ACI 302.1R-15: Guide To Concrete Floor And Slab Construction
Guide to Concrete Floorand Slab ConstructionACI 302.1R-15Reported by ACI Committee 302
First PrintingJune 2015ISBN: 978-1-942727-25-5Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab ConstructionCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoidambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACIdocuments occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than oneinterpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement ofACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at px. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the mostup-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility forthe application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume allrisk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express orimplied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particularpurpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriateto the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regardto health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability ofall regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws andregulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and inthe development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or thestandards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: 1.248.848.3700Fax: 1.248.848.3701www.concrete.org
ACI 302.1R-15Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab ConstructionReported by Committee 302Joseph F. Neuber Jr., ChairPatrick J. Harrison, Vice ChairDennis C. AhalBryan M. BirdwellPeter A. CraigAllen FaceC. Rick FelderEdward B. FinkelBarry E. ForemanGreg K. FricksTerry J. FricksRussell E. Neudeck, SecretaryJerry A. HollandPhilip S. KopfSteve R. Lloyd, Sr.Kevin A. MacDonaldArthur W. McKinneyDonald M. McPheeScott C. MetzgerJeffrey S. MillerScott L. NiemitaloNigel K. ParkesWilliam S. PhelanTim H. RobinsonJohn W. RohrerPaul A. Rouis, IIIDomenick Thomas RutturaBruce A. SuprenantScott M. TarrConsulting MembersThe quality of a concrete floor or slab is highly dependent onachieving a hard and durable surface that is flat, relatively freeof cracks, and at the proper grade and elevation. Properties of thesurface are determined by the mixture proportions and the qualityof the concreting and jointing operations. The timing of concretingoperations—especially finishing, jointing, and curing—is critical.Failure to address this issue can contribute to undesirable characteristics in the wearing surface such as cracking, low resistanceto wear, dusting, scaling, high or low spots, poor drainage, andincreasing the potential for curling.Concrete floor slabs employing portland cement, regardless ofslump, will start to experience a reduction in volume as soon asthey are placed. This phenomenon will continue as long as anywater, heat, or both, is being released to the surroundings. Moreover, because the drying and cooling rates at the top and bottomof the slab are not the same, the shrinkage will vary throughoutthe depth, causing the as-cast shape to be distorted and reducedin volume.This guide contains recommendations for controlling randomcracking and edge curling caused by the concrete’s normal volumechange. Application of present technology permits only a reduction in cracking and curling, not elimination. Even with the bestfloor designs and proper construction, it is unrealistic to expectcompletely crack- and curl-free floors. Consequently, every ownershould be advised by both the designer and contractor that it iscompletely normal to expect some amount of cracking and curlingCarl Bimel*Michael A. ClarkWilliam C. PanareseBrian J. PashinaBoyd C. Ringo**Deceasedon every project, and that such an occurrence does not necessarilyreflect adversely on either the adequacy of the floor’s design or thequality of its construction (Ytterberg 1987).This guide describes how to produce high-quality concrete slabson-ground and suspended floors for various classes of service.It emphasizes such aspects of construction as site preparation,concrete materials, concrete mixture proportions, concrete workmanship, joint construction, load transfer across joints, form stripping procedures, finishing methods, and curing. Flatness/levelnessrequirements and measurements are outlined. A thorough preconstruction meeting is critical to facilitate communication among keyparticipants and to clearly establish expectations and proceduresthat will be employed during construction to achieve the floor qualities required by the project specifications. Adequate supervisionand inspection are required for job operations, particularly thoseof finishing.Keywords: admixture; aggregate; consolidation; contract documents;curing; curling; deflection; durability; form; fracture; joint; mixture proportioning; placing; quality control; slab-on-ground; slabs; slump test.