Outcome Of Endodontic Surgery: A Meta-analysis Of The .
Clinical ResearchOutcome of Endodontic Surgery: A Meta-analysis of theLiterature—Part 1: Comparison of Traditional Root-endSurgery and Endodontic MicrosurgeryFrank C. Setzer, DMD, PhD, MS, Sweta B. Shah, BDS, DMD, Meetu R. Kohli, BDS, DMD,Bekir Karabucak, DMD, MS, and Syngcuk Kim, DDS, PhDAbstractIntroduction: The aim of this study was to investigatethe outcome of root-end surgery. The specific outcomeof traditional root-end surgery (TRS) versus endodonticmicrosurgery (EMS) and the probability of success forcomparison of the 2 techniques were determined bymeans of meta-analysis and systematic review of theliterature. Methods: An intensive search of the literature was conducted to identify longitudinal studies evaluating the outcome of root-end surgery. Three electronicdatabases (Medline, Embase, and PubMed) weresearched to identify human studies from 1966 toOctober 2009 in 5 different languages (English, French,German, Italian, and Spanish). Relevant articles andreview papers were searched for cross-references. Fivepertinent journals (Journal of Endodontics, InternationalEndodontic Journal, Oral Surgery Oral Medicine OralPathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics, Journal ofOral and Maxillofacial Surgery, International Journal ofOral and Maxillofacial Surgery) were individuallysearched back to 1975. Three independent reviewers(S.S., M.K., and F.S.) assessed the abstracts of all articlesthat were found according to predefined inclusion andexclusion criteria. Relevant articles were acquired infull-text form, and raw data were extracted independently by each reviewer. Qualifying papers were assigned to group TRS or group EMS. Weighted pooledsuccess rates and relative risk assessment betweenTRS and EMS were calculated. A comparison betweenthe groups was made by using a random effects model.Results: Ninety-eight articles were identified and obtained for final analysis. In total, 21 studies qualified(12 for TRS [n 925] and 9 for EMS [n 699]) accordingto the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weighted pooledsuccess rates calculated from extracted raw datashowed 59% positive outcome for TRS (95% confidenceinterval, 0.55–0.6308) and 94% for EMS (95% confidence interval, 0.8889–0.9816). This difference wasstatistically significant (P .0005). The relative risk ratioshowed that the probability of success for EMS was 1.58 times the probability of successfor TRS. Conclusions: The use of microsurgical techniques is superior in achievingpredictably high success rates for root-end surgery when compared with traditionaltechniques (J Endod 2010;36:1757–1765)Key WordsAmalgam, apicoectomy, endodontic microsurgery, IRM, meta-analysis, MTA, outcome,root-end surgery, success, SuperEBA, systematic reviewEndodontic surgery is a dental procedure to treat apical periodontitis in cases that didnot heal after nonsurgical retreatment or, in certain instances, primary root canaltherapy (1). This might include situations with persistent or refractory intracanal infection after iatrogenic changes to the original canal anatomy (2) or microorganism inproximity of the constriction (3) and the apical foramen (4). Other reasons mightbe found in extraradicular infection, such as bacterial plaque on the apical root surface(5) or bacteria within the lesion itself (6–9).Few dental techniques have been substantially transformed as has endodonticsurgery. Various techniques were suggested to make the procedure easier to execute,safer for the patient, and more predictable (10). For many years, the state of the art wasthe traditional approach with surgical burs and amalgam for root-end filling (11–13).Modern techniques incorporate the use of ultrasonic tips and more biocompatiblefilling materials such as intermediate restorative material (IRM), SuperEBA, andmineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (14). Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) is the mostrecent step in the evolution of periradicular surgery, applying not only modern ultrasonic preparation and filling materials but also incorporating microsurgical instruments, high-power magnification and illumination (15).Although many studies have been published that advocate the use of modernapproaches, the traditional techniques are still widely used in the oral surgery andmaxillofacial surgery community, and the success rates of modern techniques aredebated (16, 17). In 2008, a survey from the Netherlands reported the use ofamalgam by oral surgeons as a root-end filling material at 35%, second only to IRM(18). MTA was only used in 2.6%, although it was recommended as the most biocompatible root-end filling material available to date (15, 19). Several reviews andmeta-analyses were published on the outcome of endodontic surgery, but they