B Towards A New Digital Era - World Trade Organization
BTowards a new digital eraThis section describes the rise of digital technologies and identifiesthe technological forces that have helped propel their growth.It examines how digital technologies are changing the economyby giving rise to new markets, goods and services, and discussessome of the concerns that have arisen in parallel regardingprivacy, market concentration, the impact on productivity and thedigital divide. The section also discusses the methodological anddata challenges involved in trying to measure the value of digitaltransactions and digital trade, and provides estimates culled frominternational organizations and national authorities, as well asfinancial reports from a number of well-known firms.
Contents1. The rise of digital technologies242. How much digitalization?493. Conclusions59Some key facts and findings Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things,additive manufacturing (3D printing), and Blockchain have been madeachievable by the exponential rise in computing power, bandwidth anddigital information. Digital technologies are reshaping consumer habits by shifting purchasesonline through the widespread use of internet-enabled devices which provideconsumers with direct access to online markets. It is estimated that, in 2016, the value of e-commerce transactions totalledUS 27.7 trillion, of which US 23.9 trillion was business-to-businesse-commerce transactions. On the supply side, digital technologies allow for easier entry and increasedproduct diversity, making it easier for firms to produce, promote anddistribute their products at a lower cost. The benefits of digital technologies notwithstanding, they are also givingrise to a number of concerns, including market concentration, loss of privacyand security threats, the digital divide, and the question of whether digitaltechnologies have really increased productivity.
WORLD TRADE REPORT 20181.The rise of digital technologies(a)What has made the digital revolutionpossible?The shift from mechanical and analogue electronictechnology to digital technologies, the rapid adoptionof those technologies particularly in the informationand communication sectors, and the sweepingeconomic and social changes that have accompaniedthis shift constitutes a revolution – a digital revolution.This technology-driven revolution has not yet runits course and continues to this day, transformingthe way business are run, the way production isorganized, the way countries and firms trade, and theway people work and communicate.Technologies that underpin the digital revolution havebenefitted from three powerful trends in computing,communications and information processing thathave combined to enable the rapid technologicaladvances we have observed. These three trends areMoore's Law, Gilder's Law and the digitalization ofinformation, as explained below.(i)Advances in computing powerMoore's law relates to the physics of transistors andintegrated circuits that lie at the heart of moderncomputing. It is not a physical or natural law but atechnological trend that has been remarkably longlived. Originally formulated in 1965 at the dawn ofthe electronic age, the popular rendering of Moore'sconjecture is that the number of components in anintegrated circuit will double every year (Moore,1965). This means in theory that the processingor computing capability of the integrated circuitdoubles every year as well. This prediction was laterrevised by Moore to doubling every two years (otherreformulations of the law state that the doublingoccurs every 18 months). Figure B.1 gives a senseof the power of Moore's law. In the early 1970s, onecould fit only 2,300 transistors into an Intel chip.Today, a single Intel quad core i7 chip containsabout a billion transistors, and high-end chips usedin workstations or servers (Xeon chips) can containdouble that number.As a result, the cost of computing power has fallensteadily over time (see Figure B.2). Over the period1997-2015, the US consumer price index (CPI) forpersonal computers fell by nearly 95 per cent, whilethe corresponding index for all items purchased byconsumers has risen by nearly 50 per cent. Naturally,computers have become widespread and are used for awide variety of purposes beyond solving computationallydifficult problems. In many Organisation for EconomicFigure B.1: Illustrating Moore's Law: microprocessor transistor counts 1971-2011Six-Core Core i7 16-Core SPARC T310-Core Xeon Westmere-EXSix-Core Xeon 74008-Core POWER7Dual-Core Itanium 2Quad-core z196AMD K10Quad-core Itanium TukwilaPOWER68-Core Xeon Nehalem-EXItanium 2 with 9MB cacheSix-Core Opteron 2400AMD K10 Core i7 (Quad)Core 2 DuoItanium 2Cell2,600,000,0001,000,000,000100,000,000AMD K8Pentium 4curve shows transistor countdoubling every two yearsTransistor count10,000,000AtomAMD K7AMD K6-IIIAMD K6Pentium IIIPentium IIAMD MOS 6502RCA 180219801990Date of introductionSource: Bloom et al (2017).24Barton20002011
THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE: HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE TRANSFORMING GLOBAL COMMERCE(see Figure B.3). Such access is, however, much lesscommon in poorer countries, as discussed below in thesection on the digital divide.Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries andin some developing countries, between 70 per cent and90 per cent of households have access to computersFigure B.2: The falling cost of computers, 03200220012001200019991999199819970B. TOWARDS A NEW DIGITAL ERAConsumer price index(December 1997 100)120DateAll itemsPersonal computers and peripheral equipmentSource: US Bureau of Labor Statistics.Note: Figure shows consumer price indexes for all items and for computers, not seasonally adjusted.Figure B.3: Access to computers from home, percentage of all households, 201510090Percentage of households8070605040302010N Noet rwLu her ayxe lanm dsbD oure gUn G nmite er arkd mKi anng ydFi omnlSw andeUn Es denite tod niaStaIre teslaAu ndsBe trialgSlov F iumak raRe ncpu eCbzech Is licRe raepu lPo blicRepu S lanbl lov dic eof niaKorJa eapaLa ntviSp aH aiun ngaryPo ItalyrtuG galLi reeth ceuaniaC Cos hita leRTu icarkeB yC raol zilomM biaexico0Source: OECD and US Census Bureau.Notes: Figure comes from US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey.25
WORLD TRADE REPORT 2018(ii)A communications revolutionThe second technological trend to highlight is themassive improvement in the amount of informationthat can be carried by our modern communicationnetworks. "Gilder's Law", a conjecture like Moore'sLaw, predicts that total bandwidth — a measure ofthe carrying capacity of a communication system —will grow at least three times faster than computingpower (Gilder, 2000). Thus, if computing powerdoubles every 18 months, as projected by Moore'sLaw, then Gilder's Law predicts that bandwidth willdouble every six months.This abundance of bandwidth means that largeamounts of data can be transmitted instantaneouslybetween any two nodes in a communication system.Figure B.4 shows the growth in average internationalinternet bandwidth from 2000 to 2015 for a sampleof 131 countries. In 2000, the average internationalbandwidth was a little less than 3,700 Mbits/sec.By 2015, this had increased to a little less than 1.2million Mbits/sec, a more than 330-fold increase.Like Moore's law, this increased bandwidth has led toa fall in the cost of communications and is an importantcatalyst in the rapid growth of the internet and mobilenetworks (see Box B.1 regarding the role of thetelecommunications sector in the digital revolution).In 1990, less than 5 per cent of the world's populationhad access to the internet. Today nearly half of theworld's population can access the internet, and itis far faster and more pervasive than the dial-upinternet of the 1990s. Figure B.5 shows the volumeof internet traffic since 1984 when it averaged about15 gigabytes per month. In 2014, three decades later,the volume of internet traffic had increased by nearly3 billion-fold to reach more than 42 billion gigabytesper month. In addition to increasing bandwidth, thisincrease reflects a variety of other causes, includinggrowth in the number of users, greater sophisticationand variety in the possible uses of the internet.Reflecting on this communications revolution, Gilderboldly predicted a future when human communicationwill become "universal, instantaneous, unlimited incapacity and at the margins free" (Gilder, 2000).(iii) Digitalization and the rise of big dataThe third trend underlying the digital revolution isthe ability to collect, store and turn many forms ofinformation that existed in analogue form — music invinyl tracks, images in nitrate film, words and numbersin documents — into digital information that can beprocessed by powerful computers and transmittedvia fibre optic cables to a global audience. NicholasNegroponte, founder and Chairman Emeritus of MIT'sMedia Lab, predicted that the world is inevitablyFigure B.4: Increase in international internet bandwidth in megabits/second(Logarithmic scale)1,400,0001,200,000Mbits per 052010YearSource: International Telecommunications Union.262015
THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE: HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE TRANSFORMING GLOBAL COMMERCEBox B.1: The pivotal role of the telecommunications sectorAccording to Roy (2017), telecommunication services, including internet, mobile telephony, and datatransmission services, provide the basic infrastructure and transmission capacity that allow a range of otherservices to be provided digitally, and also permit goods and services to be offered and purchased throughthese networks. The technological developments described in Section B.1 have improved the quality, speed,carriage capacity and affordability of networks – including, for example, fixed and mobile broadband services– making it easier to supply products digitally and to connect producers, sellers and consumers across borders.Telecommunication services, and more specifically the internet, are essential for the functioning of keypillars of e-commerce such as online retail and wholesale trade, whether cross-border or domestic. Indeed,without increased capacity and speed, and the lower communication costs brought about by improvementsin telecommunication and computer services, the sale of goods online as it stands today, including inventorymanagement, would not be possible.B. TOWARDS A NEW DIGITAL ERATelecommunication services also underpin data flows across borders which have skyrocketed in recentyears. Cross-border data flows, boosted by basic and value-added telecommunication services, such as dataprocessing and storage via high capacity (i.e. “cloud” storage), allow companies not only to sell their goodsand services, but also to coordinate their logistics and the activities of their subsidiaries and partner officesacross the globe (Tuthill, 2016). Nowadays, broadband access to the internet and other data networksoffers the higher speeds that are required to exploit technologies such as cloud computing that allow a morewidespread use or offering of services that require the transfer of large quantities of data (WTO, 2016c).Information and communication technology (ICT) services, in particular broadband network services, enablecompanies to develop new products and find innovative ways of reaching their consumers, connecting withother companies and managing their internal operations (e.g. cloud computing and data storage) withouthaving to invest in servers or other costly equipment. Indeed, the internet is now one of the most importantbusiness platforms for companies, domestically and internationally.Per cent of the 3530199740351996401995451993451994Internet traffic(Billions of gigabytes/month)Figure B.5: Individuals using the internet and volume of internet trafficYearInternet trafficIndividuals using the internet (% of population)Source: Cisco Systems and World Development Indicators.27
WORLD TRADE REPORT 2018encouraged data's movement into the cloud,decoupling data from specific physical devices(PCs, phones, wearables) and ushering inthe era of accessing data from any screen.Datacentres expanded into cloud infrastructure".heading towards a future where everything that can,will be digitalized (Negroponte, 1995).This third tend makes it possible to take fulladvantage of the massive leap in computingpower and in the speed and expanding capacity oftoday's communication systems. It has enabled andmotivated enterprises and governments to assemblelarge sets of data ("big data") which, through theuse of advanced analytical methods, can be minedfor patterns, relationships and insights. The term"big data" does not refer simply to the quantity ofdigital information, but to a qualitative leap in abilitythat collecting such large sets of digital informationmakes possible. Those capacities include "the abilityto extract new insights or create new forms of value,in ways that change markets, organizations, therelationship between citizens and governments, andmore" (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier, 2013).The use of big data helps a variety of stakeholders,from public health authorities which use Google FluTrends to estimate influenza activity in real time, totechnology giants such as Amazon and Netflix, whichuse "recommendations" from their big data algorithmto generate a significant portion of new sales.However, it has been argued that big data can alsobe the foundation of information asymmetry betweenfirms with differing access to data, and betweencountries due to the digital divide (Ciuriak, 2018b).The qualitative leap that big data allows may not onlybe the basis for new benefits, but also the source ofmarket failures that will characterize the data-driveneconomy.As a result of this data explosion, the magnitudeof digital information