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION, p. 31.1—Purpose, p. 31.2—Scope, p. 3CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS, p. 3ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries areintended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, andinspecting construction. This document is intended for the useof individuals who are competent to evaluate the significanceand limitations of its content and recommendations and whowill accept responsibility for the application of the information it contains. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility forthe stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for anyloss or damage arising there from.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/ Engineer to be a part of the contract documents,they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporationby the Architect/Engineer.CHAPTER 3—PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTIONMEETINGS, p. 33.1—Prebid meeting, p. 33.2—Preconstruction meeting, p. 3ACI 302.1R-15 supersedes ACI 302.1R-04 and was adopted and published June 2015.Copyright 2015, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1
2GUIDE TO CONCRETE FLOOR AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION (ACI 302.1R-15)CHAPTER 4—CLASSES OF FLOORS, p. 44.1—Classification of floors, p. 44.2—Single-course monolithic floors: Classes 1, 2, 4, 5,and 6, p. 44.3—Two-course floors: Classes 3, 7, and 8, p. 44.4—Class 9 floors, p. 64.5—Special finish floors, p. 6CHAPTER 5—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, p. 65.1—Scope, p. 65.2—Slabs-on-ground, p. 65.3—Suspended slabs, p. 115.4—Miscellaneous details, p. 13CHAPTER 6—SITE PREPARATION AND PLACINGENVIRONMENT, p. 146.1—Soil-support system preparation, p. 146.2—Suspended slabs, p. 166.3—Bulkheads, p. 166.4—Setting screed guides, p. 166.5—Installation of auxiliary materials, p. 166.6—Concrete placement conditions, p. 16CHAPTER 7—ASSOCIATED MATERIALS, p. 177.1—Introduction, p. 177.2—Reinforcement, p. 177.3—Special-purpose aggregates, p. 187.4—Monomolecular films, p. 187.5—Curing materials, p. 187.6—Gloss-imparting waxes, p. 197.7—Liquid surface treatments, p. 197.8—Joint materials, p. 207.9—Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), p. 20CHAPTER 8—CONCRETE MATERIALS ANDMIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 208.1—Introduction, p. 208.2—Concrete, p. 208.3—Concrete properties, p. 208.4—Recommended concrete mixture, p. 218.5—Aggregates, p. 238.6—Portland cement, p. 248.7—Water, p. 258.8—Admixtures, p. 258.9—Concrete mixture analysis, p. 27CHAPTER 9—BATCHING, MIXING, ANDTRANSPORTING, p. 319.1—Batching, p. 319.2—Mixing, p. 329.3—Transporting, p. 32CHAPTER 10—PLACING, CONSOLIDATING, ANDFINISHING, p. 3310.1—Placing operations, p. 3310.2—Tools for spreading, consolidating, and finishing,p. 3410.3—Spreading, consolidating, and finishing operations,p. 3710.4—Finishing Class 1, 2, and 3 floors, p. 4410.5—Finishing Class 4 and 5 floors, p. 4410.6—Finishing Class 6 floors and monolithic-surfacetreatments for wear resistance, p. 4410.7—Finishing Class 7 floors, p. 4610.8—Finishing Class 8 floors (two-course unbonded), p.4710.9—Finishing Class 9 floors, p. 4710.10—Toppings for precast floors, p. 4810.11—Finishing lightweight concrete, p. 4810.12—Nonslip floors, p. 5010.13—Decorative and nonslip treatments, p. 5010.14—Grinding as repair procedure, p. 5210.15—Floor flatness and levelness, p. 5210.16—Treatment when bleeding is a problem, p. 5610.17—Delays in cold-weather finishing, p. 57CHAPTER 11—CURING, PROTECTION, AND JOINTFILLING, p. 5711.1—Purpose of curing, p. 5711.2—Methods of curing, p. 5711.3—Curing at joints, p. 5811.4—Curing special concrete, p. 5811.5—Length of curing, p. 5911.6—Preventing plastic shrinkage cracking, p. 5911.7—Curing after grinding, p. 5911.8—Protection of slab during construction, p. 5911.9—Temperature drawdown in cold storage and