The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart 1
The Purdue OWL: Citation ChartCategoryGeneral ApproachReference ListsCiting BooksUpdated July 2018MLAThe Modern Language Association(MLA) provides a method for sourcedocumentation that is used in mosthumanities courses. The humanitiesplace emphasis on authorship, so mostMLA citation involves recording theauthor’s name in the physical text. Theauthor’s name is also the first toappear in the “Works Cited” page atthe end of an essay. The most recentMLA formatting can be found in theeighth edition of the MLA manual.1APAThe American Psychological Association(APA) provides a method for sourcedocumentation that is used in mostsocial sciences courses. The socialsciences place emphasis on the date awork was created, so most APA citationinvolves recording the date of aparticular work in the physical text. Thedate is usually placed immediately afterthe author’s name in the “References”page at the end of an essay. The mostrecent APA formatting can be found inthe sixth edition of the APA manual.CMOSThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) includestwo systems for citation: a notes andbibliography (NB) system and an author-date(AD) system. This poster displays citations inthe NB system, which is used in most historycourses. The primary difference between thetwo systems’ citations is that in AD, thepublication year follows the author’s name.History places great emphasis on sourceorigins, so footnotes and endnotes are usedto demonstrate on-page where a particularpiece of information comes from. In the NBsystem, a number is assigned to a particularfact in the text, and the correlating footnoteor endnote will link the source to the text andto the bibliography. The most recent CMOSformatting can be found in the seventeenthedition of the CMOS manual.Note that the MLA 8th ed. extensivelyreferences the notion of a “container”in its instructions for formattingcitations. In this context, a container isthe larger work that contains thespecific source (e.g., if a chapter isbeing cited, the book is its container).The container is normally italicized andfollowed by a comma.Occasionally truncated entries are given simply to focus on the differences between citations for each type of material. Ellipsesindicate which entries would normally continue according to the basic principles of each style. Please see the OWL’s Research andCitation section for more details.Book citations in MLA generally require Book citations in APA generally requireBook citations in CMOS style generally requirethe author name, work title, publisher, author name, publication year, workthe author name, work title, publication city,and year published. Provide atitle, publication city, and publisher.publisher, and publication year.publication city if the book waspublished before 1900 or there are twoversions of a book (i.e. British and USedition).
The Purdue OWL: Citation ChartGeneral bookformat2Single authorPollan, Michael. The Omnivore’sDilemma: A Natural History of FourMeals. Penguin, 2006.Pollan, Michael. . . .Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore’sdilemma: A natural history of fourmeals. New York, NY: Penguin Group.Pollan, M. (2006). . . .Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: ANatural History of Four Meals. New York:Penguin, 2006.Pollan, Michael. . . .Two authorsBell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . .Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . .Three to authors.Include the first author’s name,followed by et al.Kernis, Michael, et al.Use the ampersand (&) instead of“and.”Bell, J. K., & Cohn A. (1968). . . .For 3 to 7 authors, include everyauthor. List by last names and initials.Commas separate author names. Anampersand should come before thelast author’s name.Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S.(1993). There's more to self-esteemthan whether it is high or low: Theimportance of stability of selfesteem. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.Many authorsFormat as per “three to authors”(above).For more than 10 authors, list the first sevennames in the bibliography followed by etal. Otherwise, format notes as per 3-10authors (above).Corporate/OrganizationauthorAmerican Psychiatric Association. .If there are more than seven authors,after the sixth author's name, use anellipses in place of the remainingnames. Then provide the final authorname.Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L.,Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S.T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009).American Psychiatric Association.(2005). . . .Updated July 2018For 3 to 10 authors, include all names inbibliography, but only the first author’sname in notes, followed by et al with nocomma before et al.Kernis, Michael, David Cornell, C Sun, AdamBerry, Thomas Harlow, and Janeen Bach. . .American Psychiatric Association. . . .