failedto identify cumulative success rates for different techniques (10, 14, 20). One recentmeta-analysis addressed the outcome of endodontic surgery with ultrasonic root-endpreparation and modern filling materials, but it did not clearly distinguish betweenFrom the Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Address requests for reprints to Frank C. Setzer, DMD, PhD, MS, Instructor, Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail address: fsetzer@dental.upenn.edu.0099-2399/ - see front matterCopyright ª 2010 American Association of Endodontists.doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.007JOE — Volume 36, Number 11, November 2010Comparison of Traditional Root-end Surgery and Endodontic Microsurgery1757
Clinical ResearchTABLE 1. Studies Included in the Meta-analysisStudyFinne et al, 1977 (89)Hirsch et al, 1979 (99)Malmström et al, 1982 (97)Mikkonen et al, 1983 (87)Forssell et al, 1988 (96)Dorn and Gartner, 1990 (49)Rapp et al, 1991 (45)Zetterqvist et al, 1991 (47)Pantschev et al, 1994 (61)Jesslen et al, 1995 (42)August, 1996 (40)Schwartz-Arad et al, 2003 (58)Rubinstein and Kim, 1999 (85)Von Arx et al, 2003 (35)Chong et al, 2003 (36)Taschieri et al, 2005 (34)Filippi et al, 2006 (31)Taschieri et al, 2006 (32)Taschieri et al, 2008 (26)Kim et al, 2008 (28)Christiansen et al, 2009 lishEnglishEnglishEnglishSample ndoscopeEndoscopeEndoscope /MicroscopeMicroscopeMicroscopestudies that apply high-power magnification for the surgical procedureand those that did not (14).To date, no study has established cumulative success rates foreither the traditional or contemporary non-microsurgical or trulymicrosurgical techniques. To make an informed decision for clinicalcare, the highest evidence for any kind of treatment is desirable(21). If microsurgical endodontic surgery techniques do providea better prognosis than traditional or non-microsurgical approaches,then the differences in outcome, as well as the probability for success,by comparing these techniques must be demonstrated to facilitate thatdecision for the better of the patient. Randomized controlled trials areseen as the gold standard but are either not available to support allmedical or dental interventions (22) or might be deemed unethicalbecause of current knowledge. Therefore, the best available evidencehas to substitute in these situations (22). The aim of this systematicreview was to provide the best available evidence in the absence ofhigh level studies. A meticulous meta-analysis of the literature wasundertaken for 5 languages to incorporate a large quantity of availableinformation by raw data extraction and subsequent statistical analysis.The results of this investigation will be presented in 2 parts. The aimsof the first part of this paper are to present and compare weightedpooled success rates and relative risk ratios for traditional root-endsurgery (TRS) and EMS and to discuss the impact of these findingson the different specialties in the dental community. Part two willcompare contemporary non-microsurgical techniques and EMS, theinfluence of the tooth type on the probability of success, and discussthis outcome in relation to the impact of microscopic dentistry ingeneral and for the specialty of endodontics.Materials and MethodsBefore the literature search, a research question was defined according to the paradigm of evidence-based dentistry, following the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) format: ‘‘Teeth thathave undergone a root-end surgery and root-end filling procedure(Population) by endodontic microsurgery (EMS) (Intervention)compared to traditional root-end surgery (TRS) (Comparison) havewhat expected probability of success according to longitudinal studieswith strictly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria (Outcome)?’’1758Setzer et entification of StudiesThree electronic databases were searched for topic-relatedstudies, regardless of the publication type. The term [(apicoectomyOR apicectomy OR root-end filling OR root-end surgery OR retrograde filling OR retro-grade surgery OR periapical surgery OR periradicular surgery OR surgical endodontic treatment OR apical microsurgery) AND (success OR treatment outcome)] was applied to search theMedline, Embase, and PubMed databases. Limits were studies onhuman subjects and publication in any of the 5 languages (English,French, German, Italian, and Spanish). The electronic database searchcovered the time frame from 1966 to the second week of October 2009.For the articles resulting from PubMed, the related articles search wasconducted as well. Five relevant scientific journals (Journal ofEndodontics, International Endodontic Journal, Oral Surgery OralMedicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics, Journalof Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, International Journal of