has grown rapidly. The totalamount of digital information in 2012 was calculatedto be 2.7 trillion gigabytes. By 2016, the amount ofdata created that year alone amounted to 16.1 trilliongigabytes (Reinsel et al., 2017), and it has beenprojected to increase tenfold to 163 trillion gigabytesby 2025. How this data is stored, accessed andprocessed has changed over time as well. To quoteReinsel et al.:28"Before 1980, data resided almost exclusivelyin purpose-built datacentres. The data andprocessing ability remained centralized inmainframes. Between 1980 and 2000, therise of the personal computer enabled a moredemocratic distribution of data and computingpower. Data centres evolved from mere datacontainers to become centralized hubs thatmanaged and distributed data across a networkto end devices. From 2000 to the present, thegrowth of wireless broadband and fast networksThe discussion has, for understandable reasons,emphasized the role of the technological drivers ofthe digital revolution. This may give a couple of falseimpressions: that technology is destiny and thateverything digital is revolutionary. But as Tim Harford,Financial Times Columnist, suggests (see his opinionpiece on page 29), neither is necessarily true. First,plenty of other things need to change if innovationsare to become truly transformative. Second, noteverything that glitters is gold.(b)Digital innovations likely to shape thefutureThe digital innovations that are the focus of thisreport – 3D printing, the Internet of Things (IoT),artificial intelligence and Blockchain – and that areoutlined below have been made achievable by theexponential rise in computing power, bandwidthand digital information. Without the aid of massivecomputing power to process and analyse data, theinterconnectedness that the internet creates, and thebandwidth that makes the instantaneous and bulktransfer of information feasible, these innovationsmight not have arisen and certainly would not havethe same potential that they do now.In this section, we describe these technologies inmore detail. Their market impact is discussed inSection B.1.(c), and a more detailed examination oftheir trade effects is made in Section C.Internet of ThingsThe IoT can be defined as a “global infrastructure forthe information society, enabling advanced servicesby interconnecting (physical and virtual) things basedon existing and evolving interoperable informationand communication technologies”.1 More simply,the concept of the IoT is “that everyday objects canbe equipped with identifying, sensing, networkingand processing capabilities that will allow them tocommunicate with one another and with other devicesand services over the internet to achieve some usefulobjective” (Whitmore et al., 2015). In some sense, theideas underlying the IoT are not new – for example,technologies such as radio-frequency identification(RFID) have long been used by businesses fortracking items. RFID refers to any identificationsystem wherein an electronic device that uses radiofrequency or magnetic field variations to communicateis attached to an item (Glover and Bhatt, 2006). The
THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE: HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE TRANSFORMING GLOBAL COMMERCEOPINION PIECEWhat else needs tochange?Last year's Blade Runner sequelpersuaded me to watch the 1982original again – set in 2019. For all theamazing qualities of the film, it fails toprovide a convincing vision of today'stechnology. And it fails in a particularway: when our hero Deckard fallsfor "Rachael", he already knows thatRachael is a highly intelligent organicrobot, so sophisticated that she canhardly be distinguished from a human.Yet Deckard likes her and asks her outon a date – using a graffiti-scrawledpublic payphone.That payphone is jarring, but infairness to Blade Runner, we oftenmake exactly the same mistakes whenimagining new technologies. Wewrongly assume that a technology like"Rachael" could somehow appear, yetlittle else would change. And we'rehypnotized by the most sophisticatedstuff, missing humble ideas that quietlychange everything.For example: when I embarked on mylatest project – a book and BBC seriesabout "Fifty Things That Made theModern Economy" – everyone told methat I simply must include Gutenberg'smovable type printing press. It wasrevolutionary of course, but whenI came face-to-face with a 1450sGutenberg bible, with its twin blackcolumns of dense Latin text, I realisedthat there was another story to tell: thestory of humble paper.Without paper, the economics ofprinting simply do not work. Paper isnothing special, except that