Economic Costs Of Gun Violence

A State-by-State Examination of theEconomic Costs of Gun ViolenceU.S. Congress Joint Economic CommitteeDemocratic StaffSeptember 18, 2019

A State-by-State Examination of theEconomic Costs of Gun ViolenceThe gun violence epidemic imposes severe costs on American families and the society as a whole. Thehuman costs – the loss of husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, children, grandparents, teachers, policeofficers and others – is incalculable.The numbers are staggering. In 2017, for the first time, the rate of firearm deaths exceeded the deathrate by motor vehicle accidents.1 That year, nearly 40,000 people were killed in the United States by agun, including approximately 2,500 school-age children.2 That is over 100 people per day and morethan five children killed each day. Sixty percent of gun deaths each year are firearm suicides.3The human toll comes with a substantial economic cost. Directly measurable costs include lost incomeand spending, employer costs, police and criminal justice responses and health care treatment. Indirectcosts include reduced quality of life due to pain and suffering.4 Gun homicides are also associated withfewer jobs, lost businesses and lower home values in local economies and communities across thenation.5 The latest estimate is that gun violence imposes 229 billion in total annual costs on theUnited States—1.4 percent of GDP. 6It is difficult to measure the economic costs of gun violence because in the past Congress has blockedfederal funding for research at the Centers for Disease Control. The more than 20-year ban has had achilling effect on private and other research. More study is needed to better understand both the costsof gun violence and the actions that can be taken to reduce it.This report compiles estimates of the economic cost of gun violence in each state, based on data fromthe Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence and the Centers for Disease Control. It provides anestimate of the overall economic cost in each state and presents it as share of state gross domesticproduct. It also includes data on the annual number of homicides, suicides, non-fatal shootings andaccidental shootings. It is likely that the numbers underestimate the total costs of gun violence.The report breaks down the direct costs in four categories – lost income, employer costs, health care,and police and criminal justice. And it shines a spotlight on two of the fastest-growing areas of gunviolence – suicides and firearm deaths of young people (under the age of 25). The numbers tell atragic story. Among the key findings: Rural states (Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana and West Virginia) have the highestcosts of gun violence measured as a share of their economies. States with high rates of gun ownership (Alaska, Arkansas, Idaho, Montana, West Virginia andWyoming) have the highest rates of gun suicide. The three largest states (California, Texas and Florida) suffer the largest absolute costs. The five states with the highest rate of gun death in descending order are Alaska, Montana,Alabama, Louisiana and Missouri. High youth death rates extend across region, with Alaska, Louisiana, Missouri, Alabama, andDelaware showing the highest rates.

Risk to teens and children varies widely by stateChildren and teens are at a much higher risk of firearm-related injury and death in America than inother advanced countries.7 Compared to other high-income countries, our nation’s firearm-relatedfatality rate is nearly 50 times higher for teens and young adults (15- to 24-year-olds).8 Globally, mostof the firearm deaths that occur for this age group happen in the United States (nine in 10).9As seen in the map below, the firearms death rate for those aged 15-24 is highest in Alaska (47.3 per100,000), which also has a high suicide rate (16.1 per 100,000). That is almost eight times the rate ofConnecticut, New York and Massachusetts. Twenty-one states have a gun death rate for youth thatexceeds 20 per 100,000 residents, with high rates concentrated in the South and Midwest. 10The costs of gun violence often burden areas and populations that are already economically andsocially marginalized. Nearly 7,500 Black Americans die by gun homicide every year. Compared to ayoung white male, a young black male is 20 times more likely to die of a firearm-related homicide.11Suicides drive guns deathSuicides make up the vast majority (60 percent) of firearm-related deaths.12 Suicides among childrenand teens have trended upward in the last decade.13 Each year, there are over 1,000 children and teensuicide deaths by gun.14 For each 10 percentage-point increase in household gun ownership, the youthsuicide rate increases by more than 25 percent.15Research has shown that persons with risk factors, including substance abuse disorders, diagnosedmental illness, impulsive anger, suicidal ideation and dementia report access to firearms at levelssimilar to those in the general population. In other words, many family and household members do notremove firearms from households with those most at risk of harm to themselves or others in thehousehold.16

Montana has the highest suicide firearm death rate in the country, followed by Wyoming. Both stateshave gun ownership rates above 50 percent, among the highest in the country.17 In fact, Montana’ssuicide rate is almost 10 times that of Hawaii, New York and Massachusetts. High suicide gun deathrates are concentrated in the Rocky Mountain region and the south, as seen above.The percentage of total suicides by firearms is also revealing. In Alabama, nearly 70 percent of allsuicides are committed using firearms. In Louisiana and West Virginia the figure is more than 65percent. In Kentucky, it is 64 percent, and in Montana and Wyoming it is approximately 63 percent.The situation in some states is far different. In Massachusetts, only 21 percent of suicides involve guns,in New York, only 27 percent, in Illinois 37 percent and in California about 40 percent.Roughly 85 percent of those who attempt suicide with a gun die compared to 3 percent of people whoattempt suicide involving drug overdose.18 Given that the vast majority of suicide survivors do notattempt again and nine in 10 live out the rest of their lives, it is imperative to address guns as the mostlethal means of suicide.19ConclusionThe gun violence epidemic is a national one. However, the situation is vastly different in differentstates. There are some likely determinants of the prevalence of gun violence, for example, the easyaccessibility of firearms in some states.20 However, the lack of in-depth, long-term research – causedby the 1996 ban by Congress on federal funding for research on gun violence at the Centers forDisease Control – means that it is difficult to draw absolute conclusions about how to most effectivelyreduce the human and economic costs of gun violence.