Oraland Maxillofacial Surgery) were hand-searched back to 1975. All resulting titles and abstracts were individually screened by 3 independentreviewers (S.S., M.K., and F.S.) for relevance of the topic: if they weredefinitely to be excluded, included, or a conclusion was not possiblefrom the title or even the abstract. In situations where no agreementwas reached by independent abstract review, a final agreement wasreached by discussion until a consensus was reached. Full articleswere obtained by electronic or traditional search methods for all reviewarticles, relevant titles, and all articles where no conclusion waspossible from reading the abstract. The references of all these articleswere searched for cross-references that had not been found before, andthe additional abstracts were subjected to the same reviewing process.Three experts in the field were contacted to reveal possible gray literature in form of ongoing studies or consensus reports by the majorendodontic societies.Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaThe selection of studies was based on the following inclusioncriteria:1. Clinical study on root-end surgery.2. Sample size given.JOE — Volume 36, Number 11, November 2010
Clinical ss rateWeightStudy algamAmalgamAmalgamAmalgamAmalgamAmalgamSuper EBASuper EBAMTA/IRMSuper EBASuper EBASuper EBASuper EBASuper 805.801221.003238.80252.53Randomized clinical trialRetrospective case studyRetrospective case studyRetrospective case studyRetrospective case studyRetrospective case studyRetrospective case studyRandomized clinical trialProspective study with concurrent controlsRandomized clinical trialRetrospective case studyRetrospective case studyProspective case studyProspective study with concurrent controlsRandomized clinical trialProspective case studyProspective case studyRandomized clinical trialRandomized clinical trialProspective study with concurrent controlsRandomized clinical trial3. A minimum follow-up period of 6 months.4. Success and failure were evaluated by using the radiographic parameters and clinical assessment of Rud et al (23) or Molven et al (24).Radiographically, success was defined as either complete or incomplete healing (scar tissue formation) and clinically by the absence ofpain, swelling, percussion sensitivity, or sinus tracts. Failureincluded uncertain healing (reduction or same lesion size) or unsatisfactory healing (increase in lesion size) as determined on theradiograph. Clinical failure was defined as the persistent presenceof any of the symptoms mentioned above.5. Success and failure were evaluated per tooth.6. The overall success rate was given for the specific technique or couldbe calculated from the raw data.7. The method used in the study strictly followed either the specifictechniques for traditional root-end surgery (group TRS) or forendodontic microsurgery (group EMS). In group TRS, root-endpreparation was made by using burs, root-end fillings with amalgam,and 0 to 4 magnification. In group EMS, ultrasonic root-endpreparation and root-end filling were IRM, SuperEBA, or MTA, andhigh-power illumination and magnification were 10 and higher.8. Study limited to humans.9. Publication in English, French, German, Italian, or Spanish.All studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria or demonstratedany of the following exclusion criteria were excluded:1. Study not evaluating the outcome of root-end surgery.2. No sample size given.3. Root-end surgery performed on lesions more than 10 mm in diameter.4. Teeth presenting with apico-marginal defects or teeth with periodontal disease (periodontal pockets and/or mobility).5. Use of guided tissue regeneration.6. Surgery after previous endodontic surgery (re-surgery cases), rootresections and amputations, cases presenting with root fracturesor perforations.7. Less than 6 months of follow-up.8. Outcome not evaluated according to the success and failure criteriadefined above.JOE — Volume 36, Number 11, November 20109. Success rate was not given, only reported for roots, data extractionor success rate calculation for TRS or EMS from raw data notpossible.10. Root-end surgery performed with a technique or combination oftechniques that does not fit the specific criteria defined for TRSor EMS.11. In vitro or animal study, case report, review article, or opinionpaper.12. Studies based on a population that was part of an earlier publication.13. Publication in any other language than those mentioned in theinclusion criteria.Data ExtractionThe electronic database literature search resulted in a total of1152 citations, of which 1020 could be excluded as not related todentistry or the research subject by review of the title. Of the remaining132 studies, 38 were eliminated because the abstract review revealed norelevance to the topic, 16 publications because they were review