it is farcheaper than animal-skin parchment.It's so cheap that we now use it towipe our backsides.Other revolutionary cheap-as-toiletpaper inventions include: barbedwire, the cheap fencing materialwhich allowed the colonisation ofthe American west; the lossy-yetconvenient MP3 music format; and theshipping container, a simple steel boxthat supercharged global trade.Of course, some innovations truly arerevolutionary, producing effects thatwould have seemed like sorcery toprevious generations. The cell phoneis one; the computer is another.Further back in time, one would includeelectricity and the internal combustionengine. Such inventions fit our instinctsabout what "new technology" shouldlook like: unlike paper and shippingcontainers, they are mysteriousand complex, like the organic robotRachael.Electricity triumphed only whenfactories themselves werereconfigured. The drive-shafts werereplaced by wires, the huge steamengine by dozens of small motors.Factories spread out; there was naturallight, and room to use ceiling-slungcranes. Workers had responsibilityfor their own machines; they neededbetter training and better pay. Theelectric motor was a wonderfulinvention, once we changed all theeveryday details that surrounded it.B. TOWARDS A NEW DIGITAL ERABy Tim Harford, Financial Times ColumnistI am as clueless about the futureof technology as anyone – but I'velearned three lessons by looking at itshistory. One: don't be dazzled by thefancy stuff. Two: humble inventionscan change the world if they're cheapenough. Three: always ask, "To usethis invention well, what else needs tochange?"Yet even here we think too muchabout the amazing technology, andtoo little about the workaday socialand organizational changes neededto unlock its potential. Electricityshould, by rights, have blossomed inUS manufacturing in the 1890s, butin fact it wasn't until the 1920s thatelectric motors really delivered on theirpromise, and productivity surged.The reason for the thirty-year delay?As the economic historian PaulDavid famously described it, the newelectric motors only worked well wheneverything else changed too. The older,steam-powered factories had deliveredpower through awe-inspiring driveshafts, secondary shafts, belts, belttowers, and thousands of drip-oilers.The first attempts to modernize simplyreplaced the single huge engine with ahuge electric motor, changing little.29
WORLD TRADE REPORT 2018two essential elements of an RFID system are thetag, which is the identification device attached to theitem to be tracked, and the reader). Direct machineto-machine communication is basic to the idea ofthe internet, in which clients, servers and routerscommunicate with each other (Whitmore et al., 2015).But advances made possible by massive computingpower, the ability to process large amounts of realtime data, and communication through the internethave now given machine-to-machine communicationa wider range of applications.As a result, for businesses and consumers, the IoTis of growing interest. For consumers, the IoT canimprove the quality of their lives by allowing them totrack physical fitness and health or better managetheir homes through smart appliances, such asconnected or "smart" refrigerators. Meanwhile, theIoT can help businesses improve their operationalefficiency through better preventive maintenanceof machinery and products, as well as by providingthem with opportunities to sell digital productsand services (Accenture, 2015). More broadly, theIoT will allow companies to offer a better customerexperience and better manage their organizationsand complex systems (Fleisch, 2010).Nevertheless, wider adoption of the technologyfaces some stiff challenges. They include security,connectivity, and compatibility and longevity (Banafa,2017). The deployment of connected devices in thehome or office, many of which were designed withoutmuch thought for security, can introduce dangerousvulnerabilities and will require the developmentof sufficient technical and perhaps regulatorysafeguards. Connecting millions or billions of newdevices to the internet can create serious bottlenecksin telecommunication systems requiring companiesand governments to spend on new investments toupgrade these systems. Finally, as so many companiesare competing to develop new connected devices forboth business and consumer markets, compatibilityissues are likely to arise and there will be a need todevelop some standards to cope with this.Artificial intelligence (AI)30Artificial intelligence (AI) is “the ability of a digitalcomputer or computer-controlled robot to performtasks commonly associated with intelligent beings[.], such as the ability to reason, discover meaning,generalize or learn from past experience”. 