A Guide To Visually Impaired Friendly Sport
A Guide ToVisually ImpairedFriendly Sport
Visually Impaired Friendly Sport
ContentsIntroduction 2Welcome 2Contributors statements 3Safety Considerations16Obstacles 16Fire evacuation 16Insurance 16Understanding Sight Loss 4Eye conditions 4-5Safeguarding Children, Young Peopleand Vulnerable Adults 17Benefits of Sport andPhysical Activity 6Pathways in Sport 18Case Study: VI Cricket19Preparation 6Advertising 6Travel 7Session venue and time7Equipment and facilities7Classification 20Categories of classification20Coaching Sessions 8The Inclusion Spectrum8Case Study: Disability Sport Activity A Practical Example 9Steps principles 10Case Study: Movement Matters11Communicating with visuallyimpaired people 12Correct terminology 12Creating a buddy system13Guiding visually impaired people14During sports activities15Sports that require a sighted guide15Adapting Sport for VI PeopleClean Sport 2122-23About 24British Blind Sport 24Scottish Disability Sport24Guide Dogs UK 24Blind Children UK 24Contact Details 25Page 1
IntroductionWelcome to the British Blind Sport ‘Guide toVisually Impaired Friendly Sport’ produced inpartnership with Scottish Disability Sport andGuide Dogs UK.At British Blind Sport we believe that everyperson with a visual impairment (VI) has theright to participate in sport and physical activity.We understand that there are many hurdles andbarriers to overcome in order for each and everyVI person to have the same accessibility as asighted person. This resource has been createdwith the specific purpose to assist anyone whois delivering sport and physical activities withsupport, ideas and guidance on how to includepeople with a visual impairment.This resource is all about helping sportproviders to be VI friendly through theirprovision of activities, training, resources andsupport. These include:- Sports Coaches- PE Teachers- Community Coaches- Multi-sport / Multi-skill Coaches- Sports Clubs- Volunteers- Fitness Industry Professionals- Sport Development ProfessionalsPage 2Visually Impaired Friendly SportThis resource will enable coaches, leaders andparents/carers to: Learn about sight loss and eye conditions. Have a better understanding of the needs ofpeople with a visual impairment. Apply their knowledge to meet the needs ofpeople with a visual impairment. Use basic communication skills to support theneeds of people with a visual impairment insport and physical activity. Understand where you can obtain furthersupport to ensure your club/group is fullyaccessible and inclusive to people with avisual impairment.By making small and simple adaptationsyou will be able to include people witha visual impairment in your sports andactivity sessions. The information andtips that you will find in this resource willbe beneficial to all the participants inyour group, not just people with a visualimpairment.
British Blind Sport iscommitted to providingsport and recreationalopportunities for all blindand partially sightedchildren and adultsacross Great Britain.Our work ensures thatwe are able to providesupport from grassrootsthrough to elite level.Sport and recreation can be so much morethat the activity itself. As British Blind Sportsees sport as the springboard for wideropportunities, increased health benefits, newfriendships and renewed confidence. Thepositive effects of participation in sport for avisually impaired person, irrespective of abilityor experience, cannot be underestimated. Wealso know that ensuring participation in sportis a positive experience for a visually impairedperson is often due to a skilled and confidentcoach or teacher. This resource is a fantastictool for those coaches and teachers who wantto help others achieve their goals and whoare committed to making a visible differencethrough sport.Guide Dogs andBlind Children UK aregenuinely delighted tosupport this initiativeto enable blind andpartially sighted peopleto participate in sport.For those with sightloss, being able toenjoy the same freedomof independent movement as everyone else iscritical, with personal mobility and navigationskills playing a major part. Getting out andabout safely enables people to make the mostof the opportunities available, to participate fullyin their communities, and to live the life theychoose, To support this, Guide Dogs and BlindChildren UK offer a wide range of services toadults and children with sight loss, includingpractical support and advice, white canemobility and life skills training, the provision ofguide dogs, and volunteer ‘sighted guides’,to those for whom a dog is not suitable.We believe this initiative is a vital enabler toencourage visually impaired people of all agesto actively engage in sport with all the mental,social and physical benefits this brings.Alaina MacGregorBritish Blind SportRichard LeamanGuide Dogs UKScottish Disability Sport(SDS) is delighted to beworking with British BlindSport in the productionof a resource which willaccompany workshopswhich promote inclusivesport. The workshophas been designedby RNIB Scotlandand Guide Dogs UKin conjunction with SDS to allow coaches,teachers, volunteers and anyone working withparticipants with a visual impairment to grow inconfidence and competence.Gavin MacleodScottish Disability SportPage 3