freezerrooms, p. 5911.10—Joint filling and sealing, p. 60CHAPTER 12—QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST,p. 6012.1—Introduction, p. 6012.2—Partial list of important items to be observed, p. 60CHAPTER 13—CAUSES OF FLOOR AND SLABSURFACE IMPERFECTIONS, p. 6113.1—Introduction, p. 6113.2—Random cracking, p. 6213.3—Low wear resistance, p. 6513.4—Dusting, p. 6513.5—Scaling, p. 6613.6—Popouts, p. 6713.7—Blisters and delamination, p. 6813.8—Spalling, p. 6913.9—Discoloration, p. 7013.10—Low spots and poor drainage, p. 7113.11—Slab edge curling, p. 7113.12—Evaluation of slab surface imperfections, p. 73CHAPTER 14—REFERENCES, p. 73Authored documents, p. 75American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted Material – www.concrete.org
GUIDE TO CONCRETE FLOOR AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION (ACI 302.1R-15) CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION1.1—PurposeThis guide presents information relative to the constructionof slab-on-ground and suspended-slab floors for industrial,commercial, and institutional buildings. It is applicable tothe construction of normalweight and structural lightweightconcrete floors and slabs made with conventional portlandand blended cements. This guide identifies the various classesof floors based on use, construction design details, necessarysite preparation, concrete type, and other related materials. Ingeneral, characteristics of the concrete slab surface and jointperformance have a powerful impact on the serviceabilityof floors and other slabs. Because the eventual success of aconcrete floor installation depends on the mixture proportionsand floor finishing techniques used, considerable attention isgiven to critical aspects of achieving the desired finishes andthe required floor surface tolerances.1.2—ScopeThis guide emphasizes choosing and proportioning ofmaterials, design details, proper construction methods, andworkmanship. Slabs specifically intended for the containmentof liquids are beyond the scope of this guide. Whereas thisguide does provide a reasonable overview of concrete floorconstruction, each project is unique and circumstances candictate departures from the recommendations given in thisguide. Contractors and suppliers should, therefore, thoroughlyreview contract documents before bid preparation (Chapter 3).CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” temID CT13.Definitions provided herein complement that resource.differential set time—difference in timing from initialintroduction of water to concrete mixture at batch plant toinitial power floating.dry-shake—dry mixture of hydraulic cement and fineaggregate (either mineral or metallic) that is distributedevenly over the surface of concrete flatwork and worked intothe surface before time of final setting and then floated andtroweled to desired finish.mixture optimization indicator—intersection of thecoarseness factor value and the workability factor on thecoarseness factor chart.rutting—creation of troughs in the soil support system inresponse to applied wheel loads.score—creation of lines or notches in the surface of aconcrete slab.soil pumping—vertical displacement and rebound of thesoil support system in response to applied moving loads.water slump—magnitude of slump, measured in accordance with ASTM C143/C143M, which is directly attributedto the amount of water in the concrete mixture.window of finishability—time period available forfinishing operations after the concrete has been placed,consolidated, and struck-off, and before final troweling.3workability factor—percentage of combined aggregatethat passes the No. 8 (2.36 mm) sieve.CHAPTER 3—PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTIONMEETINGS3.1—Prebid meetingThe best forum for a thorough review of contract documentsbefore the bid preparation is a prebid meeting. This meetingoffers bidders an opportunity to ask questions and to clarifytheir understanding of contract documents before submittingtheir bids. A prebid meeting also provides the owner and theowner’s slab designer an opportunity to clarify intent wheredocuments are unclear and to respond to last-minute questionsin a manner that provides bidders an opportunity to be equallyresponsive to the contract documents.3.2—Preconstruction meetingSuccessful construction of slabs-on-ground or suspendedfloors or slabs involves the coordinated efforts of manysubcontractors