2 Much oftoday’s AI is "narrow" or "weak", in that it is designedto perform a narrow task (e.g. facial recognition,playing chess). However, the long-term goal of manyAI researchers is to create "general" or "strong" AIwhich may be characterized as the effort "to build amachine on the model of man, a robot that is to haveits childhood, to learn language as a child does, togain its knowledge of the world by sensing the worldthrough its own organs, and ultimately to contemplatethe whole domain of human thought" (Weizenbaum,1976). According to the Future of Life Institute (2018),“While narrow AI may outperform humans at whateverits specific task is,” [.] general AI “would outperformhumans at nearly every cognitive task”. In pursuit ofthis goal, important branches of AI, such as machinelearning, rely on computing power to sift throughbig data to recognise patterns and make predictionswithout being explicitly programmed to do so.AI was first used in the technology sector, but the nontechnology sector is finding an increasing number ofuses for it. One example is the growing adoption of AIby "traditional" car manufacturers, such as GeneralMotors and Nissan, as they compete with technologycompanies, such as Alphabet (Google), Uber andTesla, to develop autonomous vehicles (Future ofLife Institute, 2018). Figure B.6 which shows thenumber of AI patents granted since 2000 in variousfields (biological, knowledge, mathematical andother technologies) gives an indication of the rapiddevelopments occurring in the AI field.One way to look at AI is as the latest form of automation(Aghion et al., 2017). However, instead of substitutingmachine power for manual labour, as in the past, theuse of AI involves substituting the computing ability ofmachines for human intelligence and expertise. Humanabilities that were once thought to be out of the reachof machines, such as making a medical diagnosis,playing chess or navigating an automobile, are noweither routine or well within reach. Two uses of AI –analogous to the weak AI and strong AI distinction– may be distinguished here, i.e. AI which aids theproduction of goods and services, and AI which helpsto generate new ideas (Aghion et al., 2017; Cockburnet al., 2018). Examples of the former use of AI includeguiding robots in warehouses, optimizing packingand delivery, and detecting whether loan applicantsare being truthful. Examples of the latter use of AIare analysing data, solving mathematical problems,sequencing the human genome, and exploringchemical reactions and materials.Cockburn et al. (2018) claim that AI is increasinglybeing used to generate ideas and as a generalpurpose "method of invention" that is reshaping thenature of the innovation process. They find supportfor this hypothesis in the fact that one field of AI,namely learning systems, which involves the use ofanalytical programs modelled on neurologic systemsto process data, has experienced much more rapidgrowth than other fields of AI (see Figure B.7). 3
THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE: HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE TRANSFORMING GLOBAL COMMERCEFigure B.6: Number of patents granted in artificial intelligence, 2000-163,0002,500B. TOWARDS A NEW DIGITAL ERANumber of patents granted2,0001,5001,00050002000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Biological technologiesKnowledge technologiesMathematical technologiesOther artificial intelligence technologiesSource: Fuji and Managi (2017) based on WIPO Patentscope databaseFigure B.7: Scientific publications by AI field over time, 1990-2015199019952000200520102015Year of publicationLearning systemsSource: Cockburn et al. (2018).Symbolic systemsRobotics31
WORLD TRADE REPORT 2018There is an important economic implication of this useof AI as a generator of new ideas. Aghion et al. (2017)argue that this use of AI can permanently increase therate of economic growth. Their explanation for thisis that the rate of economic growth depends on theexpansion in the size of the research community andthat the use of AI to generate new ideas is equivalentto making "effective" research grow faster than thegrowth in the size of the research community.The successes achieved by AI should not cloud ourperception of the technical challenges that still lieahead of it. One frequent observation attributed toDonald Knuth4 is that: "AI has succeeded in doingmost everything that requires 'thinking' but has failedto do what people do without thinking". The thingsthat people do without thinking but which