Summer 2009 Volume 34, No. 2 - FWS
U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceSummer 2009Volume 34, No. 2
INTHISISSUE4 A Shared Responsibility5 Endangered and ThreatenedSpecies under NMFSJurisdiction6 Recovering West Coast Salmonand SteelheadTelephone: 703-358-2171Fax: 703-358-1735E-mail: esb@fws.govWeb e BenderArt DirectorJennifer A. HennesseyThe Bulletin gratefully acknowledgesthe assistance of Susan Pultz of NMFSin producing this edition.ContributorsAngela SommaScott RumseyTom HomJohn SteinJohn W. FergusonSarah HeberlingNancy K. DavesThe Kemp’s Ridley Recovery TeamT. David SchofieldKyle BakerLance SmithLynne BarreAmy R. Scholik-SchlomerGregory K. SilberShannon BettridgeRachel BrittinAnthony P. SpinaMark H. CapelliDwayne MeadowsLisa ManningCover: Elkhorn coral (Acroporapalmata), one of two coral specieslisted as endangered. Stephen Frink Collection/AlamyOpposite page: A killer whale or orcaleaps out of the water near San JuanIsland, Washington. Michele Wassell/Alamy9 Salmon Research andClimate Change12 Finding a New Future for Corals14 CITES Gives Hope to theQueen Conch16 A Brighter Future for theKemp’s Ridley19 Mixed News for the HawaiianMonk Seal22 Caribbean Monk Seal: Gone butNot Forgotten24 Hawaii Longliners Reduce SeaTurtle Bycatch26 Southern Resident KillerWhale Recovery28 Underwater Noise andEndangered Species30 Reducing Threats to RightWhales32 Reducing Obstacles toFish MigrationsThe Endangered Species Bulletin is an on-line publication. Three electroniceditions are posted each year at www.fws.gov/endangered/bulletin.html, and onehighlights edition is published each year. To be notified when a new on-line edition has been posted, sign up for our list-serv by clicking on “E-Mail List” on theBulletin Web page.The Bulletin welcomes manuscripts on a wide range of topics related to endangeredspecies. We are particularly interested in news about recovery actions and conservationpartnerships.Please send us your comments and ideas! E-mail them to us at esb@fws.gov.Summer 200934 Partnerships for Steelhead inSouthern California36 Conserving Species Before TheyNeed the ESA38 Cooperative Conservation withthe States40 Listing ActionsEndangered Species Bulletin
A SharedResponsibilityby Angela SommaThe National Marine FisheriesService (NMFS), an agency within theU.S. Department of Commerce, sharesresponsibility for implementing theEndangered Species Act (ESA) withthe Fish and Wildlife Service, an agencyof the U.S. Department of the Interior.Generally, the Fish and Wildlife Servicemanages terrestrial and freshwaterspecies, while NMFS manages mostmarine and anadromous species. NMFSis responsible for conserving 68 specieslisted under the ESA, from large whalesto sea turtles, corals, and fish, includingPacific salmon.This issue of the Endangered SpeciesBulletin focuses on NMFS’ efforts toconserve and protect these threatenedA Kemp’s ridley sea turtle hatchling begins its life with a crawl down the nesting beach to the ocean.and endangered species. Specifically,we describe innovative recovery efforts,such as the management of ship speedson the Atlantic coast to protect highlyendangered right whales, the progressin restoring Kemp’s ridley sea turtles,and the need for urgent action to avoidthe extinction of the Hawaiian monk seal.This edition also highlights conservationefforts for newly listed corals, habitatimprovements for Pacific salmon, andthe emerging issue of acoustics andthe impacts of sound on marine mammals, sea turtles, and fish in the marineenvironment.Finally, we illustrate two of ourprograms that address conservation for awide variety of species: our Cooperationwith States program to conserve listedand candidate species, and our Species ofConcern program, which draws attentionand resources to species that may bevulnerable but are not listed under theESA. By focusing research and management attention on these species now, wemay be able to avoid the need for futurelistings under the act.In the years ahead, NMFS intends tocontinue these conservation and recoveryefforts and work cooperatively with theFish and Wildlife Service to implementthe ESA.Wendy Teas/NOAAAngela Somma, Chief of theEndangered Species Division for NMFS,can be reached at Angela.Somma@noaa.gov or 301-713-1401. Endangered Species BulletinSummer 2009
Endangered and Threatened Species under NMFS JurisdictionSpeciesCETACEANSBlue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)Chinese River dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer)Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus),Western North PacificGulf of California harbor porpoise/vaquita(Phocoena sinus)Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)Indus River dolphin (Platanista minor)Killer whale (Orcinus orca)Southern ResidentNorth Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica)Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis)Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis)Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)PINNIPEDSGuadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi)Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)Mediterranean monk seal(Monachus monachus)Saimaa seal (Phoca hispida