Draft Version 3 - British Columbia
Tier I watershed-level fish values monitoring protocolDraft Version 3.2May 2013Prepared for:British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource OperationsandBritish Columbia Ministry of EnvironmentP.O. Box 9338, Stn Prov GovtVictoria, BC, V8W 9M1Prepared byMarc Porter, Simon Casley, Darcy Pickard, Emily Snead, and Katherine WieckowskiESSA Technologies Ltd.Suite 300, 1765 West 8th AvenueVancouver, BC V6J 5C6May 24, 2013WORKING DRAFT
AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Lars Reese-Hansen, Richard Thompson, Derek Tripp and PeterTschaplinski for their continuing assistance and contributions toward development of the Tier Iand Tier 2 watershed monitoring protocols. Thanks also to the members of the FisheriesSensitive Monitoring Technical Working group (FSW MTWG) for their continuingdiscussion/vetting of potential remote sensed approaches for describing and tracking watershedcondition. Funding for development of the Tier 2 monitoring protocol has been provided byMOE, FLNRO, ESSA Technologies Ltd., National Resources Canada (NRCAN), the FutureForest Ecosystems Scientific Council of British Columbia (FFESC), Tides Canada, and theKitimat-Stikine Regional District (KSRD). We are also grateful to the Bulkley Valley ResearchCentre (BVRC) for their support of our pilot work in the Skeena Region.Citation:Porter, M., S. Casley, Darcy Pickard, E. Snead, and K. Wieckowski. 2013. Draft Version3.2, May 2013. Tier 1 Watershed-level fish values monitoring protocol. Draft reportprepared by ESSA Technologies Ltd. for BC British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Landsand Natural Resource Operations and BC Ministry of the Environment (MOE), Victoria,BC. 28 p.WORKING DRAFT
Table of Contents1.0Introduction .11.1What is properly functioning condition? . 11.2How is functioning condition assessed? . 12.0Components of Tier 1 Monitoring .22.1Describe the watershed . 22.2Identify and assemble GIS data layers to inform assessment of the watershed . 22.3Identify Tier 1 indicators and associated metrics . 32.3.1Indicator Category: Peak Flow . 32.3.2Indicator Category: Surface Erosion . 52.3.3Indicator Category: Riparian Buffer . 92.3.4Indicator Category: Mass Wasting .102.3.5 Climate change indicators .122.4Tier 1 assessment of functioning condition of watersheds.123.0Next steps/recommendations.154.0Literature Cited .15Appendix 1. Derivation of Net Equivalent Second Growth Area (Net ESGA) as a potentialmetric for describing maintenance of low flow regimes in watersheds – (D.Tripp) – draft indicatorfor discussion.17Appendix 2. IWAP and CWAP Level 1 assessment conversion tables (Tables A2a and A2b)for scoring WAP indicator values*. These provide the base scoring framework for Tier Iassessments.20Appendix 3. GIS-derived Tier I indicator values for FSWs in the Lakelse drainage relative toIWAP-based 0.2 and 0.4 risk benchmark scores. .22Appendix 4. Example draft watershed report card: Williams Creek (combined Tier I and Tier 2watershed monitoring information) - Lakelse pilot study .23Appendix 5. Range across survey participants at an April 2012 FSW MTWG meeting for thevalues for a subset of Tier I indicators at which they: A) would expect detectable effects onspecific watershed functions, and B) would begin to have significant concerns in regard tospecific watershed functions. Related WAP risk scores of 0.2 (the suggested default Tier Imoderate risk benchmark) and 0.4 (the suggested default Tier I high risk benchmark) are shownin each figure for comparison. .26WORKING DRAFT
1.0 Introduction1.1 What is properly functioning condition?Properly functioning condition is defined in the province’s Forests and Range Practices Act(FRPA) as:The ability of a stream, river, wetland, or lake and its riparian area to: 1) withstand normalpeak flood events without experiencing accelerated soil loss, channel movement or bankmovement, 2) filter runoff, and 3) store and safely release water.Properly functioning implies that the extent and rate of watershed disturbances are on average,small and within a watershed’s natural range of variability; or large and beyond the rate ofnatural variability in no more than a small portion of the overall habitat. Properly functioningwatersheds are expected to maintain a majority of streams that can withstand normal peak floodevents without experiencing accelerated soil loss, channel movement or bank movement; canfilter runoff and maintain water quality; can store and safely release water; can maintain aquatichabitat connectivity within the stream network and between the stream and adjacent riparianarea; can maintain an adequate root network or large woody debris