the antioxidant support and coenzymesneeded to help our systems run smoothly. Read on for more detail about how thesewonderful nutrients work.
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CHAPTER 1The B VitaminsThe Energy VitaminsThe B vitamins were identified and isolated early in the twentieth century whenrefined grains were first found to cause deficiency diseases. The B vitamins workso closely together that it is hard to tell which individual B vitamin is missingwhen a deficiency occurs. The B vitamins need to be taken together in food or insupplements.Introducing the B VitaminsThe B VitaminsB1 ThiaminB2 RiboflavinB3 NiacinBiotinB5 Pantothenic AcidB6 PyridoxineFolateB12 CobalaminCopyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
6PART ONEThe Water-Soluble VitaminsOther nutrients also interact with the B vitamins. In one case, a mineral, iron,and an essential amino acid, tryptophan, are both needed to synthesize niacin,vitamin B3. The best way to avoid a deficiency of B vitamins is to eat a varied dietof fresh fruit, an abundance of vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds,and other food as desired. Some of these B vitamins can also be made by friendlybacteria in a healthy colon and absorbed into circulation.MetabolismCatabolism Breaking down of componentsAnabolism Building up of componentsCATABOLISM AND ANABOLISMThe primary role of the B vitamins is catalyzing energy production in the body.One side of metabolism is catabolism. Catabolism is the breaking down of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, often to produce energy, as shown in Figure 1-1. Theother side of metabolism is anabolism. Anabolism is the building up of components, for example, building a protein from amino acids. The B vitamins are usedin many aspects of metabolism, but they are the stars in energy production as coenzymes in catabolic reactions.A coenzyme attaches to an enzyme to activate theenzyme. These coenzymes enable the enzymes tosynthesize compounds or to dismantle compounds.THE ROLES OF THE B VI TAMINSThe B vitamins are needed for healthy nerve conduction and thus muscle action.They are needed for the synthesis of many important neurotransmitters, such asacetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. B vitamins are also indispensable for the synthesis of fats used in the myelin sheaths of nerve cells. Withthe special ability of the B vitamins to make neurotransmitters and also to make themyelin sheaths of nerve cells, the B vitamins are well known for helping with stress.
CHAPTER 1The B VitaminsFigure 1-1 The two aspects of metabolism.7
8PART ONEThe Water-Soluble VitaminsFigure 1-2 B vitamins are used to convert amino acids for energyproduction.Another role of the B vitamins is to help us convert the amino acids that makeup protein. Amino acids are routinely converted in the cell in preparation forenergy production, as seen in Figure 1-2. The B vitamins enable the transfer ofamino groups from one amino acid to another.The ability to transfer amino groups is vital in the maintenance of our DNA. Bvitamins help with our metabolism by helping to convert fats and amino acids toglucose (blood sugar). Additionally, certain B vitamins are needed to build hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout the body.Principal Functions of the B VitaminsEnergy production from carbohydrates, fats,and proteinSynthesis of neurotransmittersConversion of amino acidsSynthesis of fatty acids and hormonesAntioxidant protection
CHAPTER 1The B Vitamins9The vitamin B complex is vital for the synthesis of fatty acids. The B vitaminshelp us make cholesterol and also help us control cholesterol. They are needed forthe synthesis of phospholipids in the all-important cell membrane. They are alsoneeded to synthesize steroid hormones such as melatonin, the sleep hormone.Some of the B vitamins are useful in protecting us from free radical attack.B vitamins can lower homocysteine levels to reduce our risk of heart disease. Theywork with important antioxidants such as glutathione. Also, B vitamins help useliminate certain drugs, carcinogens, and steroid hormones.These B vitamins are vital to health and life. Now we will take a look at theindividual B vitamins. Each one has its own character.Vitamin B1—Thiamin, the Carbo BurnerThiamin was first discovered in Japan in the early 1900s, when the lack of thiaminin white rice caused beriberi. Thiamin was first synthesized in 1936. Thiamin isfound in rice bran and rice germ, both of which are removed when white riceis made from brown rice.Thiamin plays a key role in the metabolism of energy in all cells. Thiamin is partof the coenzyme ThiaminPyroPhosphate (TPP), which helps convert pyruvate toacetyl-coenzyme A (also known as acetyl-CoA). This is a necessary step in the production of cellular energy from carbohydrates as shown in Figure 1-3. Magnesiumis needed to convert thiamin to TPP. Although refined grains are often fortifiedwith thiamin, their original magnesium is depleted by an average of 76 percent.Magnesium deficiency may also have played a part in beriberi since so much magnesium is lost when white rice is refined.Thiamin Coenzyme forms are:ThiaminPyroPhosphate (TPP)Thiamin Triphosphate (TTP)Thiamin is also found in the form of thiamin triphosphate in nerve and musclecells. This form of thiamin activates the transport of electrolytes across the membranes of nerve and muscle cells. This allows healthy nerve conduction andmuscle action.The amount of dietary thiamin needed is based on the amount n
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MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 562P - VITAMINS (and Minerals) Allan Rettie (rettie@u.washington.edu) – Fat-soluble vitamins Bill Atkins (winky@u.washington.edu) – Water-soluble vitamins INTRODUCTION I. Definitions Vitamins are organic compounds and minerals are chemical elements that are
vitamins and minerals, each of which has a specific function in the body and must be supplied in different, sufficient amounts. Vitamins and minerals are discussed separately and can be studied in two different sessions. The lesson describes the essential vitamins and
vitamins and minerals and guidance was issued for twenty-two. Recommendations for SULs made by the EVM depend on the availability of good data on both the nature and the frequency of adverse effects detected at different levels of intake. The database supporting the safety-in-use of vitamins and minerals is generally poor. There is
d. 110 kcalories per serving 8. An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains a. no kcalories. b. an abundance of vitamins but little or no minerals. c. an abundance of minerals but little or no vitamins. d. energy and little or no protein, vitamins, or minerals. 9. A food that provides 100 mg
sian minerals. All minerals, however, can be classified into two main groups—silicate minerals and nonsilicate minerals—based on the chemical compositions of the minerals. Silicate Minerals A mineral that contains a combination of silicon, Si, and oxy-gen, O, is a silicate mineral. The mineral quartz has only silicon and oxygen atoms.
Water soluble vitamins include vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, vitamin C, biotin and folate. Fat soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K. In pregnancy, sufficient and proper amount of both .
the processes by which other nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized or built into body structures. The only disease a vitamin can cure is the . Vitamins. Definition and Classification of Vitamins Vitamins fall into 2 classes, fat soluble and water soluble. Vitamin Precursors Some vitamins exist as precursors, or provitamins. Fat .
1003 / 83 1496 / 99 31 / 6 44 / 7 64 / 8 100 / 10 147 / 13 201 / 16 290 / 20 10 20 20 30 40--SYNAC 32 SYNAC 46 SYNAC 68 SYNAC 100 SYNAC 150 SYNAC 220 SYNAC 320 L0932-L0933-L0934-L0935-L0936-L0937-L0938-*Synac Series Fluids are available in Pails & Drums. See page 15 for more information and package part number suffix. LUBRIPLATE PRODUCT SAE NO. VIS. INDEX FLASH POINT FIRE POINT POUR POINT VIS .
