UNIT Postwar America
UNITPostwarAmerica(1945–1975)794CHAPTER26The Cold War BeginsCHAPTER27Peace and ProsperityCHAPTER28A Time of ChangeCHAPTER29War in VietnamUNIT 10 Postwar 5–1975)
INHISTORYYoung MusiciansWhen he was just 14 years old, Buddy Holly saw what his future held. Afriend played a Fats Domino record for him, and suddenly Holly knew: hewanted to be a rock ’n’ roll star. However, he had doubts about whether he couldsucceed. In 1953, after just a few years of practice,Holly and a friend won regular spots on a weeklyradio show in their hometown of Lubbock, Texas.“You’re destined to be a star,” a manager at theradio station told Holly.The manager’s prediction came true. In 1957Buddy Holly and the Crickets topped the chartswith the hit single “That’ll Be the Day.” Later thatyear, after Holly performed on The Ed SullivanShow, the host asked him about his rapid rise tostardom. Holly admitted, “Well, we’ve had a fewrough times, I guess you’d say, but we’ve beenreal lucky, getting it this quick.”Holly was just one of many young musicianswho became famous in the late 1950s. Followingthe great success of Elvis Presley—a huge star bythe age of 19—many young people took upinstruments and started bands. Excited teenagerscrowded concert halls to listen to these newsinging sensations.One popular road show was called “America’sGreatest Teenage Performing Stars.” That tourThe Everly Brothers perform with Sam Cookeincluded the Everly Brothers—Don and Phil. This(center) on Shindig, a popular television show.duo started in show business at a young age.They made radio appearances on the Everly Family Show when they were just eightand six. In 1955 the teenage brothers headed to Nashville to write songs for acountry music publisher. Two years later they had their first number one hit with“Bye Bye Love.”Some other young stars of the 1950s included Ritchie Valens as well as FrankieLymon and the Teenagers. Valens died at age 17 in a plane crash that also killedBuddy Holly. Young musicians such as “Little” Stevie Wonder and the Jackson Fivecontinued to top the charts throughout the 1960s and 1970s.If You Were ThereWhat style of music would you listen to?LEFT PAGE: Teenagers at a dance
CHAPTERThe Cold WarBeginsGerman children gather to watcha U.S. relief plane bringing suppliesto West Berlin.(1945–1955)These veteransare enrolling inAustin Collegein Sherman,Texas.UNITED STATES1945 Franklin D.Roosevelt dies on April12, and Harry S Trumanbecomes president.1946 Some 400,000members of theUnited Mine Workersgo on strike.1947 PresidentTruman announcesthe Truman Doctrine.1948 Truman wins anupset victory overThomas Dewey in thepresidential election.1949 The NorthAtlantic TreatyOrganization(NATO) is created.194519461947194819491945 In February theleaders of Great Britain,the Soviet Union, andthe United States meetat the Yalta Conference.Trials of Nazi warcriminals begin inNuremberg, Germany,in November.1946 The United Statesand other membernations attend the firstsession of the UnitedNations in January.In August Communistguerrillas attempt tooverthrow thegovernment ofGreece.1947 Theindependent nationsof India and Pakistanare created.1948 The Jewish stateof Israel is founded inMay.The Soviet Unionblockades the city ofWest Berlin in June.U.S. and British planesrespond with theBerlin Airlift.1949 ChineseCommunists defeatthe Nationalists andestablish the People’sRepublic of China.WORLDThe national flag of IsraelBuild on What You Knowuring World War II the UnitedStates and the Soviet Unionhad been allies. Soon after the warended, however, this relationshipchanged as communism spreadthroughout Eastern Europe. TheUnited States and the Soviet Unionbecame locked in a struggle forworld power. American fears ofcommunism grew, affecting foreignpolicy and life at home.DWinston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt,and Joseph Stalin (seated left to right)met at Yalta.796Chapter 26