supply; and can provideshade and reduce bank microclimate change. Properly functioning watersheds should also beexpected to maintain direct access to potential spawning and rearing habitats for all resident oranadromous fish populations.1.2 How is functioning condition assessed?Properly functioning condition of watersheds will be evaluated through a combination ofmonitoring undertaken using two distinct approaches. The first approach (referred to hereafteras Tier 1 and the subject of this document) incorporates monitoring based on remote-sensed orbroad-scale habitat inventory data available for all watersheds in regularly updated and readilyaccessible agency GIS layers. A second, more intense level of habitat monitoring (referred to asTier 2) incorporates field-based surveys that would be undertaken at a subset of watersheds.Tier 2 monitoring is discussed in detail in Pickard et al. (2012 a, b). Tier 1 monitoring ofwatershed condition will be based on assessment of landscape-scale habitat “pressure”indicators, analogous to the approach used for the province’s earlier air-photo interpretationbased Watershed Assessment Procedures (WAP) (MOF 1995a, 1995b), but modified toaccommodate use of more widely available provincial-scale GIS layers (i.e., a “WAP-lite”approach). The province’s WAP has been defined as, “ an analytical procedure to help forestmanagers understand the type and extent of current water-related problems that may exist in awatershed, and to recognize the possible hydrologic implications of proposed forestry-relateddevelopment or restoration in that watershed” (BC MOF 2001). Water-related issues within awatershed are largely influenced by the cumulative effects of a suite of indicators including roaddensity, riparian disturbance, stream crossing density, landslide occurrence, equivalent clear-cutarea, and surface erosion. The intent of the Tier 1 “WAP-lite” monitoring will be to determine thestatus of these landscape “pressure” indicators so as to allow for a general, pooled assessmentof a monitored watershed’s current functioning condition and its likely future state as a result ofcontinuing human and natural activities (i.e., anticipated trends in habitat condition).WORKING DRAFT1
2.0 Components of Tier 1 Monitoring2.1 Describe the watershedThe first step in developing the design for Tier 1 monitoring is to assemble the suite of overviewinformation available within each watershed to be assessed:ooooodefine the boundaries of the watershed and any associated subunits of interestdetermine key issues in the watershed (fisheries, habitat sensitivities, forestry andother development pressures)identify the stakeholders in the watersheddetermine if a WAP has been undertaken previously in the watershed; if so,assemble historical data/reports for use as potential baseline for comparisondetermine if there are concurrent ongoing monitoring activities, localized mappingefforts that can support/supplement the standard Tier 1 monitoring approach that willbe used across watersheds2.2 Identify and assemble GIS data layers to inform assessment ofthe watershedPrimary GIS data layers that can inform Tier 1 monitoring are available from the province’sGeoBC online database (http://geobc.gov.bc.ca/) or the province’s Land and Resource DataWarehouse (http://lrdw.ca/). Core layers for watershed assessments include the province’sDigital Road Atlas, 1:20,000 Freshwater Atlas, Vegetation Resource Index (VRI), RESULTSOpenings, and Fisheries Sensitive Watershed (FSW) boundary delineations. GeoBC alsoprovides a web map connection service where Landsat, SPOT, and 1m Orthoimages can beuploaded into ArcMap.Other useful data sources for GIS layers include the national GeoBase ) that serves up a free Digital Elevation Model,and also provides both Landsat and SPOT satellite images (for a subset of locations and times).Should current and high spatial resolution imagery be needed, 1m Orthoimages are alsoavailable for purchase through GeoBC. The Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) data is availablethrough the Agriculture and Agri-food Canada website ?id 1226522391901&lang eng).The province’s 1:20 000 GIS layers for: 1) fish passage and 2) fish habitat are available uponrequest from the MOE (see Appendix A in Porter et al. 2012). New and more extensiveprovincial soil and surficial geology mapping are in the process of being developed by the MOEand should be available as GIS layers for watershed monitoring purposes in the near future (seeAppendix A in Porter et al. 2012).Refer to Appendix A in Porter et al. (2012) for more detailed descriptions and practicalassessments of additional provincial and federal data sources that could inform Tier 1watershed monitoring.If more detailed, better resolution local resource mapping in GIS format is available for individualwatersheds this information may be used as available to supplement the more generalizedprovincial map layers available from provincial/federal agency data sources.WORKING DRAFT2
