Biology Lab - Ibn Sina National College
Biology practical-2nd Semester1. Microscope2. Tissuesa)Epithelial tissuesb)Connective tissuec)Muscular tissued)Nervous tissue3. Cell divisiona)Mitosisb)Meiosis4. Blood groups5. Rabbit dissectiona)Digestive systemb)Respiratory systemc)Urinogenital systemd)Circulatory system
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo1.11.1Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesP. LONoP1.1 List the parts of microscope and its functionsP1.2Write the basic characteristics of plant andanimal cells after the preparation of wet mountof cheek epithelium and onion cells.
1.Compound Microscope2. How to use Microscope?3. How to prepare wet mounts?
Compound Microscope
Parts of MicroscopeFunctions1. ArmSupport body tube and help to carryingmicroscope2. Basesupport3. Ocular lensMagnify 5, 10, 15X4. Objective lensMagnify 4, 10, 40, 100X5. Nose PieceRevolving part to which objective lenses areattached6. Body TubeJoins nose piece with ocular lens7. Mechanical StageSupports the Slide8. Coarse adjustmentMoves the stage up and down to focus the object.9.Fine adjustmentFine Focusing10. Light Source (illumination)Bulb from below to light the specimen11. Iris DiaphragmRegulates the amount of light passing throughSpecimen12. CondenserHelp in concentrate the light before entering thespecimen
Steps for using the Microscope1. Carry the microscope with two hands2. Plug the microscope in and switch it on .3. Click the lowest power objective (scanner4X) into position .4. Use-coarse adjustment to lower the stage5.Place the slide onto the stage.6. look through the ocular and adjust the condenser forbrightness. 7.Using the coarse adjustment to raise the stage until touchthe slide. 8.Look into the microscope and adjust until object comes intofocus .
Steps for using the Microscope 9. Finish focusing with the fine focusing knob . 10. Move the slide back and front - note the object moves inopposite direction. 11. Turn the next higher power objective (40X, 100x)intoposition . 12. Now, use only fine adjustment to fine tune the focus,coarse adjustment should not be disturbed 13. When complete viewing ,retune to low power, raise theobjective and remove the slide.
Wet Mount - preparationTools & Materials Microscope2 Flat slides2 Cover slidesWaterStain (safranin-methylene blue)Paper towel (Tissues)ToothpickScissors-forcepsOnionPlastic dropper
Wet Mount - preparation1.Place thespecimen in thecentre stain2.Place the cover glass as shown in the figure3.ObserveundermicroscopeMount specimen as shown in the diagram to avoidair bubbles under the cover slip
In the Laboratory! Carefully observe each type of epithelium under the microscope.Use only the fine focus to adjust to your comfort.Do not disturb the stage or position of the slide.Draw the tissue image as you see under the microscope.11
Onion cell
Human Cheek Epithelial Cells
Plant vs. Human Cell Lab We did a Lab , comparing plant and animal cells. We looked at cheek cellsand onion cells. Plant cells have cell walls that protect and support the cell, which makes the cellslook so geometric.Cheek cells are different; they don’t have a cell wall to support the structure, sothey are not as geometrical as and rounder than the onion cells.Plant and animal cells also have many similarities, like both being eukaryotic.They are more complex than prokaryotic cells.Both types of cell have a nucleus, a cell membrane and cytoplasm.
Animal cell & plant cell
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:1. List out the different parts of microscope and its functions
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:2. Give 3 differences between animal and plant cellsS.NOPlant CellAnimal Cell1.2.3.Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo1.1Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesP. LONoP 2.1 Name the types of epithelial tissues withrespect to its characters, function and location.
What is Histology?