The development of the hydrogenbomb contributed to the armsrace between the United Statesand the Soviet Union.The Rosenberg spy case shockedand worried the nation.1950 In February,Senator JosephMcCarthy claimsthat Communists areworking in the U.S.State Department.U.S. and UN troopsgo to the aid ofSouth Korea onJune 27.1951 PresidentTruman removesGeneral DouglasMacArthur fromcommand of U.S.troops in Korea.1952 World War IIGeneral Dwight D.Eisenhower iselected president.1953 Julius andEthel Rosenbergare executed forstealing U.S.nuclear secrets.1954 The Army-McCarthyhearings are televised tothe American public.195019511952195319541950 CommunistNorth Korea invadesSouth Korea.1953 A ceasefire ends theKorean War.19551955 The Warsaw Pact, analliance between the SovietUnion and Eastern Europeannations, is created.If you were there . . .You Be the HistorianWhat’s Your Opinion? Do you agree ordisagree with the following statements?Support your point of view in your journal. Would you beconcerned bythe spread ofcommunism?Economics Sending economic aid toanother country leads to political stabilitythroughout the world.Global Relations Nations withpolitical differences cannot be allies.Citizenship Fears of internationalconflict can affect civil rights athome.797
The Roots of the Cold WarRead to DiscoverDefine1. What steps did the Allies take to prevent another worldwar?2. What were the major events in the Cold War between theUnited States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1950?3. What were the major U.S. foreign-policy strategies following World War II? containmentIdentify Yalta Conference Harry S Truman Potsdam Conference United NationsReading Strategy Nuremberg TrialsKEY-TERM FOLD Create the “Key-Term Fold”FoldNote described in the Appendix. Write a keyterm from the section on each tab of the key-termfold. Under each tab, write the definition of thekey term. Cold War Truman Doctrine George C. Marshall Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift North Atlantic TreatyOrganization Warsaw PactThe Story Continuest 5:47 P.M. on April 12, 1945, newscasters announcedthat President Franklin D. Roosevelt had died. Numbwith shock, Americans faced the awful news. The man whohad led the United States through the Great Depression andmost of World War II was gone. The next day Vice PresidentHarry S Truman spoke to reporters. “When they told me . . .I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallenon me.” After just 82 days as second in command, Trumanhad to fill the great man’s shoes.AAs president, FranklinDelano Roosevelt had ledthe United States throughthe Great Depression andmost of World War II.Yalta and PotsdamAs World War II wound down, world leaders began discussing their plansfor the postwar world. The “Big Three” world leaders were Franklin D.Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, andJoseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. In February 1945 they met in the townof Yalta in the Soviet Union. During the Yalta Conference, the Big Three798Chapter 26
worked out an agreement that would shape international affairs for yearsto come. The Yalta accord strongly supported the creation of a worldpeacekeeping organization. It also called for free elections and democratic governments in the nations being freed from Axis control.Stalin did not honor many of the agreements he made at Yalta.For example, he opposed democracy in Poland. He had a pro-communistgovernment set up there to help guard the Soviet Union from future German aggression.In July 1945, just months after President Roosevelt’s death, PresidentHarry S Truman met with Churchill and Stalin in Potsdam, Germany.At the Potsdam Conference, the three leaders agreed to divide Germanyinto four zones of occupation. Great Britain, France, the United States,and the Soviet Union would each control one zone. The German capitalof Berlin, within the Soviet zone, was also divided into four zones.The World after WarAfter seeing the wartime damage in Europe, Truman and other politicalleaders looked for ways to prevent future wars. British, Chinese, Soviet,and U.S. representatives had met in Washington, D.C., in 1944. Theydrafted a plan for the United Nations (UN)—an international organization that would work for world peace. In 1945, representatives from50 nations came together in San Francisco to write the UN charter.In another effort to promote world peace, the Allies held war crimestrials. The International Military Tribunal tried high-ranking Nazi leaders.The trials began in late 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany—where huge Nazirallies had been held. In his opening speech at the Nuremberg Trials, thechief American attorney stressed the importance of the event.HistoryMakersSpeak“The wrongs which we seek to condemn [criticize] and pun-ish have been so calculated [planned], so malignant [harmful]and devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate [accept]their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated.”