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart3(If the organization is also thepublisher, only list the organization asthe publisher.)UnknownauthorStart with the title.Oxford Essential World Atlas Start with the title.Oxford essential world atlas. (2001). . . .Start with the title.Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . .Two or moreworks by thesame authorUse the author’s name in the firstentry. Use three hyphens followed bya period (in place of the name) forsubsequent entries. Order entriesalphabetically by title.Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet:Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, andMoore. U of Chicago P, 1979.———.“Sound Symbolism as Drama inthe Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA,vol. 107, no. 1, 1992, pp. 131-44.JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/462806Change noted by title. See entryabove.Include the author’s name for eachentry. Order according to year (earliestfirst).Borroff, M. (1979). . . .Use the author’s name in the first entry. Usethree hyphens followed by a period (in placeof the name) for subsequent entries. Orderentries alphabetically by title.Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet: VerbalArtistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.———. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in thePoetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA 107, no. 1,(1992): 131-44, accessed 5 May 2018,www.jstor.org/stable/462806.Two or moreworks by thesame author,same year.Author withan editorAuthor with atranslatorUpdated July 2018Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History.Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke, U ofGeorgia Press, 2000.Laplace, Pierre-Simon. A PhilosophicalEssay on Probabilities. Translated byF. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. JohnWiley & Sons, 1902.Borroff, M. (1992). . . .Include the author’s name for eachentry. Order according to year. Withina single year, order alphabetically bytitle. Give repeated years a lowercaseletter suffix.Slechty, P. C. (1997a). . . .Change noted by title. See entry above.Slechty, P. C. (1997b). . . .Poston, T. (2000). A First draft of history. Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History, edited byK. A. Hauke (Ed.). Athens: University ofKathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University ofGeorgia Press.Georgia Press, 2000.Laplace, P. S. (1902). A philosophicalLaplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay onessay on probabilities. (F. W. TruscottProbabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott& F. L. Emory, Trans.). London: Johnand F. L. Emory. London: John Wiley andWiley & Sons.Sons, 1902.
The Purdue OWL: Citation ChartEditor with no Duncan, Greg J., and Jeanne BrooksauthorGunn, editors. Consequences ofGrowing up Poor. Russell SageFoundation, 1997.Work in anHarris, Muriel. “Talk to Me: EngaginganthologyReluctant Writers.” A Tutor's Guide:Helping Writers, edited by BenRafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24–34.4Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).(1997). Consequences of growing uppoor. New York, NY: Russell SageFoundation.Harris, M. (2000). Talk to me:Engaging reluctant writers. In BenRafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helpingwriters one to one (pp. 24–34).Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Helfer, M. E., Kempe, R. S., & Krugman,R. D. (1997). The battered child (5thed.). Chicago, IL: University of ChicagoPress.Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary ofthe history of ideas (Vols. 1–4). NewYork, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.Duncan, G. J. and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds.Consequences of Growing Up. New York:Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.Encyclopedia/ Posner, Rebecca. “RomanceDictionaryLanguages.” The EncyclopediaBritannica: Macropedia, 15th ed.,1987.Posner, R. (1987). Romance languages.In The Encyclopedia Britannica:Macropedia (15th ed.). Chicago, IL:William Benton.Foreword,introduction,preface, orafterwordDuncan, H. D. (1984). Introduction. InK. Burke (Ed.), Permanence andchange: An anatomy of purpose(pp. xiii–xliv). Berkeley, CA:University of California Press.In APA periodical citation, authors arenamed by their last name followed byWell-known encyclopedias cited in notesonly.1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia,15th ed. (1987), s.v. “RomanceLanguages.” (Chicago: William Benton),175.Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction toPermanence and Change: An Anatomy ofPurpose, xiii–xliv. By Kenneth Burke, xiiixliv. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1984.CMOS periodical citations include authorname, article title, publication title,Edition otherthan firstHelfer, M. E., et al. The Battered Child.5th ed., U of Chicago P, 1997.MultivolumeworkIn a multivolume set, list the volumethat you consulted and itscorresponding publication year.Wiener, Philip P., editor. Dictionary ofthe History of Ideas. Vol. 1, CharlesScribner’s Sons, 1968.Articles in PeriodicalsUpdated July 2018Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction.Permanence and Change: AnAnatomy of Purpose, by KennethBurke, U of California P, 1984, pp. xiiixliv.Although periodicals are cited similarlyto most book sources, MLA’s eighthHarris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: EngagingReluctant Writers." In A Tutor's Guide:Helping Writers One to One, edited by BenRafoth, 24–34. Portsmouth, NH:Heinemann, 2000.Helfer, M.E., R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman.The Battered Child. 