Human TissuesEpithelial TissueConnective TissueMuscular TissueNervous Tissue
Classified into two depending onthe number of layersOne Cell thick1. Simple Squamous2. Simple Cuboidal3. Simple Columnar4. Pseudo stratifiedMore than one layer1. Keratinised2. Non keratinised3. Transitional
NameSimple SquamousEpithelial Tissue( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺷﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ CharactersLocationFunction1. Single layer of Flat cells1. Cheek epitheliumProtection2. Bulged nuclei2. lining of blood vessel3. air sacs of lungs
NameSimple CuboidalEpithelial Tissue( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ CharactersLocationFunction1.Single layer of cubicalcells1.Lining of kidney tubulesAbsorption2. Large, central & roundnuclei2.Ducts of salivary glandSecretionand mammary glands
NameCharacters1.Single layer of columnarSimple ColumnarcellsEpithelial Tissue( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ 2. Oval and basal nucleiLocationFunctionLining of small intestineProtectionAbsorptionSecretion
NamePseudo-stratifiedEpithelial Tissue( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ CharactersLocationFunction1.Single layer of columnarcells of different height1.TracheaProtection2. Nuclei at different levelsgiving false appearance ofmany layersSecretion2. Ducts of many glands
TypesTypes Simple EpitheliumCharacterLocation1. Cheek epithelium2. lining of blood vessel3. air sacs of lungsfunctionSimpleSquamous1. Single layer of Flat cells2. Bulged nucleiprotectionSimpleCuboidal1. Single layer of cubical cells1. Lining of kidney tubules2. Large, central & round nuclei2. Ducts of salivary glandand mammary glandsSecretionAbsorptionSimpleColumnar1. Single layer of columnar cells Lining of small intestine2. Oval and basal d1. Single layer of columnar cells 1. Tracheaof different height2. Ducts of many glands2. Nuclei at different levelsgiving false appearance ofmany layersProtectionSecretion
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudo -Stratified Epithelium
Simple EpitheliumSquamousCuboidalColumnarPseudo stratified
ified Epithelial1.Many layers2. basal cells –cubical or columnar andsurface cells - SquamousMouthProtectionBuccal cavityCovering( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﻏﻳﺭﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ Vaginaesophagus
d Epithelial1.Many layersSkinProtection( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ 2. Top layer cells – dead(keratinized)Covering
NameCharactersTransitional Epithelial 1.It is 4-8 layers( )ﺍﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﻁﻼﺋﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ 2. basal cells - columnarIntermediate cells – cubicalWhen bladder expands thecells - Squamous (flat)LocationFunctionUrinary bladderexpansion
Types of stratified ized1. Many layersMouth2. basal cells - cubical or columnar and Buccal cavitysurface cells - ed1. Many layers2. Top layer cells – dead (keratinized)SkinProtectionUrinary bladderexpansionTransitional 1. It is 4-8 layers2. basal cells - columnarIntermediate cells – cubicalWhen bladder expands the cells squamous (flat)
Non keratinized epithelium
Keratinized epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Stratified epitheliumNon keratinizedKeratinizedTransitional
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:1. Name the types of epithelial tissues
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:2. Tabulate the characters, function and location of epithelialtissues .Simple functionLocation1.2.3.4.Stratified epithelialtissue1.2.3.Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:
The End of Lab -3-
Lab - 4Connective Tissue
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo1.1P. LO Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesNoP 3.1 Name the types of loose and denseconnective tissues with respect to itscharacters, function and location.
Connective Tissues (C.T)1.Proper Connective Tissue2.Spiecialized Connective Tissue1.CartilageA.Loose Connective TissueB.Dense Connective Tissue2.BoneAreolar .C.TAdipose.C.TReticular .C.TDense Regular .C.TDense Irregular .C.TElastic .C.T3.Blood
TypesAreolarconnectivetissueCharacterLocation1. Below skinin mostFibroblasts Collagen fibers Elastic fibersinternal( Strength & flexibility )( stretch )organsAreolar tissuefunctionSupportProtection
TypesAdiposeconnective tissueCharacterLoose connective tissuecontaining fibroblast inbetween the adipocytes (Fatcells).Location1. Below skin,around thekidneys & heartfunctionStores energy,Insulating layer,Cushion.
TypesReticularConnective tissueCharacterLocationFibers are small and highlyLiver, Spleen, Lymphbranched forming networknodesgiving frame work to soft tissueorgansfunctionSupportStrength
Areolar tissue –fibroblasts, collagen &Elastic fibresBelow skinSupport , protectioncontaining fibroblast inbetween the adipocytes(Fat cells).Below skinStores energyFibers are highly branchedforming network.Liver, Spleen, Lymph nodesSupport
Connective tissue properTypesCharacterLocationDense regularconnective tissueCollagen fibers – Dense andregularly packed (one direction)1. Tendon (muscle-bone)functionSupport2. Ligament (bone- bone)Ligament
TypesCharacterDense irregularCollagen fibers - Dense andconnective tissue irregularly packed (differentdirection)Location1.Deep layers of skin(palm and sole)PalmsolefunctionSupportStrength
TypesElasticConnectiveTissueCharacterContain more elastic fibersthan collagen fibersLocationLarge arteries, lungtissuefunctionelasticity
Collagen fibers – Dense ®ularly packed(one direction)1. Tendon (muscle-bone)2. Ligament (bone- bone)SupportCollagen fibers - Dense &irregularly packed (differentdirection)Deep layers of skin (palm & sole)Support, StrengthContains more elasticfibers.Large arteries, lung tissueElasticity
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular Connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic Connective Tissue
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:1. Give the classification of Connective tissues
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:2. Tabulate the types of loose and dense connective tissueswith respect to its characters, function and location.Loose se Connectivetissue1.2.3.Blood tissue1.Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:
The End of Lab -4-
SpecializedConnective Tissue
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo1.1Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesP. LONoP 4.1 Name the types of cartilage, bone andvascular (fluid) tissues with respect to itscharacters, function and location.