While this report draws on data from Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, it should be theresponsibility of our nation’s public health agency, with the support of Congress, to provide theinformation necessary to help to stem the tide of the gun violence epidemic.UC Davis Health. “Trends in Firearm Injury and Death.” infirearm-injury.html2Kochanek, Kenneth et al. “Deaths: Final Data for 2017” National Vital Statistics Report, Volume 68 No 9,June 24, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68 09-508.pdfand CDC WISQARS3UC Davis Health. “Facts and Figures” tml4Giffords Law Center. “The Economic Cost of Gun Violence” ic-cost-of-gun-violence/5Irvin-Erickson, Yasemin et al. “A Neighborhood-Level Analysis of the Economic Impact of Gun Violence”Urban Institute, June 2017. ion/90671/eigv final report 4/true-cost-of-gun-violence-in-america/Parikh, Kavita et al “Pediatric Fiream-Related Injuries in the United States.” Hospital Pediatrics, June t/7/6/303; Grinshteyn, Erin et al. “Violent Dealth Rates:The US Compared to Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010.” The American Journal of Medicine, 343(15)01030-X/pdfFlorida Atlantic University. “Study shows alarming increase of firearm deaths in US school-age children”March 21, 2019 21141922.htm11Wintemute, Garen et al. “Yes, You Can: Physicians, Patients and Firearms” Annals of Internal Medicine, 2August 2016. s-you-can-physicians-patients-firearms12UC Davis Health. “Facts and Figures” tml13Everytown for Gun Safety. “The Impact of Gun Violence on Children and Teens” May 29, ence-american-children-teens/14Everytown for Gun Safety. “Firearm Suicide in the United States” August 30, #foot note 115Knopov, Anita et al. “Household Gun Ownership and Youth Suicide Rates at the State Level, 2005-2015”American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Volume 383-3/abstract16Scott, John, Azrael, Deborah and Matthew Miller. “Firearm Storage in Homes With Children With Self-HarmRisk Factors.” Pediatrics, Volume 141, Issue 3. ontent/141/3/e20172600?utm source TrendMD&utm medium TrendMD&utm campaign Pediatrics TrendMD 017World Population Review. “Gun Ownership By State 2019” August 27, wnership-by-state/18Mann, Brian. “Sharp Increase In Gun Suicides Signals Growing Public Health Crisis.” Morning Edition, July26, alth-crisisDrexler, Madeline. “Guns and Suicide” Harvard Public ine article/guns-suicide/19Giffords Law Center. “The Truth About Guns and ords-Law-Center.pdf20Harvard Injusyry Control Research Center. “Homicide” Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public research/guns-and-death/10

GUN VIOLENCE INTHE UNITED STATES39,773 Americans died from gunYoung People and Guns:violence in 2017. Gun Suicide: trauma in young people, leading to PTSD,About two out of every three gun deathsin the United States are suicides, andchronic stress, and decreased future earnings. US involve firearms.In 2017 alone, 23,854 Americans died bygun-related suicide— between two andthree every hour.25xAmericans are 25 times morelikely to die in a gun homicidethan residents of other highincome countries.Source: Giffords Law Center, CDC WISQARSIn 2017, 7,656 young people (ages 15-24) werekilled with a gun in the United States—that’smore than half of all suicide deaths in the Exposure to gun violence can cause lastingalmost one death every hour. Across high-income countries, 91% of childrenages 0 to 14 years killed with guns are fromthe United States. 229BILLIONTotal Annual Cost ofGun Violence to theEconomy40 YEARSIn 2017, gun deaths in theU.S. reached their highestlevel in 40 years.

GUN VIOLENCE INALABAMAEVERY9 HOURSAnnual Cost ofGun Violence: 4.9BILLION961 Alabamians ayear die from gun 1,019 PER RESIDENTviolence—oneevery 9 hours.Gun Suicide: Young People and Guns:Nearly 55% of all gun deaths in Alabama are suicides, and nearly 70%trauma in young people, leading to PTSD,of all suicide deaths in Alabamachronic stress, and decreased future earnings.involve firearms. From 2013 to 2017, 2,634 people inFrom 2013 to 2017, 911 people under age 25were killed with a gun in Alabama.Alabama died by gun-related suicide— one every 17 hours.Guns are the second-leading cause of death forAlabama children ages 1–17.2nd highest gun deathRates of Gun Violence(per 100,000 residents)35.0Exposure to gun violence can cause lastingAlabama has the 2ndrate of all 50 states31.6Cost of gun30.01.4%25.017.720.015.010.0violence aspercent ofnational GDP11.87.35.00.0Gun Suicide RateAlabamaGun Death Rate (Age 15-24)National AverageSource: Giffords Law Center, US Bureau of Economic Analysis, CDC WISQARS, World BankCost of gunviolence aspercent ofAlabama GDP2.2%