Incorporating Multiple Benefits Into Water Projects: A .
Incorporating Multiple Benefits intoWater Projects: A Guide for Water ManagersSarah Diringer, Heather Cooley, Morgan Shimabuku, Sonali Abraham,Cora Kammeyer, Robert Wilkinson, and Madeline GorchelsPACIFICINSTITUTEJune 2020
Incorporating Multiple Benefits intoWater Projects: A Guide for Water ManagersJune 2020AuthorsSarah Diringer, Heather Cooley, Morgan Shimabuku, Sonali Abraham, Cora KammeyerPacific InstituteandRobert Wilkinson and Madeline GorchelsBren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa BarbaraPACIFICINSTITUTEPacific Institute654 13th Street,Preservation ParkOakland, California 94612510.251.1600 info@pacinst.orgwww.pacinst.orgSuggested citation for Incorporating Multiple Benefits into Water Projects: A Guide for Water Managers:Diringer, Sarah, Heather Cooley, Morgan Shimabuku, Sonali Abraham, Madeline Gorchels, Cora Kammeyer, andRobert Wilkinson. 2020. Incorporating Multiple Benefits into Water Projects: A Guide for Water Managers. Oakland,Calif.: Pacific Institute.ISBN: 978-1-940148-01-4 2020 Pacific Institute. All rights reserved.Cover Photo Source: Tomek Baginski, Unsplash Designer: Bryan Kring, Kring Design Studio
About the Pacific InstituteThe Pacific Institute envisions a world in which society, the economy, and the environment havethe water they need to thrive now and in the future. In pursuit of this vision, the Institute createsand advances solutions to the world’s most pressing water challenges, such as unsustainable watermanagement and use; climate change; environmental degradation; food, fiber, and energy productionfor a growing population; and basic lack of access to freshwater and sanitation. Since 1987, thePacific Institute has cut across traditional areas of study and actively collaborated with a diverseset of stakeholders, including policymakers, scientists, corporate leaders, international organizationssuch as the United Nations, advocacy groups, and local communities. This interdisciplinary andnonpartisan approach helps bring diverse interests together to forge effective real-world solutions.More information about the Institute and our staff, directors, and funders can be found at www.pacinst.org.About the AuthorsSARAH DIRINGERDr. Sarah Diringer is a Senior Researcher at the Pacific Institute, where her work focuses on longrange water supply planning and sustainable water systems. Sarah has conducted research bothdomestically and abroad on watershed management and environmental health. Prior to joining theInstitute, Sarah was a doctoral researcher at Duke University, conducting field work and lab researchfocused on the environmental and community impacts of mercury released from small-scale goldmining in Peru. Sarah holds a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science from the University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles and a doctorate in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Duke University.HEATHER COOLEYHeather Cooley is Director of Research at the Pacific Institute. Heather holds a Bachelor of Science inMolecular Environmental Biology and a Master of Science in Energy and Resources from the Universityof California, Berkeley. She received the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Award for OutstandingAchievement for her work on agricultural water conservation and efficiency and has testified beforethe US Congress on the impacts of climate change on agriculture and innovative approaches tosolving water problems in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Heather has served on several statetask forces and working groups, including the California Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional TaskForce and the California Urban Stakeholder Committee, as well as the board of the California UrbanWater Conservation Council.MORGAN SHIMABUKUMorgan Shimabuku is a Research Associate at the Pacific Institute where she has focused onstormwater policy and economics, integrated water management, and water and conflict around theworld. Prior to joining the Institute, Morgan managed residential and commercial water conservationprograms in partnership with municipal water providers. Her scientific background includesexperience as a scientist at a water resource consulting firm and fieldwork as a stream technician forthe US Forest Service and for her graduate and undergraduate studies. Morgan received a BachelorI
