Drug-Impaired Driving Background - Texas State University
Drug-Impaired Driving in the United States and Texas Troy Walden, Ph.D. Center for Alcohol & Drug Education Studies Texas A&M Transportation Institute- College Station, Texas 1 The magnitude and effects of drugs on driving depends on: Substance Combination of substances Dose Extent of prior use Presentation Foreword “A large enough dose of most drugs can impair. The purpose of any drug is to affect physical or mental conditions in some way. Even prescription medications can impair driving.”- GHSA 2 Drug-Impaired Driving Background 3 1
Drug-Impaired Driving: United States Difficult to measure magnitude of drugimpaired driving There is no good roadside test for drug levels Police often do not test for drugs if there is enough evidence of a DUI-alcohol Polydrug use Limited data available on drugged driving 4 Drug-Impaired Driving: United States 2013-2014 NHTSA Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use Drugs present in 22% of drivers on weekend nights and weekday days had drugs in their system Weekend Surveys Drug Category Percent of Percent of Difference Samples 2013- Samples 2007 2014 Illegal Drugs 15.1% 12.4% 2.7% Marijuana 12.6% 8.6% 4.0% Medications 4.9% 3.9% 1.0% 5 8.5% Drug-Impaired Driving: United States 2013-2014 NHTSA Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use 20% of drivers reported using a prescription drug within the past 2 days 8.0% 7.5% 7.0% 6.5% 6.0% 5.5% 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% Sedatives Antidpressants Narcotics Stimulants 6 2
Number of Drivers with Positive Drug Test, 2008-2015 8,000 Drug-Impaired Driving: United States 6,833 7,000 5,422 5,500 2008 2009 6,572 6,540 2012 2013 6,640 6,096 5,946 6,000 5,000 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) 4,000 Drugs present in 43% of fatally-injured drivers with a known test result in 2015 3,000 There were 49,549 drivers who tested positive for a drug from 2008-2015 2,000 1,000 0 2010 2011 2014 2015 7 Most Common Drug Types Detected: United States Year Total Drivers Positive Drug Test Drug Type Cannabinoid Stimulant Depressant Narcotic No. Of Drivers (% of Total) With alcohol (%) No. Of Drivers (% of Total) With alcohol (%) No. Of Drivers (% of Total) With alcohol (%) No. Of Drivers (% of Total) With alcohol (%) 2008 5,422 1,982 (37%) 720 (36%) 1,310 (24%) 445 (34%) 1,138 (21%) 308 (27%) 1,065 (20%) 246 (23%) 2009 5,500 1,956 (36%) 748 (38%) 1,243 (23%) 421 (34%) 1,216 (22%) 324 (27%) 1,181 (21%) 254 (22%) 2010 5,946 2,110 (35%) 805 (38%) 1,254 (21%) 418 (33%) 1,452 (24%) 376 (26%) 1,307 (22%) 286 (22%) 2011 6,096 2,055 (34%) 742 (36%) 1,256 (21%) 384 (31%) 1,379 (23%) 339 (25%) 1,380 (23%) 275 (20%) 2012 6,572 2,369 (36%) 803 (34%) 1,324 (20%) 412 (31%) 1,404 (21%) 330 (24%) 1,400 (21%) 291 (21%) 2013 6,540 2,413 (37%) 848 (35%) 1,494 (23%) 422 (28%) 1,492 (23%) 377 (25%) 1,385 (21%) 274 (20%) 2014 6,640 2,577 (39%) 826 (32%) 1,512 (23%) 427 (28%) 1,422 (21%) 357 (25%) 1,321 (20%) 265 (20%) 2015 6,833 2,805 (41%) 828 (30%) 1,622 (24%) 389 (24%) 1,476 (22%) 321 (22%) 1,440 (21%) 254 (18%) 8 Number of Fatalities Due to Drug-Impaired Crashes, 2010-2016 780 763 757 760 740 709 720 700 708 686 682 680 648 660 640 620 600 580 2010 2011 Drug-Impaired Driving: Texas 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 From 2010-2016, there were 4,953 fatalities due to drug-impaired crashes in Texas 9 3
Year Stimulant Cannabinoid Depressant Narcotic 2010 275 271 241 115 2011 222 222 149 123 2012 255 273 174 121 2013 272 243 153 113 2014 280 256 135 102 2015 306 267 154 76 2016 376 309 164 111 Total 1,986 1,841 1,170 761 Most Common Drug Types Detected: Texas 10 Stimulants and Driving 11 Stimulants Medicines or drugs that increase alertness, attention, and energy Amphetamines Adderall Methamphetamine Cocaine Methylphenidate Ritalin 12 4