saimensis)Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)WesternEasternYearListed 1990ETMARINE TURTLESGreen turtle (Chelonia mydas)Florida & Mexico’s Pacific Coast breedingcolonies1978All other areas1978Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)1970Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)1970Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)1970Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)1978Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)Mexico’s Pacific coast breeding colonies1978All other areas1978ETEEETFISHAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar)Gulf of MaineChinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha)California coastalCentral Valley spring-runUpper Columbia River spring-runET2009E199919991999TTEYearSpeciesListed StatusPuget SoundSacramento River winter-runSnake River fall-runSnake River spring/summer-runUpper Willamette RiverChum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)Columbia RiverHood Canal summer-runCoho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)Central California coastLower Columbia RiverOregon CoastSouthern Oregon & Northern CA coastsGreen sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris)SouthernGulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum)Smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata)U.S. portion of rangeSockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)Lake OzetteSnake RiverSteelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)Puget SoundCentral California coastSnake River BasinUpper Columbia RiverSouthern CaliforniaMiddle Columbia RiverLower Columbia RiverUpper Willamette RiverNorthern CaliforniaSouth-central California coastCalifornia Central ValleyTotoaba (Totoaba TTTTTEMARINE INVERTEBRATESElkhorn coral (Acropora palmata)Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis)White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)Black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii)2006200620012009TTEEMARINE PLANTSJohnson’s seagrass (Halophila johnsonii)1999TDELISTED SPECIESGray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)Eastern North Pacific1970RCaribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis) 1967 Extinct(E Endangered; T Threatened; R Recovered)Summer 2009Endangered Species Bulletin
Recovering WestCoast Salmon andSteelheadby Scott RumseyPacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.) and steelhead (O. mykiss), treasured icons of the West Coast, areimportant to our ecosystems, economy,and culture. But many populationsare seriously declining in numbers andrange. Since 1991, NOAA’s NationalMarine Fisheries Service (NMFS) haslisted 28 distinctive groups of salmon andsteelhead as threatened or endangeredunder the Endangered Species Act(ESA); 6 are listed as endangered and 22are threatened. The spawning ranges ofthese protected species include the statesof California, Oregon, Washington, andIdaho, spanning approximately 176,000square miles (about 456,000 squarekilometers) of habitat.Numerous factors are responsible forthe decline of Pacific salmon and steelhead. Habitat changes resulting fromhydropower development, land development, resource extraction, logging, andother land use practices have damagedor eliminated some populations. Certainfish hatchery practices, natural variations in ocean-climate conditions, andother factors such as predation and theintroduction of non-native species havealso contributed to the decline. However,Partnership with Pacific Coast Tribes to Conserve Native Steelhead in Washingtonupper-river habitat in Olympiccollaboration with the WashingtonNational Park. To ensure theDepartment of Fish and Wildlife,survival of the critically depletedNMFS, and National Park Service,native winter-run steelheadis developing a hatchery programpopulation in the Elwha Riverto preserve the native winter-runwhile its habitat is being restored,steelhead population in the Elwhaeggs from spawning fish are beingRiver on the Olympic Peninsula ofcollected and reared to maturity innorthwestern Washington.the tribal hatchery. Captive stockTwo hydroelectric damsconstructed in the early 1900shave blocked fish passage andNOAAThe Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, inwill be maintained at the hatcheryChecking on fish produced by the captive brood program of theLower Elwha Klallam Tribe.confined salmon and steelhead until habitat in the river hasstabilized after the dams areremoved. Progeny from the hatcheryto the lower 5 miles (8 km) of the river. This year, work willprogram may then be introduced into restored habitat tobegin on removing the dams to reestablish fish access to pristinerecover wild, native steelhead in the Elwha River Basin.Endangered Species BulletinSummer 2009