of Arts in Environmental Studies and Geology from Whitman College and a Master of Arts from theDepartment of Geography at the University of Colorado, Boulder, where she studied climate change,hydrochemical cycling, and snow hydrology at the university’s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.SONALI ABRAHAMSonali Abraham is a Research Associate at the Pacific Institute. Sonali is currently pursuing a D. Env.in Environmental Science and Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles, where sheconducts research on strategies to improve water resource sustainability, with a focus on outdoorurban water efficiency. Sonali holds a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from St. Stephen’s College inNew Delhi, India, and a Master of Science in Environmental Engineering from Johns Hopkins University.CORA KAMMEYERCora Kammeyer is a Research Associate at the Pacific Institute. Her work has focused on corporatewater stewardship, water markets for the provision of wetland habitat for migratory birds, andbehavioral science techniques to encourage residential water conservation. Cora holds a bachelor’sdegree in Environmental Studies with a minor in Spanish from the University of California, SantaBarbara. She also holds a Master of Environmental Science and Management from the Bren Schoolof Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where shewas a Sustainable Water Markets Fellow.MADELINE GORCHELSMadeline Gorchels is completing a master’s degree in Water Resource Management andEnvironmental Data Science at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara. Her masters work focuses on the co-benefits of distributedrainwater catchment in Austin, Texas. Her background includes work on groundwater management,environmental equity, and microbiology. Madeline holds a Bachelor of Arts in Biological Sciences andGeosciences from Wellesley College. At Wellesley, she was awarded research honors for her work onthe aquatic ecology of the World Heritage Site, Lake Baikal, Russia.ROBERT WILKINSONDr. Robert C. Wilkinson is Adjunct Professor at the Bren School of Environmental Science andManagement, and Senior Lecturer Emeritus in the Environmental Studies Program, at the Universityof California, Santa Barbara. The focus of Robert’s teaching, research, and consulting is on water,energy, and climate policy. Robert is also a Senior Fellow with the California Council for Science andTechnology. He co-chaired the U.S. Sustainable Water Resources Roundtable; advises governmentagencies, non-governmental organizations, and businesses in the US and abroad; and serves on anumber of advisory boards.II
AcknowledgementsThis guidebook was generously supported by the Pisces Foundation, the Cynthia and George MitchellFoundation, Resources Legacy Fund, and Disney Conservation Fund.GUIDEBOOK REVIEWERSWe would like to thank all of those who offered ideas, information, and feedback through reviewingthis guidebook, including Benjamin Bryant, Paula Conolly, Martha Davis, Simon Fowell, Regina Hirsch,Kathy Jacobs, Avery Livengood, Felicia Marcus, and Jennifer Nix. The views expressed in this guidebookare solely those of the authors and may not reflect the opinions of those who provided input andfeedback.ADVISORY GROUPThis initiative has relied on significant stakeholder engagement. In December 2017, we formed anadvisory group with 30 representatives from local, state, and federal agencies; private sector andindustry groups; academia; and non-governmental organizations with interest and expertise in waterinvestment projects and multi-benefit valuation strategies. The advisory group was convened 10times over two years and provided input on defining the Multi-Benefit Framework goals, categorizingbenefits and costs of water management strategies, and examining opportunities for incorporatingmultiple benefits into decision making. The views expressed in this guidebook are solely those of theauthors and may not reflect the opinions of the advisory group.John Albert, Water Research FoundationSharlene Leurig, Texas Water TradeRucker Alex, Brown and CaldwellAndy Lipkis, TreePeopleJuan Carlos Altamirano, World Resources InstituteAvery Livengood, Delta Stewardship CouncilCori Bell, Natural Resources Defense CouncilFelicia Marcus, Water Policy GroupDaniel Berger, TreePeopleBenjamin Bryant, Stanford Woods Institute for theEnvironmentPaula Conolly, Green Infrastructure LeadershipExchange(for identification only)Laura Meadors, Apple Inc.Erik Meyers, The Conservation FundJeff Mosher, Carollo Engineers, Inc.Irene Ogata, City of Tucson, ArizonaCarolyn