5th ed. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1997.Weiner, Philip, ed. Dictionary of the History ofIdeas. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner'sSons, 1968–73.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chartedition makes some distinctionsspecific to periodicals.MagazineScholarlyJournal(paginated byissue)DailynewspaperEditorial innewspaperwithoutauthorLetter to theeditorBook or filmreviewUpdated July 2018Poniewozik, James. “Election 2000: TVMakes a Too-Close Call.” Time, 20Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.Bagchi, Alaknanda. “ConflictingNationalisms: The Voice of theSubaltern in Mahasweta Devi’sBashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies inWomen’s Literature, vol. 15, no 1,Spring 1996, pp. 41-50.Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." NewYork Times, 21 May 2007, late ed., p.A1."Of Mines and Men." Editorial. WallStreet Journal, 24 Oct. 2003, p. A14.Hamer, John. Letter. AmericanJournalism Review, Dec. 2006/Jan.2007, p. 7.Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the SprawlingSuburbs, If You Can Really Call ItLiving." Review of Radiant City,directed by Gary Burns and JimBrown, New York Times, 30 May2007, p. E1.5initials; the publication year goesbetween parentheses and is followed bya period. Only the first word and propernouns are capitalized for article titles.Periodical titles are written in title caseand followed by the volume number,which, with the title, is also italicized.Poniewozik, J. (2000, November 20).Election 2000: TV makes a too-closecall. Time, 156(21), 70–71.Bagchi, A. (1996). Conflictingnationalisms: The voice of thesubaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s BashaiTudu. Tulsa Studies in Women’sLiterature, 15(1), 41–50.publication date, and issue information.CMOS also requires citation of a URL if thejournal was accessed online.Krugman, P. (2007, May 21). Fear ofeating. New York Times, p. A1.Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." New YorkTimes (New York, NY), May 21, 2007.Editorial: Of mines and men [Editorial].(2003, Oct 24). The Wall StreetJournal, p. A14.Cited in notes only, without headline.1. “Of Mines and Men,” editorial, WallStreet Journal, October 24, 2003.Hamer, J. [Letter to the editor].(2006/2007, December/January).American Journalism Review, p. 7.Poniewozik, James. "Election 2000: TV Makesa Too-Close Call." Time, November 20,2000.Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms:The Voice of the Subaltern in MahaswetaDevi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies inWomen’s Literature 15, no. 1 (Spring1996): 41–50.Cited in notes only, without headline.1. John Hamer, letter to the editor,American Journalism Review (College Park,MD), December 2006/January 2007.Seitz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Life in theSietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant City,sprawling suburbs, if you can really calldirected by Gary Burns and Jim Brown.it living [Review of the film RadiantNew York Times, May 30, 2007, LateCity, directed by Gary Burns and Jimedition.Brown, 2006]. New York Times, lateed., p. E1.
The Purdue OWL: Citation ChartOnline Sources6For most online sources, the MLA asksfor author/editor, title, website title,publisher/organization, publicationdate, volume/issue number, pagenumbers, and URL. However, the URLshould omit http:// or https://.Whenever possible, use a permalink orDOI (digital object identifier) instead ofa URL. A date of access can also behelpful, especially if the source doesnot have a publication date.In APA citation, online sources ofteninclude DOIs (digital object identifiers).If a DOI is available, it is used in place ofa URL. The DOI is frequently found onthe first page of an online source. APAgenerally cites author, date, page title,site title, available page numbers, and aURL or DOI.Author/Editor. Name of Site. Versionnumber, Name ofpublisher/organizer, date ofpublication (if available),URL/DOI/permalink. Date of access (ifapplicable).Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]).Article or page title. Larger PublicationTitle, volume number(issue number).Retrieved from http://url addressEntireWebsiteThe Purdue OWL Family of Sites. TheWriting Lab and OWL at Purdue andPurdue U, 2008,owl.english.purdue.edu/owl.Accessed 16 July 2018.The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue andPurdue U. (2008). The Purdue OWLFamily of Sites. Retrieved July 16,2018, fromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue andPurdue U. The Purdue OWL Family of Sites.Accessed 16 July 2018.http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/Page fromWebsiteShiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A ThirdWorld Issue.” va.html. Accessed July 14, 2018.Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: Athird world issue. Nativeweb.Retrieved lShiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third WorldIssue.” Nativeweb. Accessed July 14, s/cool/giants/.GeneralformatUpdated July 2018CMOS citation requires the URL or DOI to belisted at the end of the citation. The date ofaccess should also be included if there is nopublication or modification date. Citations forwebsites should be included in the notes, andonly included in the bibliography if there areno notes.Titles of websites are usually set in roman(i.e., no formatting). However, titles of blogs,books, journals, shows, movies, and similarsources should be italicized.Author (and/or owner, sponsor).“Document/Webpage Title.” Title of Website.Updated or Accessed Date. URL.For Notes:1. “Title of Document/Webpage,” Title ofwebsite, Author/Owner, last modified date oraccessed date, URL.