articles, and additional 14 articles because it was obvious from the abstractthat although related to the topic, the article did not comply with studycharacteristics pertinent to the research interest of this investigation.Sixty-four articles were obtained for full-text review on the basis ofthe electronic database search. Cross-references of these articles aswell as the 16 review articles and the hand-search of the 5 relevant journals revealed 34 additional publications that were relevant, resulting ina total of 98 studies that were obtained as full-text copies. Of these, 82articles were published in English, 13 in German, 2 in Spanish, 1 inItalian, and none in French. Expert consultation revealed 1 consensusreport on periradicular surgery in preparation for a major endodonticsociety. However, all articles included in this report had already beenfound in the literature search, so there was no further considerationto avoid duplicate data. Disagreements on study inclusion or exclusionwere resolved by discussion until an agreement between the 3 reviewerswas reached. Cohen kappa statistical analysis was obtained for thisprocess at 2 stages: stage 1 after the abstract review to determinewhether a publication had to be obtained as a full-text copy and stage2 at the final decision for inclusion into either group TRS or EMS orComparison of Traditional Root-end Surgery and Endodontic Microsurgery1759
Clinical ResearchTABLE 2. Excluded Studies with Detailed Reasons for Exclusion from theMeta-analysisStudySaunders, 2008 (27)de Lange et al, 2007 (29)von Arx et al, 2007 (30)Taschieri et al, 2005 (34)Wesson and Gale, 2003 (17)Maddalone and Gagliani,2003 (37)Oginni and Olusile, 2002 (13)von Arx et al, 2001 (38)Testori et al, 1999 (39)Sumi et al, 1996 (41)Reinhart et al, 1995 (43)Cheung and Lam, 1993 (44)Lustmann et al, 1991 (46)Grung et al, 1990 (48)Berrone and Aimetti, 1989 (50)Palattella et al, 1987 (51)loannides and Borstlap, 1983 (52)Harty et al, 1970 (12)Gagliani et al, 2005 (53)Wang et al, 2004 (54)von Arx and Kurt, 1999 (55)Pecora and Adreana, 1993 (56)llgenstein and Jäger, 2006 (57)Danin et al, 1996 (59)Rud et al, 1996 (60)Frank et al, 1992 (62)Wang et al, 2004 (63)Halse et al, 1991 (64)Rahbaran et al, 2001 (16)Molven et al, 1996 (65)Carrillo et al, 2008 (66)Kvist and Reit, 1999 (67)Allen et al, 1989 (68)Beckett and Briggs, 1995 (69)Peñarrocha et al, 2001 (70)Martı́ et al, 2008 (72)Friedman et al, 1991 (73)Lyons et al, 1995 (74)Shearer and McManners, 2008 (75)Lindeboom et al, 2005 (76)Reit and Hirsch, 1986 (77)Rubinstein and Kim, 2002 (78)Molven et al, 1991 (79)Vallecillo Capilla et al, 2002 (80)Zuolo et al, 2000 (81)Wälivaara et al, 2007 (82)Luebke, 1974 (83)Andreasen et al, 1972 (84)Burke, 1979 (88)Jansson et al, 1997 (90)Block et al, 1976 (91)von Arx et al, 2007 (92)Kimura, 1982 (93)Tay et al, 1978 (94)Edmunds, 1979 (95)Altonen and Mattila, 1976 (98)Hirsch et al, 1979 (99)Bader and Lejeune, 1998 (100)Nordenram and Svärdstrom,1970 (101)Block et al, 1979 (102)Andreasen and Rud, 1972 (103)Arwill et al, 1974 (104)Herzog et al, 1995 (105)el-Swiah and Walker, 1996 (106)1760Setzer et hEnglishGermanEnglishExclusionCriteria8106104, 21,119126,10108888,101,11(Continued )TABLE 2. (Continued )StudyLanguageBumberger-Niesslbeck et al,1987 (107)Becker et al, 1987 (108)Kopp et al, 1987 (109)Lindemann et al, 1987 (110)Cordes et al, 1987 (111)Geiger and Peuten, 1987 (112)Mohr et al, 1987 (113)Haas et al, 1995 (114)Ortega-Sánchez et al, 2009 (115)Peñarrocha et al, 2007 (116)Marti-Bowen et al, 2005 (117)Garcı́a et al, 2008 (118)Peñarrocha et al, 2008 usionCriteria11111011011010101010exclusion. The articles that were finally selected were categorized into 6categories following a protocol described by Iqbal and Kim (25): best,better, good, average, fair, and unknown. The category ‘‘unknown’’ didnot f
Literature—Part 1: Comparison of Traditional Root-end Surgery and Endodontic Microsurgery Frank C. Setzer, DMD, PhD, MS, Sweta B. Shah, BDS, DMD, Meetu R. Kohli, BDS, DMD, Bekir Karabucak, DMD, MS, and Syngcuk Kim, DDS, PhD Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of root-end surgery. The specific outcome
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endodontic retreatment. They concluded that while endodontic surgery offers more favorable initial success, nonsurgical retreatment provides a superior long-term outcome which improved with increasing recall time.(6) Kvist and Reit explained the situation by late
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GRADE 2 SYLLABUS AND CURRICULUM INFORMATION Second Grade English/Language Arts Grade Level/Dept. Grade 2 Instructor Mrs. Vicki Feldker Certification/s Elementary Education, Middle school Language Arts Degree/s BS Elementary Ed. MAED Teacher Leadership Textbook/ Journeys 2014 Resources Journeys text, teacherspayteachers.com,
