Edible Insects - Future Prospects For Food And Feed Security
1.04cm spinefor 208pg on90g eco paperFAO FORESTRY PAPER171Edible insectsEdible insectsFuture prospects for food and feed securityThis publication describes the contribution of insects tofood security and examines future prospects for raisinginsects at a commercial scale to improve food and feedproduction, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in bothdeveloping and developed countries. It shows the manytraditional and potential new uses of insects for directhuman consumption and the opportunities for andconstraints to farming them for food and feed. It examinesthe body of research on issues such as insect nutrition andfood safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and theprocessing and preservation of insects and their products.It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework togovern the use of insects for food security. And it presentscase studies and examples from around the world.Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed securityEdible insects have always been a part of human diets,but in some societies there remains a degree of disdainand disgust for their consumption. Although the majorityof consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats,mass-rearing systems are being developed in manycountries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to mergetraditional knowledge and modern science to improvehuman food security worldwide.Future prospects for food and feed securityEdible insects are a promising alternative to theconventional production of meat, either for direct humanconsumption or for indirect use as feedstock. To fully realizethis potential, much work needs to be done by a wide rangeof stakeholders. This publication will boost awareness ofthe many valuable roles that insects play in sustainingnature and human life, and it will stimulate debate on theexpansion of the use of insects as food and feed.ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1 ISSN 0258-61507 8 9 2 5 10 7 5 9 5 1I3253E/1/04.13FAO9ISSN 0258-6150171171FAOFORESTRYPAPER
1.04cm spinefor 208pg on90g eco paperCover photos, clockwise from top left:Women selling caterpillars in Bangui, Central African Republic (P. Vantomme)Gold-painted crickets on top of Belgian chocolates (P. Vantomme)Black soldier fly in a mass-rearing unit (L. Heaton)Appetizers prepared with insects (T. Calame)Coleoptera species used as a food colorant (A. Halloran)Palm weevil larvae (O. Ndoye)
Edible insects:future prospects forfood and feed securitybyArnold van HuisJoost Van ItterbeeckHarmke KlunderEsther MertensAfton HalloranGiulia MuirandPaul Vantommefood and agriculture organization of the united nationsRome, 2013FAOFORESTRYPAPER171
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iiiContentsForeword. ixAbbreviations. xAuthors’ preface. xiAcknowledgements. xiiExecutive Summary. xiii1. Introduction. 11.1 Why eat insects?. 21.2 Why FAO?. 22. The role of insects. 52.1 Beneficial roles of insects for nature and humans. 52.2 Entomophagy around the world. 92.3 Examples of important insect species consumed. 202.4 Important insect products. 293. Culture, religion and the history of entomophagy. 353.1 Why are insects not eaten in Western countries?. 353.2 Why were insects never domesticated for food?. 373.3 Negative attitudes towards insects. 393.4 History of entomophagy. 404. Edible insects as a natural resource. 454.1 Edible insect ecology. 454.2 Collecting from the wild: potential threats and solutions. 454.3 Conservation and management of edible insect resources. 484.4 Semi-cultivation of edible insects. 514.5 Pest management. 555. Environmental opportunities of insect rearing for food and feed. 595.1 Feed conversion. 605.2 Organic side streams. 605.3 Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. 625.4 Water use. 645.5 Life cycle analysis. 645.6 Animal welfare. 655.7 Risk of zoonotic infections. 655.8 “One Health” concept. 666. Nutritional value of insects for human consumption.676.1 Nutritional composition. 676.2 Beef versus insects: an example of the mealworm. 746.3 Insects as part of diets . 766.4 Sustainable diets. 796.5 Edible insects in emergency relief programmes. 79