The Purdue OWL: Citation ChartPage fromWebsite withunknownauthorImage from aWebsiteOnline bookPortion of anonline bookArticle in anonline journalUpdated July 20187“Media Giants.” Frontline: TheMerchants of Cool, ants. Accessed July 14,2018.Goya, Francisco. The Family of CharlesIV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado,Madrid. Museo Nacional del 1759e417e74. Accessed 22 May2006.Media giants. (2001). PBS. ne/shows/cool/giants/“Media Giants.” PBS online. Accessed July ows/cool/giants.Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst.European Shakespeares: TranslatingShakespeare in the Romantic Age.John Benjamins Publishing Company,1990, Proquest .action?docID 842928.Adams, H. “Diplomacy.” The Educationof Henry Adams, Houghton MifflinCo., 1918. Bartleby,www.bartleby.com/159/8.html.Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization ofthe Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal ofHigher Education, vol. 30, no.3, 1959pp. 140-45, JSTOR,www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.Accessed 14 July 2018.Delabastita, D., & L. D’hulst. (1990).Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst.European Shakespeares. TranslatingEuropean Shakespeares: TranslatingShakespeare in the Romantic Age.Shakespeare in the Romantic Age.Retrieved fromAmsterdamn: John Benjamins pany, 1990.purdue/detail.action?docID detail.action?docID 842928.Adams, H. (1918). “Diplomacy.” In TheAdams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education ofeducation of Henry Adams. RetrievedHenry Adams. Boston: Houghton MifflinfromCo., bartleby.com/159/8.html.Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization ofBent, Henry E. “Professionalization of thethe Ph.D. degree. The Journal of HigherPh.D. Degree.” The Journal of HigherEducation, 30(3), 140–145.Education 30, no. 3 (1959): ssed July 14, 2018.https://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.Goya, F. (1800). The family of Charles IV. Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV,Museo National del Prado. Retrieved1800. Painting. Museo Nacional del ttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy/goya/hd goya.htma/hd goya.htm.
The Purdue OWL: Citation ChartArticle in anonlinemagazine/newspaperEntire blogSingle BlogEntryComment orresponse on ablog postE-mailMultimedia SourcesBernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writingthe Living Web.” A List Apart, 16 ed 4 May 2009.Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout.Washington Post,blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout. Accessed 19 Jan. 2007.Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become aMarketing Vehicle.” The Checkout, 24May 2006, Washington 2006/05/23/AR2006052301593.html?noredirect on.Accessed 19 July 2018.Jay Dean. Comment on “When the SelfEmerges: Is That Me in the Mirror?.”Psyblog, 7 May 2008, 4:00 a, Andrew. "Re: ModernistLiterature." Received by John Watts,15 Nov. 2000.MLA Format for multimedia sourcesconsiders if the entry is highlighting thecontribution of a particular person,such as performer, director, or creator.MLA also considers if a film ortelevision show was watched online.Use the following format for allsources: Author. Title. Title ofcontainer (self-contained if book),Updated July 20188Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing Bernstein, M. “10 Tips on Writing the Livingthe living web. A List Apart: For PeopleWeb.” A List Apart, August 16, 2002.Who Make Websites. Retrieved er, C. (2007, January 10). TheMayer, Caroline. The Checkout (blog).checkout. [Weblog]. Retrieved fromWashington g.washingtonpost.com/thecheckheckout/out/.Mayer, C. (2006, May 24). Stamps toMayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become abecome marketing vehicle. [Web logMarketing Vehicle.” The Checkout (blog).post]. The checkout. Retrieved fromWashington Post, May 24, 1593.html2301593.htmlJ Dean. (2008, May 7). When the selfemerges: Is that me in the mirror?[web log comment]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransportNot included in references.Electronic sources in APA format mayinclude a digital object identifier (DOI)number. When a DOI is evident,
University of California Press. Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction to Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, xiii–xliv. By Kenneth Burke, xiii-xliv. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Articles in Periodicals Although periodicals are cited similarly to most book sources, MLA’s eighth In APA periodical citation, authors are
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May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA. To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart. You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel. General APA Guidelines
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart 1 Category MLA APA CMS General Approach The Modern Language Association (MLA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most humanities courses. The humanities place emphasis on authorship, so most MLA citation involves recording the