TypesHyalinecartilageCharacterLocation1. It is glossy (halos gloss) whitishappearance2. The matrix is clear homogeneouscontaining binucleated chondrocytesThe outer membrane isperichondriumTracheaLarynxBronchiEnd of the longbonesPerichondriumfunctionSupport
TypesElasticcartilageCharactermatrix is semisolid with elastic fiberscontaining binucleated chondrocytesLocationPinnaNasal septumfunctionShape &support
TypesCompactBoneCharacterThe bone shows haversian system inwhich osteocytes are arranged inconcentric rings around haversiancanalLocationbonesfunctionStructuralframe work,Support ,protection
TypesSpongy/cancellousBoneCharacterIt consist of long slender bonytrabeculae forming a net workenclosing irregular marrowcavitiesLocationEpiphysis oflong bonefunctionBlood cellsare formed
TypesBloodCharacterFluid matrix-plasma,contains RBC, WBC andPlatelets.LocationHeart &bloodvesselsfunctionTransportO2, Co2,nutrients,hormone.etc
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Blood
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:1. Tabulate the types of cartilage, bone and blood tissueswith respect to its characters, function and location.Cartilage tissueCharacterfunctionLocationBone tissueCharacterfunctionLocationBlood tissueCharacterfunctionLocation1.2.1.2.1.Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:
The End ofLab -5-
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo1.1Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesP. LONo5.1 Name the types of muscle, nerve andreproductive tissues with respect to itscharacters, function and location
(1)Endocrine SystemReproductive Tissues
Testis
TypesTestisFranz LeydigGerminalepitheliumCharacterTestis shows semeniferous tubulelined by germinal epithelium giverise to sperm which are seen invarious stages of development.-Between semniferous tubules thereare interstitial cells(Leyding cells)which produce testosterone.LocationTestisFunctionproduceSperms andtestosterone
Germinal epitheliumPrimary spermatocyteSecondary spermatocyteSprmatidSpermInterstitial cell)(Leyding cell
Ovary
TypesCharacterOvary-The ovary lined by germinal epithelium givesrise to egg which is seen in various stages offollicular development.-Primary follicle, growing follicle, matureGraffian follicle, corpus luteum, corpusalbicans.Mature follicle releases the ovum andundergoes changes to form corpus varyfunctionproduce ovumestrogen& progesterone2.Growingfollicle3. Mature ation
(2)Muscular Tissues
Types1.SkeletalMusclesCharacter1.The muscle fibers are transverselystriated with dark and light bands.2.Each muscle fiber is elongatedunbranched with flattened nucleiLocationVoluntarymusclesattached to theskeletonfunctionLocomotion
Types2.CardiacMusclesCharacter1.The fibers are elongated branchedwith one or two oval nuclei.2.At the end of each cell there areintercalated disk help in uniformdistribution of nutrients and energy.LocationHeartfunctionContractionto pump theblood
Types3.SmoothMuscleCharacter1. The fibers areelongated, spindleshaped cells2.with elongatednucleus in the centreLocationBlood vessel,urinary bladdergastrointestinal canalReproductive systemfunctionInvoluntarymovement ofblood ,food& fluids
Character: The muscle fibersare transversely striated withdark and light bands.Each muscle fiber is elongatedunbranched with flattenednuclei.Location: Skeletal muscles /voluntary musclesFunction: LocomotionCharacter: Muscle fibersspindle shaped, withelongated nucleus in thecentre.Location: Blood vessel,urinary bladder, GIT,Reproductive systemFunction: InvoluntarymovementCharacter: The fibers areelongated branched withone or two oval nuclei.At the end of each cellthere are intercalateddisc.Location: HeartFunction: Contraction
Skeletal Muscles
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
(3)Nervous Tissues
TypesNervousTissueCharacterLocation1.The cell body withprominent nucleus.2.The cell body hascytoplasmic processes - longaxon and many short –dendritesThe centralnervous system;Brain, spinalcordfunctionConductnerveimpulse
TypesCharacterMylinated nerve 1.Myelin sheath appears as afiberthick dark band on theperiphery of the nerve fiber .2.Dips at regular intervalscalled nodes of Ranvier.LocationfunctionNerve axonsProtection
TypesSpinalcordCharacterLocation1.Cross section of spinal cord shows central Spinal cordgray matter and peripheral white matter.2.The dorsal and ventral horn of graymatter give H shape.functionConductnerveimpulse
Character: Myelin sheathCharacter: The cell bodyappears as a thick darkwith prominent nucleus.band on the periphery ofThe cell body hasthe nerve fiber and dips atcytoplasmic processes long axon and many short – regular intervals callednodes of Ranvier.dendritesLocation: Brain, spinal cord Location: Myelinated axonsFunction: AccelerateFunction: Conduct nerveconduction of nerveimpulseimpulseCharacter: Cross section ofspinal cord shows centralgray matter andperipheral white matter.The dorsal and ventralhorn of gray matterappears as H shape.Location: Spinal cordFunction: Conduct nerveimpulse
Nervous Tissue
Myelinated nerve fiber
Spinal Cord
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:1. Tabulate the types of muscle and nerve tissues withrespect to its characters, function and locationMuscular tissueCharacterfunctionLocationNervous tissueCharacterfunctionLocationReproductive e: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo2.2Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesP. LONoP 6.1 Explain the stages of mitotic cell division.