—Robert Jackson, quoted in The Holocaust: A History of Courageand Resistance, by Bea StadtlerAnalyzing Primary SourcesIdentifying Points of ViewAccording to the speaker,why is it important that theNuremberg Trials take place?These Nazi officials, includingthe head of Hitler’s secretpolice, were the first of manycharged with war crimes.799
The court found 19 Nazi leaders guilty and sentenced 12 of them todeath. The court also tried and convicted many lower-ranking officials.The International Military Tribunal for the Far East held similar warcrimes trials in Japan. The tribunal convicted and executed Hideki Tōjōand six other Japanese leaders. The court also convicted some 4,200 otherJapanese as war criminals of a lesser degree. Of these, 720 were executed.The Nuremberg Trials also exposed the horrors of the Holocaust andcaused more people to favor the creation of a Jewish homeland—Israel.Great Britain had occupied Palestine since World War I. In November1947 the UN General Assembly ordered that Palestine be divided intotwo states—one Arab and one Jewish. Britain soon pulled its troops out.On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, Israel’s first prime minister,announced the establishment of the independent Jewish state of Israel.The United States immediately recognized Israel. In response toIsrael’s declaration of independence, the armies of the neighboringArab states attacked. Israeli forces not only drove back the attackers,they also advanced to occupy Arab territory. After a bitter fight, the twosides agreed to peace in 1949. Jews had a homeland, but perhaps asmany as 1 million Palestinian Arabs became refugees.LINKING PAST toPRESENT Reading Check:Summarizing How did the Allies try to prevent futurewars?American MilitaryBases AbroadDuring the Cold War, theUnited States wanted to keepthe Soviet Union from spreading its influence. Americanleaders were particularly worried about the Soviet threatto West Germany. Therefore,the United States built manyarmy command headquarters,airfields, and smaller bases inWest Germany. The UnitedStates also built bases inother Western Europeannations, as well as in Japan,South Korea, and the Philippines. To protect its interestsin the Persian Gulf, theUnited States built bases inBahrain and Saudi Arabia.After the Cold War ended,the Department of Defensedecided that there was lessneed for overseas bases. TheUnited States has since closedor reduced the size of manyoverseas bases, notably inEurope. Why and when weremost U.S. overseas militarybases established?800Chapter 26Allies Become EnemiesDuring World War II the United States and the Soviet Union hadworked together to fight Germany. With Germany defeated, the two rivalsreturned to the unfriendly relationship that they had had before thewar. The conflicts between the two countries arose from their verydifferent economic and political ideas—U.S. capitalism and democracyversus Soviet communism. The United States saw itself as a beacon of freedom for the world. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, hoped to spreadcommunism around the world.The immediate postwar conflict between the United States and theSoviet Union focused on Germany. The Western Allies wanted a united,demilitarized, and independent Germany. The Soviets feared a unitedGermany and created a buffer of communist “satellite states” in EasternEurope. Despite the Yalta agreement on free elections, the governmentsof these countries were under Soviet control.“An Iron Curtain has descended across the [European] Continent,”remarked Winston Churchill. British and U.S. leaders feared that theSoviets would soon dominate the rest of Europe. In April 1947 presidential adviser Bernard Baruch explained the U.S.-Soviet relationship.“Let us not be deceived—we are today in the midst of a cold war.” Overtime, many people used the term Cold War to describe the two countries’ competition for world power.