are provingchallenging for AI include perceiving and navigatingour physical environment. In some of its proponents'most ambitious predictions, 5 AI sometimes hasthe feel of science fiction, which is not altogethersurprising, given that it has been the subject of greatliterary imaginings since the 19th century.6 Andthis enormous potential also offers the possibilityof less positive changes, such as AI displacinghuman workers in the labour market (WTO, 2017d),being programmed to do something destructive,or developing a destructive method for achievingits goal even though that goal may be altogetherbeneficial. Some philosophers have even broachedas a possibility the extinction of mankind from the riseof "superintelligent" 7 AI.Still, the weight of expert opinion is on the side of thepotential benefits of AI rather than the possible costs.Nevertheless, as a result of the recognition of thechallenges associated with AI, some leading lightsof the tech industry and the AI research communityhave collectively signed an open letter, calling forthe focus of AI research to be on making it morerobust and beneficial for humankind while mitigatingits adverse effects, which could include increasedinequality and unemployment. 8 The areas of researchidentified by the signatories for special focus includethe labour market impacts of AI, law and ethics, andincreasing the safety or robustness of AI systems (i.e.verification, validity, security and control).Additive manufacturing (3D printing)32Additive manufacturing, more popularly known as 3Dprinting, “is a process of making a three-dimensionalsolid object of virtually any shape from a digitalmodel [.] achieved using an additive process,where successive layers of material are laid downin different shapes [.] considered distinct fromtraditional machining techniques, which mostly relyon the removal of material by methods such as cuttingor drilling (subtractive processes)”.93D printing is currently used for a wide range ofapplications, from m
Six-Core Core i7 16-Core SPARC T3 10-Core Xeon Westmere-EX 8-Core POWER7 Quad-core z196 Quad-core Itanium Tukwila 8-Core Xeon Nehalem-EX Six-Core Xeon 7400 Dual-Core Itanium 2 Itanium 2 with 9MB cache POWER6 Cell Itanium 2 Barton curve shows
3 www.understandquran.com ‡m wQwb‡q †bq, †K‡o †bq (ف ط خ) rُ sَ _ْ یَ hLbB َ 9 آُ Zviv P‡j, nv‡U (ي ش م) اْ \َ َ hLb .:اذَإِ AÜKvi nq (م ل ظ) َ9َmْ أَ Zviv uvovj اْ ُ Kَ hw ْ َ Pvb (ء ي ش) ءَ Cﺵَ mewKQy ءٍ ْdﺵَ bِّ آُ kw³kvjx, ¶gZvevb ٌ یْ"ِKَ i“Kz- 3
Digital inclusion is defined in various ways and is often used interchangeably with terms such as digital skills, digital participation, digital competence, digital capability, digital engagement and digital literacy (Gann, 2019a). In their guide to digital inclusion for health and social care, NHS Digital (2019) describe digital
1.4 Children's digital literacy: policy landscape 1.5 Digital literacy frameworks 1.6 Snapshot of UNICEF's work in the field of digital literacy 1.7 Key takeaways Part 2 Towards a holistic vision for digital literacy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Digital literacy as part of the broader skills for learning 2.3 Towards a UNICEF definition of digital .
Digital Media Middle East & Middle Eastern Digital Media Awards 29-30 Nov 2022 Riyadh Digital Media Africa & African Digital Media Awards 12-13 July 2022 Virtual Digital Media LATAM & LATAM Digital Media Awards 16-18 Nov 2022 Mexico City Digital Media India & Indian Digital Media Awards 08-10 Mar 2022 Virtual Digital Media Asia &
akuntansi musyarakah (sak no 106) Ayat tentang Musyarakah (Q.S. 39; 29) لًََّز ãَ åِاَ óِ îَخظَْ ó Þَْ ë Þٍجُزَِ ß ا äًَّ àَط لًَّجُرَ íَ åَ îظُِ Ûاَش
Collectively make tawbah to Allāh S so that you may acquire falāḥ [of this world and the Hereafter]. (24:31) The one who repents also becomes the beloved of Allāh S, Âَْ Èِﺑاﻮَّﺘﻟاَّﺐُّ ßُِ çﻪَّٰﻠﻟانَّاِ Verily, Allāh S loves those who are most repenting. (2:22
Digital Predator or Digital Prey 2 2015, Forrester research, Inc. reproduction Prohibited March 3, 2015 The JOuRney TO DIgITal BusIness By 2020, every business will become either a digital predator or digital prey. The predators will be the companies able to achieve digital mastery, harnessing digital to create new sources of value for customers.
In October 2016 the Digital Partnership established the Digital Office for Scottish Local Government (Digital Office). It supports councils to become digital businesses through delivery of a work programme focused on Digital Leadership, Digital Foundations and Digital Services. It has a small core team that provides support and digital expertise.