CELL DIVISIONMITOSISMEIOSIS(somatic cells)(germ cells)GROWTHSEXUALREPAIRASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
prophase Chromosomes condense and becomevisible – this prevents tangling withother chromosomes. Due to DNA replication duringinterphase, each chromosome consistsof two identical sister chromatidsconnected at the centromere. Centrioles move to opposite poles ofcell. Nucleolus disappears. Phase ends with the breakdown of thenuclear membrane.
Metaphase Spindle fibers(microtubules) connectcentrioles tochromosomes. Chromosomes align alongequator of cell andattaches to a spindle fiberby its centromere.
ANAPHASE Centromeressplit, a allowingchromatids toseparate. Chromatids movetowards poles
TELOPHASE Spindle fibersdisperse. Nuclear membranesform around eachset of chromatids. Nucleoli form.
CYTOKINESIS2 DAUGHTER CELL- In Animal cells a ring of actin filaments formsround the equator of the cell, and then tightens toform a cleavage furrow, which splits the cell intwo.
PhasePROPHASECharacterCHROMSOMES BECOMETHICK MOSOME ATTACH TOTHE SPINDLEFIBRE WITHTHECENTROMER.THECENTROMERE DIVIDESAND THESISTERCHROMATIDSSEPARATE.(somatic cells) (somatic cells) (somatic S.(somatic cells)GROWTH
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
ExperimentRoot of onion
At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:1. Tabulate the different stages of meiosis.Stages of MitosisCharacterfunctionLocation1.2.3.4.Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:
The End ofLab
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:CLONo1.12.1Lecture – Intended Learning OutcomesP. LONoP 7.1 Describe the different types of blood cells andtheir functionsP 7.2 Write the different blood groups in humansand antigen antibody reaction.
BLOOD CELL
TypesI. R.B.C / erythrocytesMale – 4.2 – 5.4 m/µl Female- 3.6 – 5.0 m/µlCharacterFunctionNon- nucleated biconcave cells.Transport of O2 , Co2nutrients and hormonesII. W.B.C / Leucocytes Nucleated and classified into 2 types1. Granulocytesa) Neutrophils 60-65%b) Eosinophilsc) BasophilsDefense3 typesThe nucleus is multilobed (3-5)1- 3 %Nucleus is bilobed0.5 – 1 %Nucleus is ‘U’ or ‘S’ shapedPhagocytosisParticipate in AllergicreactionParticipate in Allergic andinflammatory reaction2. Agranulocytestypesa) Lymphocytes 25-35%Large nucleus fills most of the cellImmune responseb) Monocytes 5-6%Kidney shaped or U shaped nucleusphagocytosisRound to oval flattened cellsClottingIII. Platelets(thrombocytes)
NeutrophilLymphocyteEosinophilMonocyteBasophil
R.B.C
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
BLOOD GROUPS DEPENDING ON Rh(factor)- BLOOD GROUP
BLOOD GROUP LABORATORY REPORTBlood GroupsAntisera - AAntisera-BAntisera - DA lutinationO No-agglutinationNo-agglutinationB AB O-Agglutination
WHICH RECEPIENT CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM WHICH DONORMARK IN THE APPROPRIATE BOXRECIPIENTDONORO-OO AA BB AB AB O A-A B-B AB -AB
The End of Lab 7
Human Cheek Epithelial Cells. Plant vs. Human Cell Lab We did a Lab , comparing plant and animal cells. We looked at cheek cells and onion cells . Plant cells have cell walls that protect and support the cell, which makes the cells look so geometric.
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