UnderstandingSight LossSight LossEye ConditionsSight is classified in more than one measure.The main measures are ‘Visual acuity’ and‘Visual field’.There are a number of conditions that resultin sight loss. These varying conditions affectblind and partially sighted people in differentways. For example, a visually impaired personmay be totally blind or have blurred peripheralvision. It is important to remember that peopleare individuals with different levels of visionand varying support needs. There are fourconditions that cause the majority of sight lossamongst visually impaired people:Visual acuity is a person’s ability to see finedetail.Visual field is the boundaries of what a personcan see in one instant i.e. the entire area whichcan be seen without moving the eyes.Sight loss is broken down into two maincategories; severely sight impaired and sightimpaired:Severely sight impaired This category is also known as blind. Under government legislation, a person whois severely sight impaired would be unableto perform a job for which eyesight is anessential element for the task. They will not be able to see a demonstration. They may become quickly disorientatedduring an activity.Sight impaired This category is also known as partiallysighted. Partially sighted people will have some usefulvision that they can use to navigate the world. They may not be able to see a demonstration. They may not be able to recognise you from adistance.Page 4Visually Impaired Friendly SportMacular DegenerationMacular degeneration is an eye condition thataffect a small part of the retina at the back ofthe eye called the macular. It causes a loss ofvision in the centre of the visual field, affectingvision when looking directly at something.People with this condition will usually haveperipheral vision, but may struggle to recognisethe faces of their teammates.
GlaucomaGlaucoma causes a loss of peripheral vision due to damage to the optic nerve or increased eyepressure. This condition occurs gradually and will result in a significant reduction of peripheralvision over time. While treatment exists for glaucoma, it can’t repair the existing sight loss.CataractsCataracts cause blurred or cloudy vision, as result of yellowy pigment on the lens of the eyes. Thiscondition is the main cause of visual impairment across the globe. To treat cataracts, surgery canbe used to remove the cloudy lens.Diabetic RetinopathyDiabetic retinopathy can affect anyone with diabetes. It causes floaters and blurred vision, resultingfrom damage to the retina due to high blood sugar levels.Other conditionsAlong with these four conditions, there are many other causes of sight loss. Visit the RNIB websitefor information on a specific eye condition. While there are a vast number of eye conditions, thesimulations above provide an overview of how sight loss affects visually impaired tionsPage 5
BENEFITS OFSPORT ANDPHYSICALACTIVITYPreparationThe emotional effect of having a visualimpairment cannot be quantified. Sport andphysical activity can be a very effective catalystto ensuring a healthier and happier lifestyle.This section will outline some key factors toconsider when delivering sport sessions topeople with a visual impairment which will helpwith planning and ensure that the participanthas a quality experience.“33% of inactive visually impaired peoplewant to do more sport.” (BBS Barriers toParticipation)Advertising“ Nearly half of blind and partially sighted peoplefeel ‘moderately’ or ‘completely’ cut off frompeople and things around them.”(Pey, Nzegwu and Dooley, 2006)This research and data demonstrates howimportant sport it is to encourage people whoare visually impaired to get involved in sport andphysical activity. Sport and recreation is not justa hobby for someone with a visual impairmentbut provides an opportunity to: tackle social exclusion. make new friends. raise confidence and self esteem. develop spatial awareness and musclestrength. provide a sense of accomplishment andachievement.As with any sports or activity session,preparation is paramount. The following adagesare a good reminder to sports coaches andleaders of the importance of preparation.- Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance- Fail to Plan – Plan to FailThe promotion and marketing of your sportssession, club or activity is important to ensurepeople are aware of what your club offers,where you are located and what activities andprogrammes are accessible.The way in which a people with a visualimpairment communicate and sourceinformation may be different to sighted people,so it is important to consider the following whenadvertising sessions: Provide information in an accessible formatif required (e.g. braille, clear print or suitableelectronic version for a screen reader). Advertise your sessions with local andnational VI organisations such as British BlindSport, RNIB or your local Blind Society. Many County Councils or Local Authoritiesprovide a Sight Support Service for peopleliving with sight loss. This could be anexcellent method to promote your club orsessions to your target audience and engagewith visually impaired people. British BlindSport can advise on your local contacts.Contact BBS for further information. Use social media to promote your services.Evolving technology makes social mediaa very accessible and popular medium forvisually impaired people.’Page 6Visually Impaired Friendly Sport
