Civil War Marius And Sulla - MIT OpenCourseWare
Civil WarMarius and SullaThis image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons.MariusGlyptothek, MunichThis image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons.SullaGlyptothek, Munich1
Cicero, On the Republic 1.31:‘For, as you observe, the death ofTiberius Gracchus, and even beforehis death, the whole character of histribunate, divided one people intotwo factions.’Cicero. De Re Publica, De Legibus. Translated by Clinton Walker Keyes. Loeb Classical Library, 1928. Harvard University Press. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.2
Velleius Paterculus 2.3.3:“This was the beginning in Rome of civilbloodshed, and of the licence of the sword.From this time on right was crushed bymight, the most powerful now tookprecedence in the state, the disputes ofcitizens which were once healed byamicable agreements were now settled byarms ”From Velleius Paterculus and Res Gestae Divi Augusti. Translatedby Frederick W. Shipley. This material is in the public domain.3
133 – 80 BCKey Themes Popular politics Provocative use of the Tribunate Political violence Politicization of the army/veterans4
Gaius Mariusca. 123 – Quaestor119 – Tribune115 – Praetor114 – Propraetor in Spain109 – Legatus with Metellus in AfricaThis image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons.5
2003 Ancient World Mapping Center. Released under CC BY-NC 3.0.MicipsaHiempsalAdherbalJugurtha6
The Jugurthine War111-105 BCRoman commanders in Africa: 111L. Calpurnius Bestia 110Sp. Postumius Albinus 109-8Q. Caecilius Metellus 107-5Gaius Marius7
Jugurtha on corruption at RomeSallust, Jugurthine War 35.10After going out of the gates, it is said that he oftenlooked back at Rome in silence and finally said, “Acity for sale doomed to speedy destruction if itfinds a purchaser!”From The War with Jurgurtha by Sallust. Translated by John C. Rolfe. This material is in the public domain.Lex Mamilia of 109: Established special court to try those accused ofbribery and corruption in dealings with Jugurtha8
Marius’s Speech at RomeSallust, Jugurthine War 85“I cannot display family portraits or thetriumphs and consulships of my forefathers;but I can show spears, a banner, trappingsand other military prizes, as well as scars onmy breast. These are my portraits, these mypatent of nobility, not left me by inheritanceas theirs were, but won by my owninnumerable efforts and perils ”From The War with Jurgurtha by Sallust. Translated by John C. Rolfe. This material is in the public domain.9
continued“ They say that I am common and of rudemanners, because I cannot give an elegantdinner and because I pay no actor or cook higherwages than I do my overseer. This I gladly admit,fellow citizens: for I learned from my father andother righteous men that elegance is proper towomen but toil to men, that all the virtuous oughtto have more fame than riches, and that arms andnot furniture confer honour.”From The War with Jurgurtha by Sallust. Translated by John C. Rolfe. This material is in the public domain.10
On Marius’s recruitment reform of 107 BCSallust, Jugurthine War 86“He himself in the meantime enrolled soldiers,not according to the classes in the manner of ourforefathers, but allowing anyone to volunteer, for themost part the proletariat. Some say that he did thisthrough lack of good men, others because of a desire tocurry favour, since that class had given him honour andrank. As a matter of fact, to one who aspires to powerthe poorest man is the most helpful, since he has noregard for his property, having none, and considersanything honourable for which he receives pay.”From The War with Jurgurtha by Sallust. Translated by John C. Rolfe. This material is in the public domain.11
On Marius’s recruitment reform of 107 BCPlutarch, Marius 9“Contrary to law and custom he enlistedmany a poor and insignificant man, althoughformer commanders had not accepted suchpersons, but bestowed arms, just as theywould any other honour, only on those whoseproperty assessment made them worthy toreceive these, each soldier being supposed toput his substance in pledge to the state.”From Plutarch’s Lives. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. This material is in the public domain.12
History of the property qualification 11,000 sesterces 4,000 by late 3rd c. BC (Polyb. 6.19) 1,500 by 129 BC (Cic. De rep. 2.40)13
2003 Ancient World Mapping Center. Released under CC BY-NC 3.0.14
Gaius Marius 107Consul (1) 106-5 ProconsulThis image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons. 104 103 102 101Consul (2)Consul (3)Consul (4)Consul (5) 100Consul (6)15
Teutones & Ambrones (102)Cimbri (101) 2003 Ancient World Mapping Center. Released under CC BY-NC 3.0.16
Land for Marius’s veteransLaws of the tribune L. Appuleius Saturninus 103 BC: land grants in Africa – 100 iugera each 100 BC: further land grants in Africa and N. Italy?17
L. Cornelius Sulla 107:104-1:97:96-92:91-89:88:This image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons.Quaestor under Marius in AfricaUnder Marius agst German tribesPraetorGovernor of CiliciaSouthern command in Social WarConsul18
ITALYOn the eve of the Social War91 BCThis image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons.19
First War against Mithridates, 88-84 BC 2003 Ancient World Mapping Center. Released under CC BY-NC 3.0.20