and material suppliers. The slab designershould schedule a preconstruction meeting to establish andcoordinate procedures that will enable key participants toproduce the best possible product under the anticipated fieldconditions. This meeting should be attended by responsiblerepresentatives of organizations and material suppliers directlyinvolved with either the design or construction of floors.3.2.1 Agenda items—The preconstruction meeting shouldconfirm and document the responsibilities and anticipatedinteraction of key participants involved in slab-on-ground orsuspended floor or slab construction. Following is a list ofagenda items appropriate for such a meeting, including onesfor which the contract documents should establish a clearresponsibility. The following list is not all-inclusive:a) Site preparationb) Grades for drainage, if anyc) Work associated with installation of auxiliary materials,such as vapor barriers, vapor retarder/barriers, edge insulation, electrical conduit, mechanical sleeves, drains, andembedded platesd) Class of floore) Floor thicknessf) Reinforcement, when requiredg) Construction tolerances: base (rough and fine grading),forms, slab thickness, surface configuration, and floor flatness and levelness requirements (including how and whenmeasured)h) Joints and load-transfer mechanismi) Materials: cements, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,water, and admixtures (usually by reference to applicableASTM standards)j) Special aggregates, admixtures, or monolithic surfacetreatments, where applicablek) Concrete specifications including:1) Compressive strength, flexural strength, or both2) Recommended cementitious material content, ifapplicable3) Maximum size, grading, and type of coarse aggregateAmerican Concrete Institute – Copyrighted Material – www.concrete.org
ACI 302.1R-15 Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab Construction Reported by Committee 302 Dennis C. Ahal Bryan M. Birdwell Peter A. Craig Allen Face C. Rick Felder Edward B. Finkel Barry E. Foreman Greg K. Fricks Terry J. Fricks Jerry A. Holland Philip S. Kopf Steve R. Lloyd, Sr. Kevin A. MacDonald Arthur W. McKinney Donald M. McPhee Scott C .
The ACI Manual of Concrete Practice is a seven-part compilation of current ACI standards and committee reports. Part 1—ACI 117-10 to ACI 228.1R-03 Part 2—ACI 228.2R-13 to ACI 314R-11 Part 3—ACI 318-14 to ACI 346-09 Part 4—ACI 347R-14 to ACI 355.2-07 Part 5—ACI 355.3R-11 to ACI 440R-07 Part 6—ACI 440.1R-06 to ACI 533.1R-02
Cracking: ACI 224.1R, ACI 562, ACI 364.1R, and ACI RAP Bulletins Spalling/scaling: ACI 562, ACI 364.1R, ACI 506R, and ACI RAP Bulletins AMP should reference criteria used to determine which inspection results will require either: An Action Request
- ACI 304R-00, Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete - ACI 305R-10, Guide to Hot Weather Concreting - ACI 306R-10, Guide to Cold Weather Concreting - ACI 308R-01, Guide to Curing Concrete - ACI 309R-05, Guide for Consolidation of Concrete - ACI 311.4R-05, Guide for Concrete Construction - ACI 318-08/318R-08,
4. ACI 302.1R-15: Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction. 5. ACI 302.2R-06: Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials. 6. ACI 304.2R-96: Placing Concrete by Pumping Methods. 7. ACI 305R-10: Guide for Hot Weather Concreting. 8. ACI 306R-10: Guide to Cold Weather Concreting. 9.
2. ACI 304R "Recommended Practice for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete". 3. ACI 310R-13 “Guide to Decorative Concrete” 4. ACI 302 1R-04 “Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction” 5. ACI 305R "Hot Weather Concreting". 6. ACI 306R "Cold Weather Concreting". 7. ACI 308.1 "Standard Specification for Curing Concrete".
Requisitos de Reglamento para Concreto Estructural (ACI 318S-05) y Comentario (ACI 318SR-05) (Versión en español y en sistema métrico) Es un Estándar del ACI Producido por el Comité ACI 318 american concrete institute P.O. BOX 9094 FARMINGTON HILLS, MICHIGAN 48333-9094 USA ACI 318S-05 ACI 318SR-05 .
A. American Concrete Institute (ACI): 1. ACI 214-77 2. ACI 506R-90 3. ACI 506.2-90 4. ACI 506.3R-91 5. ACI 305R-91 6. ACI 306R-88 . acceptance a proposed mix design for the shotcrete with the tolerances of any variable components identified. The design shall include a complete list of materials and copies of test
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