Use appropriate images of visually impairedathletes in your marketing material. This willdirectly speak to your target market and helpto inspire other visually impaired people totake part.Further Reading British Blind Sport has developed a guide tocreating documents in an accessible format.This can be found atwww.britishblindsport.org.uk EFDS Inclusive Communications Guide:http://bit.ly/efdsguideTravelFollowing British Blind Sport research into‘Overcoming Barriers to Participation’ a keybarrier identified by visually impaired people istravel.As many VI people rely heavily on publictransport it is advisable to check publictransport options and promote the nearesttrain station or bus route in any promotional ormarketing material.Additionally, there may be community transportoptions available. Local Sight Support Serviceswill be able to provide information as to whatservices may be available.Some participants may rely on a sightedguide or support worker who may assist theparticipant in getting to and from your club orsession.Session Venue and TimeIt might be necessary to provide a meet andgreet service for a visually impaired participant,especially on their first visit to a club, venue orsession. This can be discussed and arrangedduring any prior communication with a visuallyimpaired participant.may be particularly difficult for a visuallyimpaired person. Floodlights also may causedifficulty – where possible and if practical,organise sessions in good light or evenly litindoor spaces.Equipment and FacilitiesTo ensure a visually impaired person can beincluded in your session you may need tosource some accessible equipment.For visually impaired sport, the adaptions madeto sports or games are as simple as makingsome of the equipment larger or brighter- so easier to see - or audible (able to hear).Jingle Balls – balls with ball bearings in them arepopular sports equipment for VI sports, suchas Cricket, Goalball, Football. Jingleballs areavailable from the RNIB.Sound Balls – tennis balls with bells insertedinside used for tennis.Tactile markings – using raised tape, or tapingstring to the boundaries of a playing area willhelp a VI person understand where a court,pitch or playing area is.It is advisable to guide a visually impairedperson around the venue or facility to help withorientation.Consider the acoustics in the facility, is it easyfor instructions/explanations to be heard?Further ReadingSport England Accessibility Audit Check 12.pdfBBS Barriers to Participation mingbarriers-to-participation/introduction/Ensure that staff at the venue have been briefedthat a VI person will be attending the session.It is important to consider how sunlight, andthe time of the session may affect a visuallyimpaired participant. Indoor poorly lit spacesPage 7
Coaching SessionsOpenActivityThe Inclusion SpectrumThe Inclusion Spectrum is an activity based model,developed by Stevenson and Black (2007), which enablescoaches to understand what inclusion is and how toinclude disabled people in sport and physical activitysessions.It is widely used in the disability sport industry andaccepted by sport coaches and sport coachingprofessional bodies as the most effective model.OpenActivityA simple activity in which anyonecan participate with little or ityAll the participants play a disabilityspecific sport or game. This is anexample of reverse integration.An example of a Disability SportActivity would be to include allparticipants in the sport of Goalball.This will not only ensure all participantsare included in a session but help allparticipants develop other skills, suchas communication and team AthleticsPage 8 VisuallyParallelActivityParticipants are split intogroups according to ability.Each group will completethe same task but at levelsappropriate to their skill, fitnessor they in which they play thegame.Using a football session as anexample, a parallel activity wouldinvolve a small group practicing apassing drill with a larger ball withball bearings, whilst the rest ofthe group completed the practiceat the same time using standardequipment.Everyone completes the same taskbut with some adaptions to therules, playing area or equipment tosupport the inclusion of everyoneAn example of a modified sportsactivity could be during a tennissessions, when a larger ball may beused to help a visually impaired personto see the vityOne an example of an open sportsactivity is swim training, where allparticipants are participating in thesame activity at the same time. (or agroup fitness parateActivityIndividuals or groupspurposefully participate in adifferent activity.A separate activity may benecessary to help a visuallyimpaired participant develop acertain skill or technique. Thiscould involve working 1-2-1 withan individual. It is important to notethat a separate activity should notbe used all of the time.