2.3 Identify Tier 1 indicators and associated metrics2.3.1 Indicator Category: Peak FlowMetric: Equivalent Clear-Cut Area (ECA)How is Equivalent Clear-Cut Area calculated?The ECA calculation requires GIS-based datasets that determine the ages of logging cutblocks,tree heights in second growth, and elevation of the cutblocks within the watershed. Harvestingin higher elevated forests within watersheds has a greater effect on peak flows than harvests inlower elevations. The Forests Practices Code of British Columbia (1999) contains usefulinformation for ECA calculations. Table A2.1 (MOF 2001) provides assumptions for ECAcalculations and outlines factors relating to the type of forest disturbance. Table A2.2 (MOF2001) shows snowpack recovery factors resulting from forest regeneration.Identify disturbed forest areasTo calculate the ECA, use 1:20,000 forest cover maps (VRI) to isolate logged or disturbed forestareas. RESULTS and other logging data that may be available for the watershed can becombined with the VRI provided they contain stand height information, or where the forest ageis accurately reflected in the VRI (PROJ AGE 1), and therefore the VRI projected height can beused.Clip the VRI dataset to within the confines of the watershed polygon to isolate cutblocks withinthe watershed of interest. A number of attributes of the VRI can be used to identify disturbedpolygons. Extract all VRI polygons identified as having been logged/disturbed using thefollowing fields: OPENING IND ‘Y’, or OPENING ID is not 0, or HARVEST DATE is not null,or EARLIEST NONLOGGING DIST TYPE is not 0.Incorporate urban land cover and roadsUrban land cover can be extracted from the Canada-wide ‘Land Cover, circa 2000’ (LCC2000)dataset available from GeoBase (http://www.geobase.ca). Developed land can also be identifiedin the VRI using the BCLCS attributes. Roads can be extracted from the National Road Network(NRN, also available from GeoBase). Where available, provincial or local forest road datasetscan be combined with the NRN to give a more complete picture. In BC, for example, ForestRoad Tenures (FTEN) are available from GeoBC and provide additional forest roads not seen inthe NRN. Care must be taken when combining these road layers that duplicate roads (i.e.,present in both datasets) are removed.Extract the urban land cover polygons from the LCC2000 where the COVTYPE attribute ‘34’.Clip to the watershed area together with the road network lines. Buffer the road lines toapproximate a road surface area using the ‘number of lanes’ attribute, where each lane has awidth of 5 m and freeway/highway lanes have a width of 8 m (average width approximated fromTransportation Association of Canada’s Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads). Extractdeveloped polygons from the VRI using the BCLCS LEVEL 5 field; values to use: RZ (roadsurface), RN (railway surface), UR (urban), AP (airport), GP (gravel pit), TZ (tailings), MI (openpit mine), and OT (other non-vegetation). Dissolve the buffered road polygons, LCC2000 urbanpolygons, and VRI developed polygons into one ‘developed’ layer.WORKING DRAFT3
Calculate ECAUnion together the developed layer and the disturbed forest areas from the VRI with developedpolygons taking precedence over the disturbed forest polygons, and classify the polygon areasbased on the assumptions presented in Table A2.1 of the WAP guidebook (MOF 2001). Whenusing VRI/RESULTS, the only assumption from Table A2.1 (MOF 2001) that can be applied isan adjustment of cutblock area based on clearing size as there is no information on individualtree selection (basal area removed), strip cut width, utility corridors or landslides contained inthe VRI. All developed polygons are assumed to have 0% recovery, therefore these polygonsdo not have any area adjustment factor (i.e., C 1.0).Next, classify the VRI cutblocks based on the snowpack recovery factors given in Table A2.2(MOF 2001) using the projected tree heights taken from the VRI attribute (PROJ HEIGHT 1).Heights may need to be extrapolated if reference material is not available or up to date.Use the following equation to calculate the growth recovery of each VRI cutblock and disturbedpolygon:Where A is the original opening/disturbed (polygon) area, C is the proportion of the openingcovered by functional regeneration (determined from Table A2.1 (MOF 2001) – in this case C isa zero to