Cook, Department of Food and AgricultureEric Oppenheimer, California State Water BoardMartha Davis, Water Policy ConsultantPaul Reig, World Resources InstituteSimon Fowell, AutocaseMatthew Ries, DC WaterDanielle Gallet , Metropolitan Planning CouncilKaren Ross, California Department of Food andMark Gold, California Natural Resources AgencyAgricultureMax Gomberg, California State Water BoardTaj Schottland, Trust for Public LandRoger Gorke, US Environmental Protection AgencyPatricia Sinicropi, WateReuseAmrith Gunasekara, California Department of Food andAlisa Valderrama, Neptune Street AdvisorsAgricultureKathy Jacobs, University of ArizonaKari Vigerstol, The Nature ConservancyJennifer Walker, National Wildlife FederationAllison Jordan, Wine InstituteIII
ContentsSummary. 1Introduction. 5A Multi-Benefit Framework for Water Managers. 7Step 1. Envision the Project. 9Step 2: Identify Benefits and Trade-offs. 14Step 3: Evaluate Key Benefits and Trade-Offs. 23Step 4: Inform Decision Making. 30Outcomes and a Path Forward. 31Appendix A. Example Scoping Questions for Inclusion of Multiple Benefits. 33Appendix B. Developing a Stakeholder Engagement Process. 35BoxesBox 1. Defining Community Values with Stakeholders.11Box 2. The US Water Alliance’s Water Equity Resources.12Box 3. Expanding the Benefits Considered: Sun Valley Watershed.15Box 4. Assessing Benefits and Trade-Offs of Sustainable Landscapes on Commercial Properties.25FiguresFigure S1. Multi-Benefit Framework Steps Toward Informed Water Management Decisions. 2Figure S2. Benefit Themes for Identifying Relevant Benefits and Trade-Offs of Water Management Strategies. 3Figure 1. Multi-Benefit Framework Steps Toward Informed Water Management Decisions. 7Figure 2. Benefit Themes for Identifying Relevant Benefits and Trade-Offs of Water Management Strategies.14Figure 3. Community Benefits of Rain Gardens Outlined in Cooley, et al. 2019.19Figure 4. Matrix for Examining What Level of Detail is Available and Needed for the Decision-Making Process.24Figure 5. Example of Information Available for Sustainable Landscapes on Commercial Properties,Placed into the Matrix.25TableTable 1. Proposed Benefits and Trade-Offs Checklist for Evaluating Water Management Strategies.16Table 2. Benefits of Water Management and Potential Metrics for Measuring Benefits.27IV
SummaryThere is broad recognition that adaptingto climate change, coupled with the needto address aging water infrastructure andpopulation growth, will require public and privateinvestments in man-made water systems and thenatural environment. These investments will takemany forms, ranging from watershed restorationto efficiency improvements and stormwatermanagement, and will address a combinationof flood risk, water quality, and water supplyobjectives. In addition to meeting water-relatedobjectives, many of these strategies can alsoprovide important co-benefits, such as reducingenergy use and greenhouse gas emissions,providing habitat, and enhancing communitylivability.Government agencies, businesses, and othershave acknowledged the importance of multiSource: Anna Earl, Unsplashbenefit projects. However, co-benefits areoften incorporated at the end of projects, asembellishments or justifications. Integrating co-benefits throughout the decision-making processprovides an opportunity to build partnerships, leverage additional resources, and garner publicsupport. Specifically, evaluating multiple benefits can help water managers to: Provide a more objective and transparent basis for comparison of water management optionsfor a policy or project; Identify opportunities to share costs among project beneficiaries; Discover design improvements that can leverage additional benefits; Engage with stakeholders and decision makers to improve support for a policy or project; Optimize the investment of time, money, and other resources; and Increase equitable investments in communities and reveal and mitigate adverse or unintendedconsequences.1