Case Study: Disability SportActivity - A Practical ExampleGoalballGoalball is a game played by two teams of threeplayers with a maximum of three substitutionson each team. It is open to both male andfemale visually impaired athletes. Sightedplayers can also play domestically.Including Goalball as part of a session requiresminimum adaption, only eyeshades or someform of blindfold and a ball with internal bells.Further information: www.goalballuk.comThe object of the game is to score a goalby bowling the ball along the floor so that itcrosses the goal line of the opposing team. Thedefending team has to prevent the ball goinginto their goal by stopping it while remaining intheir team area. They must then try to controlthe ball and attack by bowling the ball backagain thereby trying to score in the other goal. All players wear eyeshades so that they aretotally blindfolded. Goalball is played on an indoor court that is18m long and 9m wide. The ball contains internal bells, which helpplayers locate it during play.Page 9
STEPS PrinciplesThe principles of STEPS provide a frameworkto assist sports coaches to make adaptionsto specific elements of coaching and activitysessions. These elements are: space, task,equipment, people and speed.EquipmentAdaptions can be made to the whole group orfor just an individual. Consider the colour of equipment. Avoidplacing green cones on the grass. Wearbrightly coloured clothes to ensure you arerecognisable.It is important to remember that not allvisually impaired people will require the sameadaptions, just as not every participant will havethe same abilities and needs.Listed are below are some examples of whatyou will need to consider to ensure the inclusionof visually impaired participant.Space Organise the coaching/playing area in theway for each session. This will help assistorientation. Guide a visually impaired participant aroundthe facility and coaching space/playing areaand describe features. Consider the impact of light during thesession.Task Give clear oral explanations. Practice withanother coach by asking them to close theireyes, then describe the activity to them andsee how much they understand. It may be necessary to provide detailsof complex skills, drills or rules to the VIparticipant in large print or electronically sothat they are able to read instructions to betterunderstand the task and session.Page 10 Visually Impaired Friendly Sport Use auditory balls. Use larger, brighter equipment. Create tactile makers to determine theboundaries of playing areas. This can easilybe created by using tape and string.People Create a buddy system with other participantswho can help, support and assist a visuallyimpaired participant. Some sports such as cycling, running willrequire a specialist sighted training partner.Speed Slow down the practice or game to ensurethe skill is practiced and learnt effectively.
Case Study: Jordan, Age 12Movement MattersSighted children learn by watching others;children with a visual impairment often needto be specifically taught skills and conceptsthey would not otherwise pick up. Habilitationprovides personalised training and support inmobility, orientation and independence skillsfrom babyhood to adulthood. Habilitationtraining unlocks possibilities – helping childrenand their families to understand that sight lossdoes not have to be a barrier to reaching theirpotential.How has Habilitation helped Jordan?Jordan has learnt the skills to use a long caneand he can now walk independently when outand about with his family.What Jordan says about his support?“All the support I’ve had has helped melots. It has improved my confidence and myindependence.”Parent’s Comments.“Jordan feels a lot more confident with hiscane and it has helped him enormously. I feel Ican let go of him now and try and let him be aconfident young man. Keeping up his trainingwi
British Blind Sport 24 Scottish Disability Sport 24 Guide Dogs UK 24 Blind Children UK 24 . (BBS Barriers to Participation) . ‘Overcoming Barriers to Participation’ a key barrier identified by visually impaired people is travel. As many VI people rely heavily on public .
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Text Reader for Visually Impaired Using Google Cloud Vision API Paras Doshi1, 3Yash Shirke2, Tejas Hegde , Pranav Dhanvij4 1,2,3,4 B. Tech Electronics Final year , Department of Electrical Engineering Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India Abstract-Visually impaired people confront a number
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Mulat Alebachew Belay, Bahir Dar University, Health Pyychology & Special Needs Education and Inclusive Education, Ethiopia. fekedebelay2@gmail.com How to cite: Belay, M. A. & Yihun, S. G. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of visually impaired students in inclusive education: The case of Bedlu. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(2), 112-124.
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