these threats and limiting factors affecteach listed species differently. Nosingle factor is solely responsible for thedeclines, and it is difficult to quantifyprecisely the relative contribution of anyone threat or factor to the decline of agiven species. Adding to the complexityof threats facing salmon and steelheadare such new dangers as human-inducedclimate change.Recovering imperiled Pacific salmonand steelhead is complicated by thepatchwork of federal, tribal, state, county,city, and private land ownership andSummer 2009regulatory authorities across the salmonand steelhead landscape. Althoughthe challenges are broad and complex,NMFS and its partners are working diligently to restore these iconic species forfuture generations, and we are makingsignificant progress.Recovery planning is progressing forevery listed Pacific salmon and steelheadpopulation. We believe that salmonand steelhead recovery will succeedonly through conservation partnershipsinvolving federal, state, regional, tribal,local, and private efforts. To that end,Endangered Species Bulletin
NMFS, the State of Idaho, and local landowners haveworked collaboratively to restore flows and improvepassage for threatened Snake River Chinook salmonand steelhead in the Pahsimeroi River, a tributary ofthe Salmon River.NMFS has established a recovery planning process that encourages the participation of these diverse interests.Through the Pacific Coastal SalmonRecovery Fund (PCSRF), which wasestablished by Congress in 2000, NMFSis making significant contributions toactions that conserve and restore Pacificsalmon and steelhead runs and theirhabitats. Since its inception, the PCSRFhas allocated more than 724 millionfor habitat protection and restoration,watershed and sub-basin planningand assessments, public outreach andeducation, and research and monitoring.Many PCSRF projects are beginningto show direct benefits, such as salmonusing newly accessible or improvedhabitat. Approximately 4,299 miles(6,919 kilometers) of stream habitathave been opened, and nearly 650,000acres (263,050 hectares) of habitat havebeen restored or protected. (For moreinformation, visit CSRF/).Using a snorkle and mask, a biologist surveys astream for juvenile salmon.Using Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Funds (PCSRF)provided by NOAA and administered through the CaliforniaDepartment of Fish and Game’s Fisheries Restoration GrantsProgram, the City of Arcata transformed Campbell Creek/Gannon Slough. The project freed the creek from the ditchand realigned it, creating 910 feet (277 meters) of meanderingstream and space for 10 log structures that provide habitatand protection for resident fish. A new tide gate facilitatesthe passage of salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout throughthe slough under the highway and preserves freshwaterhabitat. An upstream culvert providing passage under thehighway was enhanced by installing a series of rock gradecontrol structures that created pools for the fish. Fencingwas installed to keep cattlefrom the new 8 acres (3.2hectares) of riparian habitat.Approximately 3,000 newlyplanted trees will provide shade,stream bank structure, futureinstream habitat, and organicmaterial to jumpstart theaquatic food chain. The projectwas completed with help fromalmost 100 volunteers whoplanted trees during a series of Community volunteers planting trees alongCampbell Creek.community work parties.NMFS and its partners are makinggreat strides toward steelhead and Pacificsalmon recovery. Today, 17 out of the 20species for which there are enough datato assess status are showing stable orincreasing population trends. After acentury of habitat degradation and population decline, there is still much work tobe done to restore these fish to sustain-NOAA Prior to its restoration, Campbell Creek, located innorthwestern California, ran through a ditch along ahighway, became Gannon Slough, then ran through dikedformer tidelands turned into pasturelands, and finally crossedback under the highway before emptying into Humboldt Bay.Physical barriers and the lack of instream habitat preventedpassage for steelhead, Chinook and coho salmon, andcutthroat trout.Endangered Species BulletinNOAANOAASalmon Habitat Restoration in Californiaable and harvestable levels. However, weare making progress toward our goal ofpreserving our natural legacy for futuregenerations.Dr. Scott Rumsey, NMFS NorthwestRegional Office, can be reached at 503872-2791 or scott.rumsey@noaa.gov.Summer 2009
Salmon Researchand Climate ChangeConcern about the expectedimpacts of long-term climate changeson natural climate variability is increasing. Ecosystems respond to, and arehighly coupled with, climate variability.The effects are particularly acute in thePacific Northwest, where ocean productivity, snow pack, and river hydrologyrespond quickly to changes in climate.This region supports a wide diversity ofwildlife, including many valuable commercial and recreational fisheries, as wellas endangered and threatened salmonpopulations.In the Pacific Northwest, the effectsof climate change will probably alterthe timing of stream flows, reducesummer flows, increase stream tem-by Tom HomJohn SteinJohn W. Fergusonperatures, raise sea level, and changeshorelines and ocean current patterns.Concurrently, human population growthin the Northwest will lead to increaseddemand in coastal communities for freshwater and erosion protection, which couldcause additional changes in freshwater,terrestrial, and coastal ecosystems.A critical challenge for the NationalNOAAA male coho salmon from the Russian River Coho Salmon Captive Broodstock Program.Summer 2009Endangered Species Bulletin