Effects Increased alertness Increased attention Increased blood pressure Increased heart rate Increased breathing Decreased ability to focus Stimulants 13 Adults are prescribed more stimulants than youth Stimulant prescriptions in adults increased 6.4 fold from 1995 to 1998 Youth increased by 2.5 fold Stimulant Use Women take more stimulants compared to men 14 Stimulant’s Impact on Driving Impacts motor and cognitive skills Reduces ability to focus Overconfidence in driving skills Reduces balance and coordination Increased risk taking 15 5
Marijuana and Driving 16 Marijuana Marijuana or Cannabis are the dried leaves, flowers, and stems from the Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica plants Delta-9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC) Weed, Grass, Bud, Kush Effects: Problems with memory Problems with learning Distorted perception Difficulty in thinking Loss of coordination 17 Marijuana Use Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. Marijuana use is increasing over time. Marijuana use among drivers exceeds the rate of alcohol use among drivers. 18 6
19 Marijuana’s Impact on Driving Recent marijuana use approximately double the risk of traffic crash. Marijuana use impairs: Road tracking Brake latency Ability to gauge time and distance Recognition of lights Divided attention tasks Ability to pass Ability to maintain headway Inhibitory control 20 FARS: United States Cannabinoid Positive Drivers, by Gender and Age Year Total Gender Age Group Male Female 16 to 24 yrs. 25 to 34 yrs. 35 to 44 yrs. 55 yrs. or older 2008 1,982 1,659 322 863 571 617 112 2009 1,956 1,636 320 853 556 636 131 2010 2,110 1,731 378 890 644 606 170 2011 2,055 1,728 327 866 638 640 176 2012 2,369 1,975 393 1,019 745 703 223 2013 2,413 2,009 402 947 825 712 255 2014 2,577 2,156 421 1,039 849 817 249 2015 2,805 2,350 454 1,094 987 836 313 21 7
Depressants and Driving 22 Psychoactive drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system Alcohol Barbiturates (Barbs, Phennies, Birds, Reds) Benzodiazepines (Bars, Candy, Downers, Tranks) Sleep Medications (Ludes, Roofies) Heroin Inhalants Ketamine Depressants 23 Effects Depressants Feel relaxed Reduced alertness Reduced heart rate Reduced breathing Drowsiness Dose and mixing more than one depressant can impact your ability to move and breath. 24 8
Depressant Use Limited Trend Data Benzodiazepine From 2006 to 2015 the annual dose per inhabitant per day (DID) increased by 26% 23.70 to 94.25 DID 25 Depressant’s Impact on Driving Depressant’s Impair: Reaction Times Concentration Ability to Process Information Ability to Multitask 26 Opioids and Driving 27 9
Opioids are a class of drugs found in the opium poppy plant to relax the body and relieve pain. Opioids Effects: Problems with memory Problems with learning Distorted perception Difficulty in thinking Loss of coordination 28 Opioid Use Opioid prescription rate is three times higher than it was in 1999 58 opioid prescriptions per 100 Americans in 2017 29 Opioid’s Impact on Driving Impacts psychomotor and cognitive functioning Increases errors on driving tasks Drowsiness 30 10
Polydrug Use and Driving 31 Polydrug Use Using two or more drugs in combination Using one drug to counteract the effects of another Using drugs at different times over a short period of days or weeks Includes alcohol, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, and over-thecounter medicines Alcohol is the most common drug involved in polydrug use 32 Polydrug Use 23.1% of people used three or more prescriptions in the past 30 days in 2017 11.9% of people used five or more prescription drugs in the past 30 days in 2017 33 11
Polydrug Use and Driving Risk Level Relative Risk Drug Category Slightly increased risk 1-3 Marijuana Medium increased risk 2-10 Benzodiazepines Cocaine Opioid Highly increased risk 5-30 Amphetamines Multiple drugs Extremely increased risk 20-200 Alcohol together with drugs Extremely increased risk 40* Alcohol *adapted from Shulze et al., 2012; Griffiths, 2014; GHSA A Guide for States 34 Solutions and Summary 35 While alcohol-impaired driving is decreasing, drug-impaired driving crashes are increasing Summary Drugs can impact driving ability and increase crash risk Effects of drugs vary widely across drug categories 36 12