In August 1946, communist rebels in Greece threatened to take control of the British-backed government. In February 1947, British leaderstold President Truman that they could no longer afford to help the Greekgovernment fight the Communists. President Truman became veryworried about the spread of communism in Europe. If Greece fell to communism, he thought, so might Turkey, Greece’s neighbor. In March 1947President Truman asked Congress for 400 million in aid for Greece andTurkey. He also stated that the United States would use economic aid tohelp foreign countries fight communism. This policy became known asthe Truman Doctrine. Congress passed Truman’s aid package to Greeceand Turkey. This aid helped the Greek army to defeat the rebels. However,the U.S. intervention greatly angered Soviet leaders. Reading Check:Analyzing Information What were some of the majorissues that marked the beginning of the Cold War?Interpreting Political CartoonsThe Marshall PlanDespite the Truman Doctrine, U.S. officials continued to worry aboutEuropean affairs. U.S. Army General George C. Marshall becameTruman’s secretary of state in 1947. Marshall believed that Europeancountries that were rebuilding had far greater needs than they couldafford to fulfill. He saw the situation as a danger to both world peaceand the U.S. economy, which depended on trade with Europe.30 W6020 W10 W70 NArctic Cir c lICELAND N025002500 10 E20 E30 EIron Curtain This cartoonshows the nation of Czechoslovakia being crushed by theSoviets’ Iron Curtain. What doyou think the extinguishedtorch in the cartoon represents?40 EeCountriesreceiving aid500 Miles500 KilometersAlbers Equal-Area ProjectionCountriesreceiving no aidFINLANDNNORWAYWSWEDENESREPUBLICOF IRELAND50 LANTICOCEANBELGIUMSOVIET UNIONThe Marshall Plan,1948–1951Interpreting Maps The MarshallPlan lasted from 1948 until 1951,during which time the UnitedStates sent about 13 billion inaid to countries recovering fromWorld War II.POLANDWEST CZELUX. GERMANY CH OSLOV A KIAFRANCEAUSTRIASWITZ.HUNGARYPORTBLACK SEAYUGOSLAVIAUGNALROMANIA40 SPAINBULGARIAITALYALB.MEDITERRANEAN SEATURKEYGREECESkills Assessment1. Places and Regions Whichnation in Western Europe didnot receive aid under theMarshall Plan?2. Analyzing Information Whatwas the easternmost countryto receive aid?The Cold War Begins801
Tons of goods sent throughthe Marshall Plan greatly aidedEurope’s recovery after the war.Marshall called on European leaders to create long-range plans foreconomic recovery. He said that the United States would offer “friendlyaid” to help European countries rebuild. Congress approved aid money forthis program, known as the Marshall Plan. Between 1948 and 1951, theUnited States gave or loaned more than 13 billion to Western Europeancountries. Although the United States also offered economic aid to theSoviet Union, the Soviets refused. They stopped their Eastern Europeansatellites from accepting any U.S. aid as well. Reading Check:Identifying Cause and Effect Why did the United Stateswant to help Europe after World War II, and what was the result?ContainmentAt the beginning of the Cold War, the United States started a new foreign policy to stop the spread of communism. This policy was known ascontainment—the effort to prevent the Soviet Union from expandinginto strategically important areas. In the late 1940s a crisis in occupiedGermany tested containment. In 1948 the Western powers joined theiroccupied areas of Berlin into one—West Berlin. Because it had beeninvaded many times by Germany, the Soviet Union feared a strong WestGerman state. On June 24, 1948, the Soviets suddenly blocked all railand highway traffic between western Germany and Berlin.This Soviet move threatened to become a communist takeover.Deprived of essential supplies, West Berlin was left with only 36 days’worth of food. To solve the crisis without direct military confrontation,U.S. officials decided to fly supplies into West Berlin. On June 26, U.S.Causes of theCold WarAlthough allies during World War II, the United States and theSoviet Union were soon locked in a competition for global power.PoliticalThe United Statessupported democracy,while the Soviet Unionpracticed totalitarianism.MilitaryThe United States and the SovietUnion were the only two militarysuperpowers left at the end ofWorld War II.ColdWarEconomicThe United States supported capitalismand free enterprise, while the SovietUnion supported communism and astate-controlled economy.Visualizing History1. Global Relations What were the major differences between the Soviet Union and theUnited States?802Chapter 262. Connecting to Today What is the currentstatus of relations with the former SovietUnion?