one value as determined by the size of the cutblock polygon, and R is the recoveryfactor determined by the VRI projected height and Table A2.2 (MOF 2001). For developedpolygons, there is no functional regeneration or recovery factor, so for these polygons C will beequal to 1 and R will be equal to 0. Finally, add up the new recovery-weighted cutblock areas toarrive at a final ECA calculation (in km2) for the watershed of interest.Table A2.2 in MOF 2001.Average height of the main canopy (m)% Recovery0 - 33 - 55 - 77 - 99 025507590How are results interpreted?The ECA calculation is used to estimate the Peak Flow Index, and is a valuable tool incombination with other watershed monitoring metrics to assess the impacts of timber harvestingon stream channels. Cutblocks that maintain a canopy are not weighted as heavily in an ECAcalculation due to the abilities of the canopy to shade snowpack. Small openings withincutblocks tend to collect more snow over time, but melt rates are reduced by shade provided byforest canopies. In areas of higher elevation and gradient, the ECA holds a greater weight dueto potential increases in peak flows. The scenario is reversed in lower elevations.WORKING DRAFT4
Metric: Peak Flow IndexHow is Peak Flow Index calculated?The Peak Flow Index is calculated as a weighted measure of the proportion of the basin thathas been clear-cut. For Interior Watershed Assessments (IWAP) the weighting depends on thefraction of clear-cutting in the upper 60% of the basin that is still snow-covered at the time thatstream flows begin to rise in the spring (i.e., weighted ECA above and below the H60 line) (MOF2001). For Coastal Watershed Assessments (CWAP) peak flow weighting depends on thefraction of clear-cutting in rain-dominated, transient snow, and snowpack zones (MOF 2001). Inboth the IWAP and CWAP, these elevations must be determined either by a hydrologist or by anagreeable default value.To calculate peak flow, use a Digital Elevation Model raster (DEM) and clip to within theconfines of the watershed in question. Determine the elevation cut-off’s as described above.The Spatial Analyst tool in ArcGIS can be used to manually re-classify the pixel values of theDEM into either above the H60 line or below the H60 line based upon the elevation breaksdetermined. Once re-classified, convert the raster into two polygon features. Use the ECApolygons generated from the ECA calculation (see above), and clip to each elevation band fromthe DEM. Re-calculate the ECA in each individual elevational band of the DEM, and fill in (asregionally appropriate) either Form 1 (IWAP) or Form 2 (CWAP) from Ministry of Forests (2001).To complete the Peak Flow Index calculation, I (IWAP) and/or C (CWAP) vertical variabilityweights will need to be determined either as default values, or by a hydrologist in a case-bycase scenario.How are results interpreted?Removal of forest vegetation typically results in increases in peak flow. Areas on slopes andhigh elevation with timber harvest have the greatest potential to experience increased peakflows. These increases result in surface erosion and sediment and debris transport into streamchannels. These actions can disturb stream channels, block fish passage, degrade fish habitat,and reduce stream channel bed complexity.2.3.2 Indicator Category: Surface ErosionMetric: Road density for entire sub-basin (km/km2)How is road density for entire sub-basin calculated?Road density is defined as the total length of roads divided by the total watershed area(km/km2).Upload the province’s Digital Road Atlas or National Road Network layer and combine it withany additional local or forest road data available, such as the BC Forest Tenure Road layer,making sure to remove any duplicate (overlapping) roads that are present in both datasets. Clipthe roads within the confines of the watershed polygons. Within each watershed, sum the totallength of all road segments and divide this length by the total watershed area.WORKING DRAFT5
How are results interpreted?High road densities within a watershed indicate a greater risk to fish habitat disturbance.Increases in road density may also lead to magnified surface erosion and landslide risk, withassociated increases in stream turbidity and poten
Draft Version 3.2 May 2013 Prepared for: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations and British Columbia Ministry of Environment P.O. Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1 Prepared by Marc Porter, Simon Casley, Darcy Pickard, Emily Snead, and Katherine Wieckowski ESSA Technologies Ltd. Suite 300, 1765 West 8th Avenue Vancouver, BC V6J 5C6 May 24, 2013 .
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