The Multi-Benefit Framework for Decision MakingTo advance consideration of co-benefits, the Pacific Institute collaborated with public and privatesector partners to develop a framework to incorporate co-benefits into water investment decisions(Figure S1). By using this framework and incorporating multiple benefits, water managers can identifypotential project partners and co-funding opportunities, and modify project design to maximize thevalue of their investments.Figure S1. Multi-Benefit Framework Steps Toward Informed Water Management Decisions \Step 1: Envision the projectThink broadly about the challenges and the solutionsEngage with stakeholdersUnderstand the decision-making processStep 2: Identify benefits and trade-offs to considerRefine projectdesign to enhancebenefits.Cast a wide net of benefits and trade-offsConnect benefits with the beneficiariesIdentify key benefits to evaluate furtherStep 3: Characterize key benefits and trade-offsSet boundaries and baselineExamine uncertaintyDetermine appropriate metrics and evaluateStep 4: Inform decision makingCommunicate clear information to the public and yourdecision makersThe first step in the Multi-Benefit Framework is to define the project vision and determine potentialproject options. This includes identifying the goals of the project and potential alternatives, as wellas identifying the relevant stakeholders, including property owners, community members, local andregional government agencies or departments, and businesses.2
The second step is to determine the potential benefits and trade-offs of the project options, regardlessof whether these outcomes can be quantified. To facilitate this process, we defined five benefit themes:(1) Water; (2) Energy; (3) Environment; (4) People and Community; and (5) Risk and Resilience (FigureS2). These themes provide a starting point for identifying and organizing benefits and costs moremethodically and transparently.Figure S2. Benefit Themes for Identifying Relevant Benefits and Trade-Offs of Water ManagementStrategies Energy(e.g., soil health,urban heat island,in-stream flows)(e.g., energy use,energy embeddedin water)WaterManagementStrategyRisk andResiliencePeople andCommunity(e.g., resilience to naturalhazards, strandedassets, reputation)(e.g., local economy,health and well-being,education)The third step of the framework is to characterize the benefits and trade-offs of greatest interest tostakeholders and decision makers. This includes methods for evaluating the benefits and trade-offs,as well as setting a baseline for comparing projects and incorporating uncertainty into the analysis.Finally, the fourth step of the framework is to inform decision making through translating andcommunicating results of the analyses to decision makers and stakeholders. As a result of effectivelycommunicating the benefits and trade-offs, decision makers will be equipped to make more informedand transparent decisions.3
How to Use This GuidebookThis guidebook is designed for planners, engineers, advocates, and decision makers interested inmaximizing their investments in sustainable water management. It focuses on project-level decisions,from designing projects that maximize benefits to building collaborative partnerships to support andfund implementation.The guidebook mirrors the steps in the Multi-Benefit Framework, focusing on providing the “Dos”and “Don’ts” for each of the four steps outlined above. It intentionally follows and expands on manyexisting decision-making frameworks. As a result, the guidance provided by the framework can readilybe incorporated into existing processes, including: Expanding the benefits and costs in traditional benefit-cost analyses or triple bottom lineanalyses; Determining project prioritization schemes that account for multiple benefits and trade-offs; Developing sustainability targets that meet economic, community, and environmental needs; Building relationships among public and/or private entities and co-financing projects; Streamlining proposal guidelines to encourage systematic consideration of multiple benefits,while allowing funders to track progress toward these benefits; and Engaging with stakeholders and community members in water management decisions.This guidebook seeks to help water managers make informed decisions that systematically considerthe broad benefits and trade-offs of their project options. As this work continues, we will provideadditional real-world examples and work to scale consideration of multiple benefits from waterprojects into water programs and policies.4
IntroductionAdapting to climate change, coupled withthe need to address aging infrastructure,populationgrowth, anddegradedeco
sector partners to develop a framework to incorporate co-benefits into water investment decisions (Figure S1). By using this framework and incorporating multiple benefits, water managers can identify potential project partners and co-funding opportunities, and modify project design to maximize the value of their investments.
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