Appian, Civil Wars 1.57When Sulla heard of this he resolved to decidethe question by war, and called the army together to aconference. They were eager for the war againstMithridates because it promised much plunder, and theyfeared that Marius would enlist other soldiers instead ofthemselves. Sulla spoke of the indignity put upon him bySulpicius and Marius, and while he did not openly alludeto anything else (for he did not dare as yet to mentionthis sort of war), he urged them to be ready to obey hisorders. They understood what he meant, and as theyfeared lest they should miss the campaign they utteredboldly what Sulla had in mind, and told him to be of goodcourage, and to lead them to Rome From The Civil Wars by Appian. Translated by Horace White. This material is in the public domain.21
Appian, Civil Wars 1.57Sulla was overjoyed and led six legions thitherforthwith; but all his superior officers, except onequaestor, left him and fled to the city, because theywould not submit to the idea of leading an army againsttheir country. Envoys met him on the road and askedhim why he was marching with armed forces against hiscountry. “To deliver her from tyrants,” he replied.From The Civil Wars by Appian. Translated by Horace White. This material is in the public domain.22
The 80s BC89 - Mithridates invades Asia88 - Command given to Sulla- Marius, w/ P. Sulpicius Rufus, transfers command- Sulla’s First March on Rome- Sulpicius flees; killed- Marius’ humiliating flight to Africa87 - Gnaeus Octavius and L. Cornelius Cinna consuls- Cinna stripped of consulship, replaced by L. Cornelius Merula- Cinna, Marius, Carbo, Sertorius March on Rome23
86 - Cinna and Marius consuls; Marius dies85 - Cinna and Carbo consuls– Sulla’s Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates84 - Cinna and Carbo consuls again- Cinna killed in mutiny83 - Sulla’s Second March on Rome- Joined by Caecilius Metellus Pius and Gnaeus Pompeius82 - Carbo and C. Marius jr. consuls- Sulla takes Italy and Rome with much violence24
Sulla Dictator81-80 BCThis image is in the public domain.Source: Wikimedia Commons.The lex Valeria of 82 BC appointed Sulla as:Dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae‘Dictator for creating laws and constituting the republic’25
Sulla’s Constitutional Reforms Increased Senate to 600 Automatic adlection of Quaestors to Senate Increased number of Praetors & Quaestors Limited powers of Tribunes New system of permanent courts Control of juries back to Senators Stricter rules for cursus honorum Abolished subsidized grain distributions26
MIT OpenCourseWarehttps://ocw.mit.edu21H.132 The Ancient World: RomeSpring 2017For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
88 -Command given to Sulla -Marius, w/ P. Sulpicius Rufus, transfers command -Sulla’s First March on Rome -Sulpicius flees; killed -Marius’ humiliating flight to Africa 87 -Gnaeus Octavius and L. Cornelius Cinna consuls -Cinna stripped of consulship, replaced by L. Cornelius Merula -Cinna, Marius, Carbo, Sertorius March on Rome . 23
rival generals, Marius and Sulla. Thousands of Romans died in the war. Sulla defeated Marius and became a dictator. He retired in 79 BC Slave revolts led by Spartacus broke out from 73-71 BC. New military leaders struggled for power. Civil War Marius vs. Sulla Marius Sulla
POPULAR MILITARY LEADERS GAIUS MARIUS: military leader in Africa and against Germans CONSUL for 5 terms 91-89 BC SOCIAL WAR against allies (socii) result is citizenship for all Italians L. CORNELIUS SULLA: military leader in Social War, rival of Marius FIRST CIVIL WAR: Marius versus Sulla (victor) DICTATOR: 82-79 reforms CURSUS HONORUM as fixed succession of offices
Bockus, John Civil War 0-48 Knapp, Leonard Civil War 0-62 Bryson, Frank T. Civil War 0-6 Lampson, G. W. Civil War 0-25 Burkley, John I. Civil War 0-65A Martin, Jacob A. Civil War 0-49 Carr, Asa M. Civil War 0-39 Martin, Pembrooke Civil War 0-9A Carr, Julius Civil War 0-39 Mather, Jonathan War of 1812 0-78
Marius vs. Sulla Marius (157-86 BCE) – “New Man” – elected consul, expanded territory, professionalized military (popular among soldiers) *popularis* Sulla (138-78 BCE) is appointed to put down a rebellion in Asia Minor (Mithridates) *Optimate* –Attacked by politically jealous Marius –Sulla returns to Rome and
Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla – Generals who fought for control of the Senate – Sulla defeated Marius to become dictator – This showed that force was an effective way of controlling politics Julius Caesar followed their example Napoleon, Hitler, Saddam Hussein, the USA ? Marius Sulla
RÉSUMÉ – MARIUS MARCEL PAGNOL (1929) Marius est une pièce de théâtre de Marcel Pagnol, qui a été jouée pour la première fois en 1929. Le récit se déroule à l’époque où il a été écrit, à Marseille. Marius est le premier texte de la trilogie Marius, Fanny, César. LES PERSONNAGES PRINCIPAUX
OPTIMATES: L. Cornelius SULLA vs. POPULARES – MARIUS & Cornelius CINNA –1st CIVIL WAR: 88–87 BC –MARIUS DIED: 87 BC –2nd CIVIL WAR: 83–82 BC –SULLA: DICTATOR 82–80 BC The Cataline Conspiracy 64 BC CATILINE and other POPULARES sought: –To weaken SENATE –Debt relief M. Tullius CICERO stopped him –Many populares forced .
Beste Freude Sprachniveau: B1 2 bis 4 Unterrichtseinheiten Sprachmaterial: Texte auf PASCH-net zum Thema: „Beste Freunde“: Lernziele Die Lernerinnen und Lerner setzen sich mit dem Thema „Beste Freunde“ auseinander; - lernen Wortschatz zum Thema „Freundschaft“; - verstehen Interviews zum Thema; - formulieren ihre eigenen Vorstellungen zum Thema; - tauschen sich über die eigenen .