iv7. Insects as animal feed. 897.1 Overview. 897.2 Poultry and fish fed with insects. 907.3 Key insect species used as feed . 938. Farming insects. 998.1 Definitions and concepts . 998.2 Insect farming. 998.3 Insect farming for human consumption. 1018.4 Insect farming for feed. 1038.5 Recommendations on insect farming. 1039. Processing edible insects for food and feed.1079.1 Different types of consumable products. 1079.2 Industrial scale processing.11010. Food safety and preservation.11710.1 Preservation and storage.11710.2 Insect features, food safety and antimicrobial compounds.11910.3 Allergies. 12311. Edible insects as an engine for improving livelihoods.12511.111.211.311.4Insects as a part of the minilivestock sector. 125Improving local diets. 126Access, tenure and rights to natural capital. 127Inclusion of women. 12812. Economics: cash income, enterprise development, marketsand trade.13112.112.212.312.412.5Cash income.131Enterprise development. 133Developing markets for insect products. 135Market strategies. 137Trade. 13813. Promoting insects as feed and food.14113.1 The disgust factor.14113.2 Drawing on traditional knowledge. 14713.3 Role of stakeholders. 14914. Regulatory frameworks governing the use of insects forfood security.15314.1 Major barriers faced. 15414.2 Legal framework and standardization. 15615. The way forward.161References.163Further reading .187
vBoxes1.1What are insects?. 12.1Outbreaks of the brown planthopper. 52.2 Common insect products and services. 62.3 Examples of cultural entomology. 72.4 Example of national insect diversity: species eaten in theCentral African Republic. 102.5Use of sound in harvesting larvae.112.6Maguey worms. 122.7Beekeeping around the world. 132.8 Ahuahutle, Mexican caviar. 152.9Wild food consumption by the Popoloca people of Los ReyesMetzontla Puebla, Mexico . 192.10 Yansi sayings, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 212.11 Red palm weevil. 222.12 Merging traditional knowledge and new technologies for termiteharvesting in Kenya . 242.13 Power cuts harm Uganda’s edible grasshopper business. 282.14 Controversial use of cochineal. 302.15 Using scale insects to enhance honey production. 313.1Sky prawns and sea crickets. 363.2 Examples from Mali and the United States. 383.3 Entomophagy and modern-day Christianity. 403.4Edible insects through the centuries. 414.1Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 464.2 Wild harvesting in Asia and the Pacific: past, present and future. 464.3 Mopane and other African caterpillars. 474.4 Insects and biodiversity in Brazil. 504.5 Effect of fire management and shifting cultivation on caterpillarpopulations. 534.6The case of the cockchafer bug: from agricultural pest to delicacyto conservation controversy. 555.1Ecodiptera project. 616.1The FAO/INFOODS food composition database for biodiversity. 676.2 Proteins and amino acids (“food chemistry”). 686.3 Fatty acids. 716.4 Witchetty grub . 716.5 Don Bugito: creative and traditional Mexican food cart . 776.6WinFood: alleviating childhood malnutrition by improved use oftraditional foods . 807.1International Feed Industry Federation and FAO: looking for new,safe proteins. 897.2Fish for non-food uses. 907.3Which insects are currently used in animal feed?. 91
vi7.4Chicken consumption leading to human infection with highlydrug-resistant ESBL strains. 917.5Increasing the sustainability of freshwater prawn productionin Ohio. 948.1Dual production systems (fibre and food): the example ofthe silkworm. 998.2 Biological control and natural pollination. 1008.3 Insect proteins in space. 1028.4 Difficulties in rearing crickets in the Netherlands. 1049.1Termites: processing techniques in East and West Africa. 1099.2Environmental economics.1139.3Application of edible insects: insects as the missing link indesigning a circular economy.11410.1 Processing the mopane caterpillar for human consumption.11810.2 The stink bug Nezara robusta in southern Africa.12110.3 Bogong moths in Australia. 12210.4 The allergy–hygiene hypothesis. 12411.1 The red palm weevil (Rynchophorous ferrugineus) as an importantsource of nutrition and livelihood in New Guinea. 12711.2 Cambodian spiders. 12811.3 Edible insect consumption and indigenous peoples. 12912.1 Harvesting, processing and trade of mopane caterpillars. 13212.2 Wholesale markets in Thailand. 13312.3 Feasibility study before starting a street-food business. 13312.4 The Dutch Insect Farmers Association. 13412.5 FAO Diversification Booklet 18, Selling Street and Snack Food. 13612.6 Ethnic foods through migration: the export of caterpillars fromAfrica to France and Belgium. 13912.7 Japanese trade in wasps. 13913.1 How can people with an aversion to insects understand and acceptthat insects are palatable?.
FAO FORESTRY PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 171 FAO Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security 171 Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security I3253E/1/04.13 ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1 ISSN 0258-6150 9 789251 075951
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