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) andother parts of the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA)is to increase our understanding of howclimate affects ecosystems that supportsalmon and to develop long-term strategies for maintaining ecological health.In our watersheds, the effects ofclimate can alter rainfall patterns, thusincreasing the risk of floods and reducing snowpack, which lowers summerstream flows. In the coastal ocean,climate affects the key process of coastalupwelling, a process that brings deep,nutrient-rich waters to the surface andfuels the growth of phytoplankton, whichforms the base of the marine food web.Changes in this upwelling can propagatethrough the food web to such speciesas salmon by affecting the survival ofjuvenile fish when they swim from theirnatal stream into the ocean. Changesin marine water temperature can alsoaffect salmon survival by influencing thedistribution and abundance of predators.Thus, to conserve Pacific salmon, it isimportant to investigate climate effectsfrom the “snowcaps to white caps” andprovide scientific advice for mitigatingand adapting to climate change.For Pacific salmon, NMFS researchpriorities are to identify sensitive andresilient ecosystems and communities,then characterize the likely ecologicaleffects of predicted changes in climate.The findings will provide NMFS, states,tribes, and local governments with asound scientific basis for developing longterm management responses to climatechange.ecosystems, 3) combining field observations with models to predict the futureresponse of salmon and other species toclimate change, and 4) identifying anddeveloping recovery strategies for listedsalmon populations. Geographically,our research extends from headwaterstreams through the watershed to theestuary and into the ocean, and biologically from the base of the food web to toppredators, such as killer whales. Somehighlights of current research follow:Ocean and ClimateClimate fluctuations can alter oceanic processes that affect the growth,survival, and abundance of marine andanadromous fish (species that becomesexually mature in the ocean and migrateto freshwater rivers to spawn), along withtheir predators and prey. For example,changing water temperature influencesthe distribution and abundance of predators, and climate overall affects patternsof larval dispersal, growth and settlement, and survival to adulthood of preyspecies.The NWFSC conducts ecologicalresearch to predict how human activitiesand management decisions may affectspecies abundance and status. Thisincludes investigations of ocean habitatsthat juvenile salmon prefer; climatedriven physical forces that affect oceanconditions, plankton production, and fishcommunity structure; and the interactions among freshwater, estuarine, andocean ecosystems that affect salmonrecruitment. The NWFSC maintainsan online database on changing oceanconditions in the northern CaliforniaCurrent (see www.nwfsc.noaa.gov) thatprovides information about key ecosystem indicators that forecast adult salmonreturns. Other research topics includethe effects of climate on salmon feedingand bioenergetics (in this case, increasedfood requirements for juvenile salmonin warmer waters) and the potentialimpacts of climate on salmon predators,such as killer whales (Orcinus orca). Thesouthern resident killer whale, the termgiven to a group that visits the PugetSound every summer, was listed in 2005as endangered.Estuary and ClimateIn the Columbia River estuary,NWFSC scientists are investigating howjuvenile salmon use a variety of habitats,Chinook salmon.10Endangered Species BulletinNOAAClimate-related Salmon ResearchClimate-related research for theconservation of Pacific salmon takes placeat NMFS’ Northwest Fisheries ScienceCenter (NWFSC) in Seattle, Washington.Scientists at the NWFSC are: 1)investigating how to predict changesin watershed processes (including, butnot limited to, stream flows) at local-tobasin scales, 2) identifying physical andecological characteristics that indicate thestatus of freshwater and coastal marineSummer 2009
NOAASockeye salmon.which habitats are most important fortheir survival, and how the timing ofjuveniles moving through the estuaryinto the ocean is affected by river flowand ocean conditions, both of which areinfluenced by climate variability. Inthe Puget Sound, an integrated assessment is underway to identify ecosystemindicators, assess risks to key ecosystemcomponents, and evaluate management str
Summer 2009 Volume 34, No. 2. I N T H I S I S S U E Telephone: 703-358-2171 Fax: 703-358-1735 . 28 Underwater Noise and Endangered Species 30 Reducing Threats to Right . 36 Conserving Species Before They Need the ESA 38 Cooperative Conservation with the States 40 Listing Actions Summer 2009 Endangered Species Bulletin A Shared .
Spring Volume 22 Number 3 Summer Volume 22 Number 3 Convention Volume 23 Number 1 1988 Winter Volume 23 Number 2 Spring Volume 23 Number 3 Summer . Spring Summer Fall 2015 Winter Spring Summer Fall 2016 Winter Spring Summer Fall 2017 Winter Spring Summer Fall 2018 Winter Spring Summer Fall . Author: Joan Thomas
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