High-visibility enforcement Policies Per Se Drug Laws Zero Tolerance Laws Alcohol and drug court Potential Solutions 37 FARS Limitations Not all drivers involved in fatal crashes are drug tested Reporting of toxicology results to FARS varies Testing varies by state A positive drug test result does not indicate the driver was impaired at the time of the crash FARS does not indicate that the number of fatal crashes involving a driver positive for cannabinoids has increased, but instead supports the number of drivers who tested positive for cannabinoids reported to FARS has increased 38 Troy Walden T-walden@tti.tamu.edu 979-317-2526 39 13
NHTSA Drug-Impaired Driving GHSA’s report Drug-Impaired Driving: Marijuana and Opioids Raise Critical Issues for States Recommended Resources GHSA’s report Drug-Impaired Driving: A Guide for States, 2017 Update Drugged Driving AAA Foundation Countermeasures Against Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug-Impaired Driving 40 References 1. 2. Adrian, M. (2015). What the History of Drugs Can Teach Us About the Current Cannabis Legalization Process: Unfinished Business. Substance use & misuse, 50(8-9), 990-1004. Anderson, B. M., Rizzo, M., Block, R. I., Pearlson, G. D., & O'Leary, D. S. (2010). Sex differences in the effects of marijuana on simulated driving performance. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 42(1), 19-30. 3. 4. Alcohol and Drug Foundation. Drugs and Driving. Available at: https://adf.org.au/insights/drugs-and-driving/ Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. Bmj, 344, e536. 5. Asbridge, M., Poulin, C., & Donato, A. (2005). Motor vehicle collision risk and driving under the influence of cannabis: evidence from adolescents in Atlantic Canada. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(6), 1025-1034. Attwood, D., Williams, R., McBurney, L., & Frecker, R. (1980). Cannabis, alcohol and driving: Effects on selected closed-course tasks. Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 3, 938-953. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., & Lyerla, R. (2015). Driving under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, and alcohol and marijuana combined among persons aged 16–25 years: United States, 2002–2014. MMWR, 64(48), 1325-9. Barnett, G., Licko, V., & Thompson, T. (1985). Behavioral pharmacokinetics of marijuana. Psychopharmacology, 85(1), 51-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00427321 Battistella, G., Fornari, E., Thomas, A., Mall, J. F., Chtioui, H., Appenzeller, M., . & Giroud, C. (2013). Weed or wheel! FMRI, behavioural, and toxicological investigations of how cannabis smoking affects skills necessary for driving. PloS one, 8(1), e52545. Bech, P., Rafaelsen, L., & Rafaelsen, O. (1973). Cannabis and alcohol: Effects on estimation of time and distance. Psychopharmacologia, 32(4), 373-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00429474 41 References 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Bech, P., Rafaelsen, L., & Rafaelsen, O. (1973). Cannabis and alcohol: Effects on estimation of time and distance. Psychopharmacologia, 32(4), 373-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00429474 Berning A., Compton R., Wochinger, K. Results of the 2013-2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers; Available at: 2118-roadside survey 2014.pdf Bosker, W. M., Kuypers, K. P., Theunissen, E. L., Surinx, A., Blankespoor, R. J., Skopp, G., . . . Ramaekers, J. G. (2012). Medicinal Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on-the-road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in Standard Field Sobriety Tests. Addiction, 107(10), 1837-1844. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03928.x Brubacher, J. R., Chan, H., Martz, W., Schreiber, W., Asbridge, M., Eppler, J., . & Andolfatto, G. (2016). Prevalence of alcohol and drug use in injured British Columbia drivers. BMJ open, 6(3), e009278. Cannadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Stimulants, Driving, and Implications for Youth. Available at: .pdf CDC. Opioid Overdose. Available at: html CDC. Therapeutic Drug Use. Available at: tic.htm Dott, A. B. (1972). Effect of marihuana on risk acceptance in a simulated passing task. Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Available at: sis-reporting-system-fars Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Is driving under the influence of cannabis becoming a greater risk to driver safety than drink driving? Findings from a longitudinal study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(4), 1345-1350. Galski, T., Williams, J. B., & Ehle, H. T. (2000). Effects of opioids on driving ability. Journal of pain and symptom management, 19(3), 200208. 42 14
References 1. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. García, M. A. F., Olry de Labry Lima, A., Ferrer Lopez, I., & Bermúdez-Tamayo, C. (2018). Analysis of changes in trends in the consumption rates of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 11, 1. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-017-0128-4 GHSA. Drug-Impaired Driving: Marijuana and Opiods Raise Critical Issues for States. Available at: https://www.ghsa.org/resources/DUID18 GHSA. Drug-Imapired Driving: A Guide for States, 2017 Update. Available at: SA DruggedDriving2017 FINAL revised.pdf Hanson, D. (2013). The Effects of Substances on Driving. In Principles of Addiction (Vol. 1, pp. 371-379). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical chemistry, 59(3), 478-492. Hartman, R. L., Richman, J. E., Hayes, C. E., & Huestis, M. A. (2016). Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) examination characteristics of cannabis impairment. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 92, 219-229. Lennè, M. G., Dietze, P. M., Triggs, T. J., Walmsley, S., Murphy, B., & Redman, J. R. (2010). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated arterial driving: influences of driving experience and task demand. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(3), 859-866. Li, K., Simons-Morton, B., Gee, B., & Hingson, R. (2016). Marijuana-, alcohol-, and drug-impaired driving among emerging adults: Changes from high school to one-year post-high school. Journal of Safety Research. Li, G., Brady, J. E., & Chen, Q. (2013). Drug use and fatal motor vehicle crashes: a case-control study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 205-210. Liguori, A., Gatto, C. P., & Robinson, J. H. (1998). Effects of marijuana on equilibrium, psychomotor performance, and simulated driving. Behavioural pharmacology, 9(7), 599-609. 43 References 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Drugged Driving. Available at: rugged-driving NIDA. Prescription Opioids. Available at: rescription-opioids NIDA. Prescription Simulants. Available at: rescription-stimulants NHTSA. Relative Risk Calculated for Driver Fatalities in Alcohol Crashes. Available at: Crashes O'Kane, C. J., Tutt, D. C., & Bauer, L. A. (2002). Cannabis and driving: a new perspective. Emergency medicine, 14(3), 296-303. Ramaekers, J., Moeller, M., van Ruitenbeek, P., Theunissen, E., Schneider, E., & Kauert, G. (2006). Cognition and motor control as a function of Δ9THC concentration in serum and oral fluid: Limits of impairment. Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 85(2), 114-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.015 Reed, J. (2016). Marijuana Legalization In Colorado: Early Findings. Robbe, H. W. J. (1994). Influence of marijuana on driving (Doctoral dissertation, Maastricht university). Romano, E., & Voas, R. B. (2011). Drug and Alcohol Involvement in Four Types of Fatal Crashes*. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 72(4), 567-576. Ronen, A., Chassidim, H. S., Gershon, P., Parmet, Y., Rabinovich, A., Bar-Hamburger, R., . & Shinar, D. (2010). The effect of alcohol, THC and their combination on perceived effects, willingness to drive and performance of driving and non-driving tasks. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1855-1865. Ronen, A., Gershon, P., Drobiner, H., Rabinovich, A., Bar-Hamburger, R., Mechoulam, R., . & Shinar, D. (2008). Effects of THC on driving performance, physiological state and subjective feelings relative to alcohol. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(3), 926-934. Safer, D. J. (2016). Recent trends in stimulant usage. Journal of attention disorders, 20(6), 471-477. SAMHSA. Stimulants. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/atod/stimulants Scherer, M., Voas, R. B., & Furr-Holden, D. (2013). Marijuana as a predictor of concurrent substance use among motor vehicle operators. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 45(3), 211-217. Sexton, B. F., Tunbridge, R. J., Board, A., Jackson, P. G., Wright, K., Stark, M. M., & Engelhard, K. (2002). The influence of cannabis and alcohol on driving. Smiley, A., Moskowitz, H. M., & Ziedman, K. (1985). EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON DRIVING. DRIVING SIMULATOR TESTS OF SECOBARBITAL, DIAZEPAM, MARIJUANA AND ALCOHOL (No. HS-040 208). 44 15
NHTSA Drug-Impaired Driving GHSA's report Drug-Impaired Driving: Marijuana and Opioids Raise Critical Issues for States GHSA's report Drug-Impaired Driving: A Guide for States, 2017 Update Drugged Driving AAA Foundation Countermeasures Against Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug-Impaired Driving References 1. Adrian, M. (2015).
Austin: Task Force Workshop (Fall) O Austin: Task Force Workshop & Impaired Driving Forum (Spring) O Discuss progress toward eliminating alcohol and . Troy D. Walden. 3135 TAMU. College Station, Texas 77845 (979) 845-9943. Title: Building Coalitions: Texas Impaired Driving Task Force
1 There are several descriptive terms and acronyms describing the offense of driving while impaired by drugs and/or alcohol, including Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), Driving Under the Influence (DUI), Driving While Impaired (also DWI). The title of the pertinent section in Pennsylvania statutes is Driving under the
Visual Art for the Visually Impaired: Drawing with the Perkins Brailler – Baltisberger, S. 8 Texas School for the Blind & Visually Impaired Outreach Programs Figure 12: IDEAs That Work logo and OSEP disclaimer. Figure16: The Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired logo.
publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Suggested APA Citation Format: Esteban-Muir, R. P. (2012, September). Community-Based Impaired-Driving Programs: Local Ordinances and Other Strategies Addressing Impaired Driving. (Report No. DOT HS 811 678).
risk level of engaging in future conduct of impaired driving and to help determine the most effective community supervision that will reduce such risk. The result of this project was the Impaired Driving Assessment (IDA). dEvElopmEnt of thE idA APPA took several steps in the initial development of the IDA. First, a literature review
Drowsy driving, distracted driving, driving impaired, texting while driving and driving unbuckled DMV Crash Data Highlights. Speed-related fatalities increased in 2020, even with reduced traffic volumes during . PowerPoint Presentation Author: O'Quinn, Jenny \(VDOT\) Created Date:
INTRODUCTION Drug-impaired driving is an increasingly critical issue for states and state highway safety offices. In 2015, the most recent year for which data are available, NHTSA’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) reported that drugs were present in 43% of the fatally-injured drivers with a known test result, more frequentl
beverages so that we can decrease our reliance on imports from outside the province, and the country. This local food and beverages strategy was created, and will be implemented and measured, in a collaborative manner through a multi-departmental committee that includes government, representatives from the food and beverages sector and Indigenous community representatives. This will ensure .