and British planes began the Berlin Airlift. This operation brought foodand supplies to the more than 2 million people in the western part ofthe city. On September 9, 1948, the mayor of West Berlin reminded theworld of the issues at stake.HistoryMakersSpeak“We cannot be bartered [traded], we cannot be negotiated,we cannot be sold. . . . People of the world, look upon thiscity! You cannot, you must not, forsake [abandon] us!”—Ernst Reuter, quoted in Telegraf, September 9, 1948The airlift lasted until the Soviet Union lifted its blockade on May12, 1949. That same year, Germany was divided into two nations. WestGermany became the Federal Republic of Germany, and East Germanybecame the German Democratic Republic.In April 1949 the United States and nine Western European nationsformed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Canada andIceland also became members. Member nations pledged to defend oneanother if they were attacked. In 1955 the Soviet Union responded toNATO by creating its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact. This groupincluded the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.In August 1949 the Soviet Union shocked the United States by exploding its own atomic bomb. The Cold War soon grew more intense. TheUnited States quadrupled its defense spending, and President Trumanapproved the development of more powerful nuclear weapons. Just a fewyears after the end of World War II, the Cold War between the UnitedStates and Soviet Union was spreading around the world.This NATO badge bears a Latininscription meaning “Vigilanceis the price of liberty.” Reading Check:Finding the Main Idea What foreign policy strategy didthe United States follow after World War II, and how was it tested inBerlin?Section1Review1 Define and explain: containment2 Identify and explain: Yalta Conference Harry S Truman Potsdam Conference United Nations Nuremberg Trials Cold War Truman Doctrine George C. Marshall Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift North Atlantic TreatyOrganization Warsaw Pactkeyword: SC5 HP263 Summarizing Copy thegraphic organizer below.Use it to explain theactions of the UnitedStates and the SovietUnion in the Cold Warduring the five yearsafter World War II.UnitedStatesCold War1945–50SovietUnion4 Finding the Main Ideaa. How did the Allies try to preserve worldpeace?b. How did the United States attempt to stopSoviet expansion and strengthen WesternEurope through its fore
794 UNIT 10 Postwar America Postwar America (1945–1975) CHAPTER 26 The Cold War Begins (1945–1955) CHAPTER 27 Peace and Prosperity (1945–1960) CHAPTER 28 A Time of Change (1960–1975) CHAPTER 29 War in Vietnam (1945–1975) UNIT
Rethinking Postwar Europe Barbara Lange, Dirk Hildebrandt, Agata Pietrasik (eds.) Rethinking Postwar Europe Barbara Lange, Dirk Hildebrandt, Agata Pietrasik (eds.) Artistic Production and Discourses on Art
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666 CHAPTER 14 Postwar America Guide to Reading Connection In the previous chapter, you learned about the beginning of the Cold War. In this section, you will discover how transi-tioning to a peacetime economy after World War II changed the nation. Despite inflation and labor strikes, the United States successfully transitioned to a .
Money for Nothing: Economic Affluence in Postwar America 3. Once the students have opened the link, tell them that the list is of various economic data series that include data for 1947 to 1965. (NOTE: The data list may be copied to your own, free, FRED account for future easy reference by clicking the "Save as My Data List" link under
Postwar World Ch 33 1945-Present 1 . 14 . Chinese Political Opponents- 1945 Nationalists Communists . the War to Resist America and Aid Korea, but is today commonly called the “Korean War” 21 A Divided Korea Korea had been a unified country since the 7th century.
634 CHAPTER 19 Sam Gordon had been married less than a year when he was shipped overseas in July . The Postwar Boom 635 A Background See unemployment . as discussed in Chapter 18, and restoring the
Spring Lake Elementary Schools Curriculum Map 2nd Grade Reading The following CCSS’s are embedded throughout the year, and are present in units applicable: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.2.1 Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 2 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.2.2 Recount or describe key ideas or .
